2007—2008年春夏季长江口水域浮游动物生态分布特征研究

根据2007年到2008年5月和8月长江口水域共4个航次的监测资料,对长江口水域浮游动物的生物量、优势种、种类数和多样性指数的平面分布及其与环境的关系进行了分析。结果表明,调查水域浮游动物生物量值8月份大于5月份生物量,分布格局呈近岸向外海递增趋势。5月出现的优势种虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus)和真刺唇角水蚤(Labidoceraeuchaeta)分布于河口水域以及咸淡交错水域。8月的背针胸刺水蚤(Centropages dorsispinatus)和太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartiapacifica)分布于河口水域和咸淡交错水域,肥胖箭虫多分布于口外近海水域。中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)在4次采样均出现,是口外近海水域的主要优势种。调查水域浮游动物种类数和多样性指数分布格局呈近岸向外海递增趋势。盐度、温度及主要优势种中华哲水蚤是影响长江口浮游动物分布的重要因子。     

福建南日岛海域浮游动物的分布

根据１９９０年春季至１９９１年冬季采自南日岛海域浮游动物样本，初步鉴定出９８种浮游动物和１２类浮游幼虫。桡足类种类和数量均占优势。精致真刺水蚤、中华哲水蚤、肥胖箭虫、中华假磷虾和短尾类氵蚤状幼虫为优势种。本文报道了浮游动物总生物量，总个体数和种类数的季节分布及平面分布，讨论其分布与环境的关系。     

诏安湾及毗邻海域浮游动物的群落结构

根据2015年夏(8月)、秋(10月)2季在诏安湾及毗邻海域开展的30个站浮游动物监测资料,研究了该海域浮游动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性.结果显示:共鉴定浮游动物103种和浮游幼体24类,桡足类为绝对优势的类群.优势种有14种,锥形宽水蚤(Temora turbinata)、异体住囊虫(Oikopleura dioica)和强额孔雀水蚤(Parvocalanus crassirostris)是该海域重要的优势种群.生态类群以近岸暖水类群和外海广布类群为主.夏季浮游动物丰度平均为761个/m3,秋季为81个/m3;夏季浮游动物生物量平均为237mg/m3,秋季为52 mg/m3.夏季浮游动物种类数、丰度、生物量及变化幅度均明显高于秋季,夏季湾外浮游动物种类数、丰度、生物量及变化幅度均明显大于湾内,秋季湾外浮游动物种类数、丰度及变化幅度均明显大于湾内,夏、秋季浮游动物种类数和丰度总体分布均呈现由湾内往湾外逐渐增加趋势.夏季浮游动物多样性指数平均为2.46,秋季为3.14.与历史资料比较:本次调查海域浮游动物种类数和平均丰度均有较大幅度升高,但平均生物量有较大幅度下降.     

夏季青岛近海浮游动物种类组成、群落结构及多样性

2006年7月在青岛近海海域(35°19′～36°35′N, 119°50′～121°33′E)进行浮游动物采样调查,研究了青岛近海浮游动物的种类组成、群落结构及多样性.调查共鉴定浮游动物48种,浮游幼虫18类.种类数的平面分布为灵山湾、琅琊台湾附近海区较多,其他海区较少.优势种类有中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)、拟长脚虫戎(Parathemisto gaudichaudi)、长尾类幼虫(Macrura larvae)和短尾类幼虫(Brachyura larvae).调查海区近岸暖温类群、近岸暖水类群、近岸低盐类群、温带外海类群四种生态类群共存,但以近岸暖温类群为主.浮游动物丰度、生物量的水平分布趋势与表层温度、盐度的水平分布趋势相似,都从调查海区的外海区向近岸逐渐降低;Shannon-weiner多样性指数与Pielou均匀度指数水平分布趋势与表层温度、盐度相反,从青岛近岸向调查海区外海逐渐降低.与该区域1959年同月份的调查数据相比,浮游动物主要种类组成、丰度、生物量差别不大,主要种类中华哲水蚤丰度有较大的增加.     

春季长江口及毗邻海域浮游动物空间分布及与环境因子的关系

于2009年4月15～23日在长江口及其邻近海域进行了32个站位的浮游动物生态调查,分析了浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、丰度和生物量的空间分布,并利用PRIMER生物统计学软件中的PCA、BIOENV和RELATE程序分析了浮游动物与环境因子的关系.共发现浮游动物成体72种,浮游幼虫9种,合计种类数为81.中华哲水蚤(C...     

台湾海峡西部海域浮游桡足类的生态

本文根据1984年5月—1985年2月在台湾海峡中线以西海域不(含海岸带水域)4个季度月综合调查及海潭岛南部外海定点昼夜垂直分层采集所获浮游动物样品进行分析,结果表明,本海域浮游挠足类188种(国内新记录7种,本海区首次记录19种),主要的优势种有锥形宽水蚤、中华哲水蚤、精致真刺水蚤、普通波水蚤等。其群落组成以热带和亚热带种为主,少数为暖温带种。根据其生态习性及分布特点可分为近岸低盐、外海高盐及广温广盐三个生态类群。海潭岛南部外海浮游挠足类的昼夜垂直移动可分为移动显著和不显著两种类型。本海区浮游桡足类种数的季节变化和平面分布均与温、盐度的变化趋势基本一致,其不同生态习性的浮游桡足类的分布与影响本海区的水系的消长密切相关。     

三峡工程一期蓄水后长江口及其邻近水域浮游动物的群落结构

长江三峡工程自2003年6月1日~10日进行一期蓄水。为研究长江三峡工程蓄水对长江口环境的影响,在一期蓄水后组织了长江口及其邻近海域环境的综合调查。根据采集的大中型和中小型浮游生物样品的分析数据,结合环境参数,对长江河口及邻近海域浮游动物种类组成及群落结构进行了多元分析,研究浮游动物群落结构及其影响因子。浮游动物种类数为289个(含31种浮游幼虫)。据各站位浮游动物种类组成和丰度,用聚类分析法可将该水域的浮游动物分为4个群落。整个调查海区,中华哲水蚤最占优势。相关性分析表明,夏季影响浮游动物群落结构的主要环境因子为盐度。     

象山港冬季浮游动物的分布

对2002年12月象山港海区的浮游动物种类组成和数量分布特征及其与环境的关系进行了研究。结果表明,象山港海区出现浮游动物44种,可以划分为4个生态类群,其中近岸低盐性类群的种类较多,其优势种有真刺唇角水蚤Labidoceraeuchaeta、驼背隆哲水蚤Acro-calanusgibber、中华哲水蚤Calanussinicus、中华假磷虾Pseudeuphausiasinica和拿卡箭虫Sagittanagae等,半咸水河口类群、暖水性外海类群和广盐暖水性类群的种数均较少。浮游动物生物量的分布趋势与丰度的一致。湾顶部水域浮游动物的生物量和丰度都出现最高值,从湾顶部往湾口方向,浮游动物的生物量和丰度均呈逐渐降低的趋势。象山港海区周日连续站观测的结果显示,夜间半日潮时浮游动物的生物量和丰度均高于白昼半日潮时,低平潮时浮游动物的生物量与丰度均出现了最高值。     

福建湄洲岛周围海域浮游动物的分布

根据１９９０年５月至１９９１年１月采自湄洲岛海域的浮游动物样品,鉴定出１０种终生浮游动物和１２类阶段性浮游幼体,桡足类的种类和数量在群落中均占优势。中华哲水蚤、精致真刺水蚤、中华假磷虾、肥胖箭虫和短尾类溲状幼体为主要优势种。海龙箭虫、拟经车浅室水母、针刺真浮莹等１０种,四季都有分布,本文还描述了总生物量,总个体和主要种类的分布,并对夏季浮游动物的分布与上升流的关系,以及总生物量季节纱明显进行了讨论     

2004—2006年暖水季节闽东沿岸浮游动物主要生态特征比较研究

本文根据2004～2006年闽东沿岸（26°30′00″～27°10′00″N，119°59′40″～120°33′00″E）暖水季节6个航次的浮游动物调查资料，比较分析研究了调查区暖水季节的浮游动物种类组成、数量分布和优势种变化．3年调查结果表明，该海域出现的浮游动物种类数分别为151、127和144种，种类组成变化不大，强额孔雀哲水蚤（Pavocalanus crassirostri）、小拟哲水蚤（Paracalanus parvus）等在各航次中都占据明显优势地位；调查期间该海域的浮游动物群落面貌以近岸暖水种和外海热带种为主，这两类生态类群的浮游动物构成本海区的主要优势类群；生物量分布不均匀，总体平面分布趋势是：北高南低，从沿岸到近海，浮游动物生物量随盐度上升而下降；优势种分布极不均匀，聚块现象明显．     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,