天然冷源对地下水源热泵的影响规律

东北某些地区长期存在着一定规模的地下冻土,在地下水源热泵的运行中可视为天然冷源。天然冷源对地下水源热泵的利用产生一定的影响。为了提高地下水源热泵运行效率,运用室内外实验和数值模拟方法探寻冷源对地下水源热泵影响规律。对加格达奇地区的冷源场地进行了室内热物性试验和现场岩土热响应试验。研究表明：该地区砂、砾的热物性参数（比热容、导热系数）随深度增加呈现离散现象,砂岩、花岗岩热物性参数变化不大;岩土体导热系数花岗岩最大,砾、砂最小,砂岩居中;比热容受深度影响波动较大,特别是不同深度的砾、砂层比热容差别较大。依据该场地的地质条件,构建数值模型,开展模拟研究,对多井抽灌系统下热突破现象以及影响范围进行模拟分析,模拟结果显示冷源对该场地地下水源热泵的影响范围在150 m以内,而且在小于75 m的范围内对地下水源热泵的影响最为显著,为未来该地区地下水源热泵的设计、选址提供理论基础和参考依据。     

吉林市城区地下水源热泵浅层地热能开发利用前景分析

地下水源热泵浅层地热能是指地下水在抽水-回灌过程中,利用水源热泵提取水中的热能,或用于空调制冷产生的能量转换。地下水源热泵地热能是浅层地热能的一种主要类型。地下水源热泵浅层地热能是一种可循环利用、环保的新型能源,逐渐为人们认识,具有广泛的开发前景。本文简要介绍吉林市城区地下水源热泵浅层地热能条件,开发利用前景分析。     

水源热泵井群布置方案对地下水流场影响分析

以某地下水源热泵系统工程为例,依据工程场地实际抽水-回灌试验数据,建立研究区地下水流数值模拟模型,分析该地区适宜的井群布置方案,并定量研究不同井群布置方案对地下水流场的影响范围与程度,为确定合理的井群布置方案提供技术支撑。研究表明：对于同一含水层回灌,随着抽水-回灌时间的延长,就有利于抽水-回灌能力及尽量减小对周边地下水开采的影响而言,抽水井、回灌井交叉布置,部分回灌井集中布置的方案较为合理。     

The calculation of mine water yield using the non-continuous flow theory

Large amounts of groundwater are discharged during underground mining operations. As a result, the drawdown of groundwater, known as aquifer dewatering, is common in mining areas. Because of variability in permeability between different media in mines, mine drainage occurs primarily as non-continuous flow. However, calculations of mine water yield are usually made based on the continuous flow theory, and therefore often produce erroneous results. This study predicts the water yield of a mine using the module MODFLOW and incorporating the non-continuous flow theory into the calculation. Using this method, the predicted water yield of a mine was approximately 50 % lower than that predicted using the continuous flow theory. The model also demonstrates that the rate of mine drainage varies over time; there is initially a decrease in the rate of drainage which gradually approaches a constant value. Double level flow occurs when there is non-continuous flow in continuous media, which can effectively minimize the influence of mine drainage on upper aquifers and relieve the conflict between groundwater supply and drainage in the mining area.     

纳林河矿区某大型矿井地下水环境影响数值模拟研究

矿井采煤对地下水环境的影响主要为对具有供水意义的含水层水位及水量产生影响,确定采煤引起地下水水位降及漏失量是煤矿地下水环境影响评价的关键。以纳林河矿区某大型矿井为例,运用Visual MODFLOW建立模拟区地下水流数值模型,利用实测流场和长观孔的动态观测资料识别和验证数值模型,利用模型来预测采煤对第四系-白垩系含水层水位及水量的影响。模拟结果显示:前25年采煤引起地下水最大水位降为3.6 m,引起地下水的漏失量最大为141.87万m^3/a,占矿井涌水量的29.88%;利用矿化度法确定的越流量占矿井涌水量的6.39%~34.89%,模拟结果基本合理,可作为矿井采煤对地下水环境影响的研究依据。     

Effect of Underground Mine Blast Vibrations on Overlaying Open Pit Slopes: A Case Study for Daye Iron Mine in China

Investigating the propagation and attenuation of blast vibration in rock slopes is the key point to assess the influence of underground mine blasting on overlaying open pit slopes stability and determining the potential risk. In this paper, Daye Iron Mine in China has been chosen as the case to study the effect of blast vibrations on overlaying open pit slopes due to underground mine blast. Firstly, the characteristics of blast loadings are analyzed by the dynamic finite element method. Then, a three dimensional (3D) numerical model of the open pit and the underground mine is made, which is verified by the field monitoring data to prove its reliability. The effect of blast vibration on overlaying open pit slope due to underground mine blasting are discussed based on the peak particle velocity (PPV) and the peak effective tensile stress (PETS) distribution characteristics which are calculated and analyzed by inputting the obtained blast vibration data into the numerical model. The results show that the effect of present mining blasting on the stability of pit slopes are limited because the simulated maximum PPV and PETS of monitoring point on slopes are all < 0.747 cm/s and 0.738 MPa. At last, according to numerical simulations of the underground mine blasting, the PPV predicting formulas for the slopes in Daye Open Pit Iron Mine is proposed based on the classic Sadaovsk formula.     

COMSOL平台在城市地下多种资源相互影响分析中的应用

针对系统动力学方法在地下资源相互影响问题分析中存在的不足,引入了多孔介质多场耦合理论,以地下水源热泵形式浅层地热能资源开发的假想模型为例,运用COMSOL平台建立了温度场-渗流场-应力场耦合的数值模型,对比了地下水源热泵运行前后和对调抽/回灌井前后区域地下渗流场、地温场和应力场的变化情况。结果表明：地下水源热泵运行前后抽水井和回灌井周边的渗流场发生了显著改变,10 a之后抽水井的水温由初始的约21℃下降至约17℃,并呈现出继续下降的趋势,区域地面沉降量达2 m左右;对调抽/回灌井后,抽水井温度的下降幅度由之前的4.0℃变为不到0.5℃。COMSOL平台在地下多种资源相互影响分析及其优化利用方面展示出良好的应用潜力。     

新疆大南湖北露天煤矿首采区Ⅲ火烧区地下水资源的数值模拟

大南湖北露天煤矿首采区东南部需要揭露Ⅲ火烧岩区一部分,这使得烧变岩水成为露天煤矿矿井充水的主要水源。资源勘探阶段的水文地质资料表明,烧变岩区赋水空间发育、透水能力强,储存量非常可观,但由于受资源勘探阶段水文地质勘探工程量制约,水文地质条件未能详细查明,现有水文地质成果尚不能满足首采区对烧变岩水疏排设计的要求。对烧变岩地下水资源进行模拟开采性抽水试验,获取Ⅲ火烧区的水文地质参数,利用数值模拟的方法,运用MODFLOW软件建立了III火烧区地下水数值模型,并模拟计算出了Ⅲ火烧区地下水储存量。经验证,本次模拟所取得成果与煤矿实际情况相符,能够作为首采区矿坑疏排水设计依据。      

基于井下放水试验的矿井疏降量预测评价

井下放水试验作为特殊的水文地质试验,克服了地面抽水试验存在的不利条件,有着十分重要的实践和理论意义。为了探查双柳煤矿太原组灰岩含水层的水文地质条件,通过两次井下放水试验取得的相关水文地质参数,控制了太灰含水层的动态流场。基于井下放水试验取得的水文地质条件信息,利用Visual MODFLOW三维数值模拟软件,建立放水试验期间反映模拟区太灰地下水分布、储存及其时空变化规律的参数模型;根据拟定的预测方案,对太灰含水层的疏降涌水量进行预测。通过本次工作,对双柳井田下一阶段进行疏干降压,减少太灰含水层对上组煤（4#煤层）开采的威胁,同时为下组煤（8＋9#煤）开采提供疏降方式和水文地质依据。     

矿井涌水量数值模拟研究——以锦东煤矿为例

矿井涌水量预测对煤矿安全开采具有重要的指导依据。本文将锦东煤矿作为研究对象,利用地下水数值模拟软件MODFLOW建立数值模型,并对其进行识别验证,在合理可靠的模型基础上,对未开采和开采两种方案进行预测,对矿井涌水量组成进行分析。计算结果表明,锦东煤矿开采条件下,矿井涌水量为6 130 m3/d,主要由第四系潜水蒸发量、各泉集河溢流损失量和地下水储存量三部分组成。     

Heat transfer modelling of the Leibnitzer Feld aquifer,Austria

The impact of groundwater heat pumps on groundwater temperature is simulated by means of a 2D numerical groundwater model in the Leibnitzer Feld aquifer, Austria. The model provides a basis for assessing the regional use of groundwater temperature as an energy source. Since the groundwater table is shallow, the air temperature represents the main source controlling the groundwater temperature. A temperature input function depending on the depth of the groundwater table is delineated from an observed soil temperature profile and the air temperature. Given the diffuse and ubiquitous nature of the heat input, the heat exchange is implemented as a third type boundary condition to enable two-way heat transfer. The temperature of the reinjected water is limited to a decrease of 5 K and an absolute minimum of 5°C by Austrian law. The pumping rates needed to cover the heat requirements of three typical users are determined for selected locations. It is shown that the reduction of the ambient groundwater temperature approximately 300 m downstream of the reinjection wells is less than 0.5°C. Thus it can be concluded that aquifers in similar settings show substantial potential to provide heating and warm water supply for buildings without deteriorating the regional groundwater temperature regime.     

浅薄含水层水源热泵井群设计方案研究

以某地下水源热泵系统工程为例,依据实测渗水试验及抽水一回灌试验数据,建立研究区地下水流数值模拟模型,分析了该地区适宜的井群布置方式及井间距,并定量研究了该布置方式下对地下水流场的影响,为该地区浅薄含水层地温能资源的开发利用提供技术支撑。结果表明：该类浅薄含水层地温能开发利用井群布置方式中,抽水井布设在地下水流场的下游、回灌井布设在地下水流场的上游更为适宜,合理井间距确定为110m;在适宜井间距条件下,对水位最大影响范围约为6．50km2,温度变幅大于1℃的最大范围约为0．28km2。     

山西省离柳矿区沙曲井田数值模拟及矿井涌水量预测评价

沙曲井田位于山西河东煤田离柳矿区的中部,处在柳林泉域岩溶水系统的径流区。矿区奥灰水水量大,水位标高为+797～+802m,其中的4#煤底板承受奥灰水压2～5MPa,10#煤底板承受奥灰水压3～6MPa,属带压开采矿井。利用井田以往的地质及水文地质勘探资料,应用GMS软件建立矿区三维立体模型和地下水渗流的数学模型,实现水文地质结构三维可视化,使数学模型能正确地反映预测区的水文地质条件,达到数值仿真效果;应用有限差分数值法,对开采上组煤(3#+4#)和下组煤(8#+9#、10#)时,石炭系太原组灰岩含水层和奥陶系峰峰组含水层的疏降进行矿井涌水量预测,为矿井的安全生产和防治水工作提供依据。     

Simulation of groundwater mounding at a West Australian mine site

Few studies exist that investigate the potential impact of groundwater mounding due to mining near an environmentally sensitive area in a real world scenario. This paper presents a case study in which the development and extent of groundwater mounding due to mining near the Shark Bay World Heritage Property (SBWHP) in Western Australia (WA) has been simulated. A numerical model was developed that enabled a detailed simulation of groundwater level response to the discharge of a water saturated sand slurry during mining at the project site near Coburn in WA. The simulations showed that after a mining period of around two and a half years, a groundwater mound of around 2.5 m would develop along the margins of the open pit at the SBWHP boundary. 500 m further into the SBWHP, the groundwater mound is predicted to be around 1 m high. A depth to water analysis showed that the groundwater may come within 4 m of the surface in the area of a sand dune swale that traverses from SW to NE near the SBWHP boundary. The results of these analyses provide a perspective of mine-related impacts in a unique environment. The results have been included in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) and used for mine water balance predictions.     

山东省主要矿山排水对地下水系统影响研究

山东省是一个矿业大省、经济大省,是我国重要的能源和黄金生产基地,同时也是水质型缺水省份之一。矿产资源开采过程中,每年都有大量的井下矿坑水向外部环境排放,不但造成了地表水和浅层地下水污染,而且还引发了岩溶塌陷、海水入侵等次生地质灾害。本文重点对山东省煤矿、铁矿、金矿等主要的矿产资源开发引发的地下水系统影响进行了研究,分析了主要开采矿山导致产生地下水疏干漏斗、引起区域地下水位持续下降,降低了地下水的调蓄能力,改变含水层的地球化学环境,地下水水质进一步恶化,致使地下水可利用资源量逐渐减少,该研究为有关政府部门督促矿山企业对矿坑水资源化综合利用及水资源保护、减少矿山开采对地下水环境的影响提供参考。     

The role of pore pressure during hydraulic fracturing and implications for groundwater outbursts in mining and tunnelling

Water outbursts from the floor during underground mining, and those from the surrounding rock mass of tunnels, involve the basic principle of hydraulic fracturing. Based on the hydraulic-fracturing mechanism, considered to be dependent on the coupling between seepage and damage, it is deemed that the variation of the pore-fluid pressure coefficient must be taken into account during this coupled process, in order to correctly establish the crack propagation mechanism during hydraulic fracturing. The coupled seepage-damage model is validated using numerical simulations of hydraulic fracturing around one hole and three holes; the model may also enable scientific and reasonable explanation of the dominance of hydraulic gradient on the crack propagation path in permeable rock. Finally, the water outburst from the floor at a coal mining site in Hebei Province, China, is numerically simulated, and the coupled seepage and damage mechanism during the mining-induced rock failure is clarified. The numerical simulation implies that the seepage-damage is the main mechanism for controlling the water outburst. Therefore this mechanism should be considered in the numerical simulation to understand the essence of water outburst induced in mines.     

Rock Mass Stability Investigation Around Tunnels in an Underground Mine in USA

Stability and deformation of rock masses around tunnels in underground mines play significant roles on the safety and efficient exploitation of the ore body. Therefore, understanding of geomechanical behavior around underground excavations is important and necessary. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model was built and stress analyses were performed by using 3DEC software for an underground mine in USA using the available information on stratigraphy, geological structures and mechanical properties of rock masses and discontinuities. Investigations were conducted to study the effect of the lateral stress ratio (K₀), material constitutive models, boundary conditions and rock support system on the stability of rock masses around the tunnels. Results of the stress, displacement, failure zone, accumulated plastic shear strain and post-failure cohesion distributions were obtained for these cases. Finally, comparisons of the deformation were made between the field deformation measurements and numerical simulations.     

Investigating hydraulic connections and the origin of water in a mine tunnel using stable isotopes and hydrographs

Turquoise Lake is a water-supply reservoir located north of the historic Sugarloaf Mining district near Leadville, Colorado, USA. Elevated water levels in the reservoir may increase flow of low-quality water from abandoned mine tunnels in the Sugarloaf District and degrade water quality downstream. The objective of this study was to understand the sources of water to Dinero mine drainage tunnel and evaluate whether or not there was a direct hydrologic connection between Dinero mine tunnel and Turquoise Lake from late 2002 to early 2008. This study utilized hydrograph data from nearby draining mine tunnels and the lake, and stable isotope (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) data from the lake, nearby draining mine tunnels, imported water, and springs to characterize water sources in the study area. Hydrograph results indicate that flow from the Dinero mine tunnel decreased 26% (2006) and 10% (2007) when lake elevation (above mean sea level) decreased below approximately 3004 m (approximately 9855 feet). Results of isotope analysis delineated two meteoric water lines in the study area. One line characterizes surface water and water imported to the study area from the western side of the Continental Divide. The other line characterizes groundwater including draining mine tunnels, springs, and seeps. Isotope mixing calculations indicate that water from Turquoise Lake or seasonal groundwater recharge from snowmelt represents approximately 10% or less of the water in Dinero mine tunnel. However, most of the water in Dinero mine tunnel is from deep groundwater having minimal isotopic variation. The asymmetric shape of the Dinero mine tunnel hydrograph may indicate that a limited mine pool exists behind a collapse in the tunnel and attenutates seasonal recharge. Alternatively, a conceptual model is presented (and supported with MODFLOW simulations) that is consistent with current and previous data collected in the study area, and illustrates how fluctuating lake levels change the local water-table elevation which can affect discharge from the Dinero mine tunnel without physical transfer of water between the two locations.     

冀东铁矿田的开发对区域地下水环境的影响

冀东铁矿田赋存在太古界单塔子群白庙子组中,资源量（332＋333）为25亿 t,平均品位〉30%,是我国重要的铁矿基地。矿区位于滦河冲洪积扇中上部,矿体上覆第四系砂砾卵石含水层富水性强,水量丰富,属于大水矿床,矿床疏干排水困难,疏干排水将破坏地下水环境。本文在分析矿区水文地质条件的基础上,提出了具有密切水力联系的多层含水层系统的水文地质概念模型,并建立了刻画多层含水层系统的数值仿真模拟模型,基于预留隔水顶板井下充填法采矿,预测矿山开采地下水流场演变,评价了矿山开采对区域地下水环境的影响,提出了环境保护措施,对今后矿山开发过程中的地下水环境影响评价方法、地下水资源开发利用及环保管理决策具有重要意义。     

基于不同开采方式的煤矿涌水量预测及其环境影响分析

煤矿开采不当会对水资源与水环境造成破坏,尤其在生态环境相对脆弱地区更是如此。针对目前矿井涌水量预测大多以单一工作面或煤矿为评价单元,对沟域内煤矿群同时长期开采的地下水环境影响重视不够。选择头道河则沟域为研究区,以地下水勘查、井田勘探资料为依据,构建了头道河则完整沟域的地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,根据地下水、地表水监测数据和煤矿群开采涌水量的长观资料进行模型的识别与验证,以9#煤矿为典型矿区,分析综采和条带充填2种不同开采方式下矿井涌水量及其对水环境的影响。研究结果表明：(1)综采状态下,矿井涌水量增加0.70×10⁴ m³/d,导致地下水溢出量减少0.20×10⁴ m³/d,引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.21～17.92 m;条带充填开采状态下,矿井涌水量增加0.11×10⁴ m³/d,导致地下水溢出量减少0.04×10⁴ m³/d,引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.01～0.44 m。(2)煤矿按综采方式开采,...