贵州二叠系茅口组顶部锰矿沉积特征及矿床成因研究

通过对遵义、纳雍营盘等地含锰岩系沉积特征及沉积地球化学特征研究,结果表明,锰矿体形态主要以层状、似层状、透镜状、脉状产出,具有角砾状构造、递变层理等,常夹硅质岩和凝灰岩,具有热水喷流沉积构造特征。锰矿层位于玄武岩之下,夹于茅口组灰岩顶部,说明锰矿成矿在玄武岩喷发之前。含锰岩系中的矿物组合有浸染状黄铜矿,黄铁矿,重晶石,天青石,菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰方解石、黄铜矿、蓝铜矿、褐铁矿、绿泥石、石英及其他碳酸盐岩矿物等,这些矿物组合与热水沉积矿物组合类似。对含锰岩系进行微量元素、稀土元素、碳同位素分析测试表明,含锰岩系富集As、Co、Cu、Cr、Mo、Ni、Pb、U和V等元素,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti及Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值,Fe-Mn-(Cu+Co+Ni)×10三角图解等均显示锰矿属于热水沉积成因。锰矿石碳同位素值δ~(13) C介于+4.17‰~-18.53‰,氧同位素δ~(18) O介于-6.98‰~-10.05‰显示,碳同位素组成具有热水沉积特征。含锰岩系稀土配分曲线与峨眉山玄武岩稀土配分曲线类似,表明锰矿成矿物质来源与峨眉地幔热柱密切相关。     

湘南地区东湘桥沉积型锰矿床地球化学特征及成矿机理

湘南地区广泛发育二叠纪海相沉积型锰矿,为揭示其成矿过程及机理,文章以湖南永州东湘桥锰矿床沉积剖面为研究对象,对其开展主、微量元素和碳-氧同位素分析。结果表明,富锰岩层富Cr、Ni、Co等元素的地球化学特征,其Co/Zn、Mn/Fe、Y/Ho比值和多判别图解共同指示该矿床为热液沉积,表明成矿物质Mn主要来源于海底热液。Mo和U元素富集因子（Mo_EF和U_EF）、U/Th和V/（V+Ni）比值等沉积氧化还原指标分析结果表明,高品位锰矿石层产于氧化向缺氧转变的背景下,而低品位含锰岩层则主要产于氧化或强烈缺氧环境下。富锰岩层的δ¹³C_PDB（-0.2‰~1.9‰）和δ¹⁸O_SOMW（18.1‰~23.1‰）与海相碳酸盐岩相似,表明成矿物质的C和O主要来源于海水。基于上述结果,笔者认为东湘桥锰矿床成矿过程受海水CO₂^3-浓度和沉积氧化还原条件的双重控制,其成矿过程可以概况为2个阶段：①深水盆地的热液Mn在还原条件下以可溶Mn²⁺向近岸CO₂^3-过饱和的浅水台地迁移;②当沉积环境由氧化向缺氧转变时,锰氧化物在沉积/水界面还原释放Mn²⁺,显著提高水柱中溶解Mn浓度,促进富锰碳酸盐矿物析出,形成高品位锰矿石。     

桂西南下雷锰矿床地球化学特征及沉积环境分析

晚泥盆世五指山组是桂西南地区重要的含锰地层,为一套硅质-泥质-灰质及其过渡相组成的深水台沟相沉积。锰矿体的形态和展布受岩相组合和构造条件的控制。本文分析了含锰岩系的主量及微量元素地球化学:含锰岩系的V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、U/Th、Ni/Co值,U、V和Mo等氧化还原敏感元素的富集程度显示研究区含锰岩系形成于弱氧化-富氧环境。另外,含锰岩系的Fe/Ti、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、Si O2/Al2O3、Ba/Sr及Co/Zn比值及稀土元素Eu正异常特征均显示热水沉积物的特征,在Si O2-Al2O3、Fe/Ti-Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、log U-log Th、(Ni+Cu+Co)×10-Fe-Mn关系图解中,样品投影点均落在热水沉积区内,反映锰的富集和成矿过程与热水活动的参与密切相关。含锰岩系的La/CeAl2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)、100×(Fe2O3/Si O2)-100×(Al2O3/Si O2)、Fe2O3/(100-Si O2)-Al2O3/(100-Si O2)、Fe2O3/Ti O2-Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)图解及稀土元素特征,均指示含锰岩系形成于被动大陆边缘背景。     

贵州遵义二叠纪锰矿地球化学特征与沉积环境分析：以遵义谢家坝富锰矿床为例

为分析贵州遵义二叠纪锰矿的沉积环境,对谢家坝锰矿床进行常量元素、微量和稀土元素地球化学研究。研究认为：谢家坝锰矿赋存于茅口组顶部含锰岩系中,可分为下矿层豆状、角砾状菱锰矿、似层状菱锰矿,以及上矿层碎屑状、块状菱锰矿的二元结构矿石类型组合,可广泛代表遵义锰矿的矿石特征。谢家坝锰矿上下矿层之间主量元素和稀土元素含量差异较大,常量元素SiO2、TiO2、S、Fe2O3含量上矿层均大于下矿层,MnO、MgO与 Al2O3之间均呈负相关关系;上矿层Fe/Mn值较高,属高Fe低P型锰矿,而下矿层Fe/Mn值较低,属中低Fe低P型锰矿。上矿层稀土元素PAAS标准化配分后呈现较明显的重稀土亏损、弱的轻稀土富集、右倾配分的特征,具有弱的Ce正异常,类似海底铁锰结核稀土元素特征;下矿层呈现弱的中稀土富集,轻、重稀土亏损,弱的帽式分配特征,具明显的Ce负异常,类似典型深部海水沉积稀土元素特征。微量元素Th/U、Ni/Co、V/Cr、V/（V+Ni）、AU等沉积环境古氧相分析指标和稀土元素PAAS标准化配分模式指示,谢家坝锰矿下矿层是在贫氧-厌氧条件下Mn2+与CO32-直接形成菱锰矿,上矿层在常氧-贫氧环境下Mn3+、Mn4+以氧化物或氢氧化物形式沉淀。     

贵州松桃道坨锰矿含锰岩系地球化学特征 和沉积环境分析

道坨锰矿床是贵州锰矿整装勘查过程中新发现的全隐伏超大型锰矿床,其含锰岩系赋存于南华系大塘坡组第一段底部黑色页岩中,呈层状、似层状、透镜状产出。对含锰岩系主量及微量元素地球化学特征分析:其V/(V+Ni)、V/(V+Cr)、V/Cr、Ce/La值,及U、V、Ni、Mo等氧化还原敏感元素的富集程度显示其形成于缺氧环境。含锰岩系富集As、Mo、Ag、Sb,及Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Co/Zn值均显示热水沉积物特征,且在(Cu+Ni+Co)×10—Fe—Mn、Co/Zn—(Cu+Ni+Co)关系图解中,岩矿样品投影点均落在热水沉积区内,反映了热水作用对锰的富集和成矿影响甚重。此外,Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)、Al/(Al+Fe)、Al/(A1+Fe+Mn)、(La/Ce)N值及(K2O+NaO2)—SiO2、La/Ce—Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)图解指示含锰岩系形成于被动大陆边缘背景。     

黔东松桃地区李家湾锰矿床地质、地球化学特征及成因信息

李家湾锰矿床是黔东松桃地区较为典型的"大塘坡式"锰矿床之一,也是近年来在该地区新发现的一个大型隐伏锰矿床,是杨立掌锰矿体在外围的深部延伸。笔者在野外地质调查的基础上,重点对该矿床的锰矿石及其围岩开展系统的地质和地球化学特征研究,探讨锰矿床的成矿物质来源、成因和成矿环境。该矿床主要的矿石形态有块状、条带状、花斑状3种,主要锰矿物为菱锰矿和钙菱锰矿。锰矿层中MnO、CaO、MgO含量较高,TiO_2、Al_2O_3、K_2O、Na_2O含量较低,含锰岩系富集Rb、Ba、Th、Cs、Zr、Ga等元素;SiO_2/Al_2O_3值显示其物质来源并非正常的陆源,通过Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Fe/Ti、Y/Ho、Nb/Ta、U/Th值,Fe-Mn-(Cu+Co+Ni)×10图解表明,锰矿具有热水沉积特征;Mn/Fe、Sr/Ba、V/(V+Ni)值揭示锰矿沉积环境为浅海、还原环境。稀土元素总量较高,轻稀土富集,含锰岩系Eu、Ce的异常、La/Ce值、ΣREE和ΣHREE总量反映锰矿沉积过程受热水活动影响,大地构造环境处于被动大陆边缘。由此表明,李家湾锰矿形成于较强的还原环境,锰矿形成是由热水沉积和正常沉积的混合作用形成,属于热水沉积成因。     

华北克拉通南部元古代熊耳群硅质岩地球化学及形成机制研究

熊耳群是华北地台南缘古元古代末伸展-裂解作用的产物,它以偏基性的中性火山岩为主,沉积岩主要位于其顶部和底部并常常以夹层的形式发育于火山岩中。地球化学及SEM-EDS分析结果表明,熊耳群顶部马家河组火山岩中夹层硅质岩的特征为:SiO₂含量65.55%~80.33%,平均73.41%;结晶程度偏低, Ba、U和ΣREE含量、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值、Fe/Ti值、(Fe+Mn)/Ti值、Ba/Sr值等地球化学特征指示硅质岩为热水沉积成因;硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值、MnO/TiO₂值、Al/(Al+Fe)值、Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃)值、Sc/Th值、U/Th值、(La/Yb)_N值、δCe值、(La/Ce)_N值指标指示其形成于大陆边缘环境;岩石K₂O/Na₂O值、SiO₂/(K₂O+Na₂O)值、SiO₂/Al₂O₃值显示其属于火山喷发作用相关的硅质岩, 而Al₂O₃/TiO₂值、V/Cr值、Ni/Co值则进一步反映了中基性岩浆作用对硅质岩的影响;硅质岩沉积体系受控于地球内动力,其原始热水沉积体系发育的能量来源于岩浆的加热作用,而相关热水流体的溶解、淋滤作用实现了热水体系内物质的富集并构成了硅质岩物质来源的主体 。     

湖南桃江响涛源锰矿地球化学特征及其成因意义

湖南响涛源锰矿位于湘中桃江成锰盆地。盆地内发育一组NNW向同沉积断裂,形成了一系列断陷槽,控制了沉积岩相的分布,其中黑色页岩、含锰灰岩、碳酸锰矿为成矿最佳的岩性组合。矿石的化学组分多样,Co、Ni、Pb、Mo和Ba等丰度较高,Co/Ni、SiO2/Al2O3、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Al/(Fe+Mn+Al)、Fe/Ti比值以及Co/Zn-(Cu+Ni+Co)和Fe-Mn-(Cu+Ni+Co)图解揭示锰矿成矿过程中有海底热水的参与;稀土元素配分模式、Ce、Eu异常表示锰矿形成于被动大陆边缘环境,并具有热水沉积特征;碳同位素结果显示出富集碳的轻同位素的特征,反映了响涛源锰矿成矿过程中深部热水沉积及生物作用的特征;氧同位素计算古温度为湘中响涛源锰矿床的低温热水沉积成因提供了有利的佐证。     

陕西宁强县中坝地区发现沉积型锰（钴）矿

在扬子地块西北缘陕西宁强县中坝地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系内新发现沉积型锰(钴)矿,矿体呈层状、似层状展布;赋矿岩性主要为含锰硅质岩、条带状含锰灰岩。含锰硅质岩的矿石矿物为硬锰矿,含锰灰岩的矿石矿物为硬锰矿和少量的菱锰矿。目前在牛蹄塘组圈定锰(钴)矿(化)体4条,其中MnⅠ矿体锰的平均品位为17.35%,伴生钴的平均w(Co)=0.028%;MnⅡ矿体锰的平均品位为10.43%,伴生钴的平均w(Co)=0.060%;MnⅢ矿体锰的平均品位为24.08%,伴生钴的平均w(Co)=0.040%;MnⅣ矿体锰的平均品位为15.87%,伴生钴的平均w(Co)=0.227%。这一发现确认了该地区沉积型锰(钴)矿的成矿事实,对该地区今后寻找同类型锰(钴)矿具有重要的借鉴和指导意义。     

湖南湘潭锰矿的地球化学特征及成矿机制

湘潭锰矿床的锰矿层赋存于新元古代南华系(成冰系)大塘坡组底部含锰黑色页岩中,含锰矿物主要为菱锰矿。湘潭锰矿的Fe/Mn值低,Th/U、V/(V+Ni)和V/Cr值等地球化学指标显示其发育在氧化-次氧化的沉积环境中,暗示菱锰矿并不是由Mn~(2+)和CO_3~(2-)直接沉淀形成的。湘潭锰矿稀土元素含量高,稀土元素配分模式存在轻微的中稀土元素富集,具有明显的Ce正异常,这些特征指示湘潭锰矿含锰矿物是以锰氧化物或氢氧化物的形式沉淀的。同时,锰矿的碳同位素富集碳的轻同位素,说明有机物参与了菱锰矿的形成过程。综合分析表明,湘潭锰矿成矿过程可以分为沉淀和转化两个阶段:在氧化性的水体中,Mn以氧化物或氢氧化物的形式沉淀;在缺氧且富含有机物质的成岩环境中,Mn氧化物或氢氧化物被有机物还原而转化生成菱锰矿。这与华南地区其他几个典型的大塘坡式锰矿的成矿机制一致。     

湖南应溪重晶石矿床地球化学特征及矿床成因

湖南新晃县应溪重晶石矿床赋存于贡溪复式向斜的早寒武世牛蹄塘组黑色页岩中，该向斜断层复杂．电子探针分析表明：矿石与围岩都含有钡长石．矿石与围岩的微量元素研究表明：Mo、V、Pb等微量元素强烈富集而大离子与高场强元素含量很低；矿石样品中U/Th比值大于1；矿床围岩稀土元素具有明显的正Eu异常．这些特征揭示该矿床是热水沉积型矿床．研究结果表明：断层为成矿热液提供了上涌通道；上升热液为矿床提供了钡离子，海水提供了硫酸根离子．在氧化条件下，钡离子与硫酸盐离子结合形成了重晶石矿床．     

新疆昭苏卡拉盖雷铜钴金矿区岩石地球化学特征

卡拉盖雷铜钴金矿是那拉提构造带内发现的首例以Cu为主,伴生Mo,Co,Au,Pb,Zn的火山岩型热液矿床.矿区内出露的地层主要为石炭系下统大哈拉军山组火山岩地层,矿区岩浆岩主要有花岗闪长岩、闪长岩和辉绿岩脉.通过火山岩地层和侵入岩样品的地球化学分析,认为区内大哈拉军山组是一套由玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩组成的连续亚碱性的火山岩系列,且以钙碱性系列为主;矿区钾长花岗岩属于准铝质—过铝质岩类,碱性系列,花岗闪长岩和闪长岩属于准铝质—过铝质岩类,钙碱性—碱性系列,基性侵入岩属于弱碱性—碱性系列.稀土元素特征显示中酸性侵入岩可能属于地壳重熔型花岗岩;基性侵入岩与基性火山岩来源一致.     

吉林省桦甸油页岩中稀土元素和微量元素的研究

对桦甸油页岩及其灰渣的矿物成分、主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素含量进行测定。结果表明：油页岩中稀土元素含量低于北美页岩(NASC)中的平均含量,REE球粒陨石标准化的分布模式曲线表现为负斜率,(La/Yb)_N的平均值大于1,属于轻稀土富集型;REE北美页岩标准化的分布模式曲线较平缓,（La/Yb）_S的平均值接近于1,轻重稀土分馏不明显。与球粒陨石和北美页岩相比,Eu有较严重的正异常。油页岩中的微量元素与北美页岩和地壳的平均值相比较,Sb、Nb、Cs、Zn、Bi、W等元素具有较高的富集度。油页岩灰渣中稀土元素和微量元素富集度均高于油页岩。     

Major and trace element geochemistry in upper Ganga river in the Himalayas, India

Chemical weathering and resulting water compositions in the upper Ganga river in the Himalayas were studied. For the first time, temporal and spatial sampling for a 1 year period (monthly intervals) was carried out and analyzed for dissolved major elements, trace elements, Rare Earth Elements (REE), and strontium isotopic compositions. Amounts of physical and chemical loads show large seasonal variations and the overall physical load dominates over chemical load by a factor of more than three. The dominant physical weathering is also reflected in high quartz and illite/mica contents in suspended sediments. Large seasonal variations also occur in major elemental concentrations. The water type is categorized as HCO₃^––SO₄^2––Ca²⁺ dominant, which constitute >60% of the total water composition. On an average, only about 5–12% of HCO₃^– is derived from silicate lithology, indicating the predominance of carbonate lithology in water chemistry in the head waters of the Ganga river. More than 80% Na⁺ and K⁺ are derived from silicate lithology. The silicate lithology is responsible for the release of low Sr with extremely radiogenic Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶ Sr>0.75) in Bhagirathi at Devprayag. However, there is evidence for other end-member lithologies for Sr other than carbonate and silicate lithology. Trace elements concentrations do not indicate any pollution, although presence of arsenic could be a cause for concern. High uranium mobilization from silicate rocks is also observed. The REE is much less compared to other major world rivers such as the Amazon, perhaps because in the present study, only samples filtered through <0.2 m were analysed. Negative Eu anomalies in suspended sediments is due to the excess carbonate rock weathering in the source area.     

安徽女山单斜辉石巨晶的地球化学

本文研究了安徽女山14个单斜辉石巨晶。它们属于铝普通辉石、透辉石和铁钠造辉石。主要元素、稀土和微量元素及同位素特征表明：它们是同一碱性玄武岩浆在幔源条件下不同程度结晶分异的产物，相对于寄主岩均属捕虏晶，可能自中生代即已开始形成。     

Behavior of Major and Trace Elements during Ore Deposition: Example from the Low-Sulfidation Pantingan Gold System, Mount Mariveles, Bataan, Philippines

The evaluation of the relatively fresh host rock and altered rock samples associated with the Pantingan Gold System exposed in Mount Mariveles, Bataan yield several notable observations that are useful in pinpointing potential gold pathfinder elements. Geochemical and petrologic analysis showed that the altered rocks can be subdivided into rocks that underwent propylitic alteration (group 1), argillized rocks with silica contents similar to those of the fresh host rocks (group 2), argillized but not strongly silicified rocks (group 3) and argillized and strongly silicified rocks (group 4). Selected element ratio patterns in the altered rocks and gold concentrations in gold‐bearing quartz veins vary between the rock groups. Moreover, mass balance calculation also reflected the geochemical observations pertaining to the gains and losses of SiO_2, Fe₂O₃+ MgO, CaO + Na₂O and K₂O, which are believed to be chemical reactions (i.e. breakdown of plagioclase, silica inundation or leaching, sulfide and calcite formation) caused by the influx of hydrothermal fluids.     

Chemical Characterisation of the USGS Reference Glasses GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G, GSE-1G, BCR-2G, BHVO-2G and BIR-1G Using EPMA, ID-TIMS, ID-ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS

The USGS reference glasses GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G, GSE-1G, BCR-2G, BHVO-2G and BIR-1G were investigated by different analytical techniques. All these materials have a geological (basaltic) matrix and are therefore useful in igneous geochemistry as matrix-matched reference materials for microanalytical techniques. The new GS glasses have trace elements in groups at concentration levels of about < 0.01, 5, 50 and 500 μg g^-1. Their major element compositions have been determined by EPMA, and trace elements have been analysed by LA-ICP-MS and two isotope dilution techniques using TIMS and ICP-MS. EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses indicated that the USGS reference glasses are homogeneous at the μm to mm scale with respect to major (variations < 1-2%) and most trace elements (variations 1-4%). Trace element data obtained from the different analytical techniques agreed within an uncertainty of 1-5%, indicating that between method results are comparable. Therefore, the preliminary working values for the four USGS GS glasses calculated from these data have a low level of uncertainty.     

The chemistry of bottled mineral and spring waters from Norway,Sweden, Finland and Iceland

Twenty-two bottled mineral and spring waters from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland have been analysed for 71 inorganic chemical parameters with low detection limits as a subset of a large European survey of bottled groundwater chemistry (N = 884). The Nordic bottled groundwaters comprise mainly Ca–Na–HCO₃–Cl water types, but more distinct Ca–HCO₃, Na HCO₃ and Na–Cl water types are also offered. The distributions for most elements fall between groundwater from Fennoscandian Quaternary unconsolidated aquifers and groundwater from Norwegian crystalline bedrock boreholes. Treated tap waters have slightly lower median values for many parameters, but elements associated with plumbing have significantly higher concentrations in tap waters than in bottled waters. The small dataset is able to show that excessive fluoride and uranium contents are potential drinking water problems in Fennoscandia. Nitrate and arsenic displayed low to moderate concentrations, but the number of samples from Finland and Northern Sweden was too low to detect that elevated concentrations of arsenic occur in bedrock boreholes in some regions. The data shows clearly that water sold in plastic bottles is contaminated with antimony. Antimony is toxic and suspected to be carcinogenic, but the levels are well below the EU drinking water limit. The study does not provide any health-based arguments for buying bottled mineral and spring waters for those who are served with drinking water from public waterworks. Drinking water from crystalline bedrock aquifers should be analysed. In case of elevated concentrations of fluoride, uranium or arsenic, most bottled waters, but not all, will be better alternatives when treatment of the well water is not practicable.     

Research on Potential Fertilization of Coal Gangue in the Weibei Coalfield, China

Based on the systematic analysis of the coal gangue in Weibei Coalfield, such as petrologic characteristics, chemical composition, nutrient elements, deleterious elements, and the transformation, and compared with the soil element content background values of Loess Plateau and national harmful materials controlling standards, we conclude that the coal gangue in the Weibei Coalfield has huge potential to be used as clay fertilizer.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部纳岭沟铀矿床元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

纳岭沟铀矿床位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部,是我国目前已发现的可地浸砂岩型铀矿床之一。其受古层间氧化带控制,呈板状产于中侏罗统直罗组下段辫状河砂体中。笔者从元素地球化学分析入手,通过对不同蚀变砂岩的地球化学特征进行对比,认为蚀变砂岩主要化学成分的变化受成岩作用、水-岩作用,以及油气二次还原作用等影响,并且有机碳含量在矿化砂岩中较高,说明铀矿化与有机质关系密切。矿化砂岩中的微量元素相对富集或亏损明显,可能与成岩后期(热液)的改造作用有关。蚀变砂岩均表现出壳型花岗岩的微量和稀土元素特征,LREE相对富集,说明盆地北部的阴山、大青山古陆壳富铀花岗岩体是直罗组的主要物源。此外,δEu和δCe特征也表明纳岭沟铀矿床是在弱氧化-弱还原过渡性环境下形成。这些特征可作为找矿勘探的重要指示或标志。