BP人工神经网络在青藏铁路南段地壳稳定性定量评价中的应用

将BP人工神经网络方法引入区域构造活动性、区域地壳稳定性研究领域,对青藏铁路南段沿线的构造活动性进行定量分析.选用断层运动速率、地震震级、温泉温度及剪切应变4个关键影响因子作为BP人工神经网络的输入向量,构造活动强度(α)作为输出向量,以α为定量判据,将全区划分为相对稳定区(α＜0.22)、较不稳定区(α≈0.22～0.38)、不稳定区(α≈0.38～0.69)、极不稳定区或强烈构造活动区(α≥0.69).在青藏铁路南段沿线划分出格仁错、崩错、当雄-羊八井、错那湖、唐古拉山口南、聂荣东北、聂荣西北、雅鲁藏布江断裂沿线、萨迦等不稳定区,在不稳定区内部进一步划分出申扎、蓬错、尼木、桑雄、羊八井5个极不稳定区.     

青藏铁路沿线南北向活动构造及对路基工程的影响

通过地表路线地质观测、不同比例尺的活动构造填图及不同深度的地球物理探测,证实青藏铁路沿线发育近南北向活动构造带,表现为活动断层、地壳形变、第四纪断陷盆地、建造、地震活动、温泉线性分布及比较显著的地球物理异常。青藏铁路沿线近南北构造带现今活动性比较强烈,未来尚有增强趋势,能够诱发多种类型的地质灾害,对铁路路基、公路路基和永久建筑产生不同程度的工程危害。      

保加利亚戈尔诺奥里亚霍沃地震构造带的特点

这一地震带的地震构造特点是由该构造带处在活动区和稳定区的连结带的位置所决定的，同时也受现代地球动力作用的制约．该带的地震受构造控制．而震源多位于地壳范围内．地壳受到断裂(其中包括新近活动的断裂)的强烈切割．     

鄂西清江流域及其邻区地壳稳定性评价

地壳稳定性评价是进行重大工程建设所必须研究的课题之一。本文在分析清江流域区域构造格架、深部构造、活动断层、地震活动和现今构造应力场等影响地壳稳定性主要因素的基础上，利用模糊数学综合评判和信息量计算两种模型评价清江流域区域地壳稳定性。根据地壳稳定性４级划分标准，将该区划分为１０个稳定区，７个较稳定区，４个较不稳定区。清江干流的３级大型水利枢纽工程均位于稳定区，其库区以稳定区为主，局部跨越较稳定带。     

青藏铁路唐古拉山-拉萨段全新世控震断裂研究

地表调查表明,沿青藏铁路唐古拉山-拉萨段存在5条重要的全新世控震断裂带,从北到南分别是温泉盆地西缘断裂带、安多盆地北缘断裂带、崩错断裂带、谷露西缘断裂带和当雄-羊八井断裂带.构造-地貌和年代学分析结果表明,北部的温泉盆地西缘断裂和安多盆地北缘断裂带的活动强度相对比较小,平均垂直活动速率约为0.2～0.5mm/a.南侧的谷露西缘断裂带和当雄-羊八井断裂带的全新世垂直活动速率为约(15±0.5)mm/a.而中部的崩错走滑断裂带的活动强度最大,晚第四纪期间的走滑速率可达(11±4.5)mm/a.全新世断裂活动和古地震研究表明,其中温泉盆地西缘断裂带、安多盆地北缘断裂带、崩错断裂带的西北分支、当雄-羊八井断裂带的当雄段等区域未来发生强震的概率相对更大.     

青藏铁路西大滩-拉萨地段活动构造、地质灾害及其工程评价

本文是作者在1975~1977年间青藏铁路(格尔木-那曲地段)沿线水文地质、工程地质调查所获资料基础上,参考了后期他人在该区段研究的成果撰写而成。文中主要涉及活动构造、地质灾害及工程评价三大部分,其中特别是活动构造部分,除了所表现的一般标志外,重点探讨了活动构造与现代地震和古地震的关系、活动构造带与地震构造带的对应关系、活动断裂的活动年龄及其活动速率、活动断裂与地震地表破裂以及主要地震构造带中的地震活动周期等诸多方面的问题,并结合铁路沿线地质灾害类型,在综合分析基础上,首次较系统地将铁路沿线工程地质评价划分为:①良好的;②一般的;③不良好的和④极不良好的等四大类型工程地质地段,从而为现今青藏铁路建设进一步详查和评价提供了重要依据。      

中国大陆区域地质和区域成矿规律的若干基本特征（纲要）

从区域地质特征和区域成矿规律的角度，首次提出了中国大陆的主体部分是曾经独立存在于北方劳亚古陆和南方冈瓦纳古陆之间的古中国古陆。该古陆的基本地质特征是：稳定区的稳定程度较低，而活动区的活动强度却又相对较弱。重点论述了由此基本地质特征而造成的中国古陆的沉积环境和沉积建造、岩浆活动和火成岩建造、构造环境和构造特点、内生和外生矿产成矿规律等一系列独特的特征。     

中国大陆区域地质和区域成矿规律的若干基本特征（纲要）

从区域地质特征和区域成矿规律的角度，首次提出了中国大陆的主体部分是曾经独立存在于北方劳亚古陆和南方冈瓦纳古陆之间的古中国古陆。该古陆的基本地质特征是：稳定区的稳定程度较低，而活动区的活动强度却又相对较弱。重点论述了由此基本地质特征而造成的中国古陆的沉积环境和沉积建造、岩浆活动和火成岩建造、构造环境和构造特点、内生和外生矿产成矿规律等一系列独特的特征。     

青藏铁路沿线断裂活动的灾害效应

青藏铁路沿线发育大量不同方向、不同性质、不同类型和不同规模的活动断裂。这些活动断裂对地震分布具有显著的控制作用,形成了12条区域性地震构造带。一些重要的活动断裂的平均运动速度达4～15mm/a,能够孕育6～7级以上的强烈地震,导致严重的地震灾害。在青藏高原北部常年冻土区,断裂活动不仅导致路基变形、路面破裂和工程破坏,还诱发不均匀冻胀、构造裂缝和移动冰丘等地质灾害,对青藏铁路、青藏公路和输油管道等线路的工程安全产生不良影响。断裂蠕滑运动与地下水活动、不均匀冻胀的耦合效应使青藏公路安多段路基松动和路面强烈变形,对青藏铁路的工程安全造成潜在威胁。     

太行五台区、燕山区、阴山东段的早前寒武纪地层年代、划分及对比

据原岩建造差异,华北地台北部的早前寒武纪地层可划分为西部的稳定地层区及东部的活动地层区。通过地层或构造不整合关系,主要变质热事件等,将两区地层分别厘定为中太古界阜平超群,又分为陈庄群与湾子群(稳定区)。中太古界迁西群(活动区)。地层上限年龄均为2800Ma。上太古界五台超群又分为龙泉关群、石咀群及台怀群(稳定区)。上太古界遵化群、单塔子群及朱丈子群(活动区)。地层上限年龄均为2500Ma。并对上述地层进行了对比。对稳定区的下元古界滹沱超群则调整为高凡群、豆村群、东冶群和郭家寨群。其中高凡群上限年龄为2350Ma,东冶群上限年龄为1850Ma,郭家寨群上限年龄(长城系下限年龄)为1700Ma。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)