大洋性次-中层混合水团隶属函数的拟合及南海水团分析

讨论了铅直向叠置 3层水团 ,即次表层水团、次 中层混合水团和中层水团的分布与水团特征。改进了大洋性次表层水团和中层水团隶属函数的拟合方法 ,并进一步提出包络曲线法用以拟合次 中层混合水团的隶属函数 ,使铅直向叠置 3层水团隶属函数的拟合方法得以配套。应用新方法计算了 3层水团在南海全海域的分布 ,从整体上把握了次表层高盐水团、次 中层混合水团和中层低盐水团在南海中的分布及变化情况 ,讨论了它们的特征、差异和形成原因。     

南海中南部上层的盐指与湍流混合过程

基于2012年8月12日至9月5日中国南海海洋湍流微结构剖面仪(Turbo Map)观测资料和温盐深剖面仪(CTD)资料,对南海中南部海域上层500m以浅的混合过程进行了分析。南海次表层高温高盐的水团和中层低温低盐的水团构成的垂向温盐环境,利于在该深度范围内盐指的发育。通过盐指与湍流相关参数的计算,评估了盐指在南海上层跨越等密面混合的作用。结果表明南海中部(18°N)相对于南海南部呈现高的温度耗散率(χ)、高的混合效率(Γ)、低湍动能耗散率(ε)及低浮性雷诺数(Rε)等特征,即中部盐指信号明显强于南部。但整体海域仍然呈现出"低Γ;高Rε"的湍流特征,表明盐指对混合的贡献较小,南海中南部的上层混合还是以湍流混合为主导。另外,南海南部的混合强于中部,且呈现出整体水柱均具有较强混合的特征,其原因可能和内潮与南部相对较浅而复杂的地形相互作用有关。     

夏季黄东海硝酸盐垂向扩散通量的分析

湍流扩散过程导致的硝酸盐垂向输运对海水表层的浮游植物生长和初级生产力的大小有着重要影响。本文基于2018年夏季黄、东海水文环境、硝酸盐浓度和湍动能耗散率的同步、原位数据，分析了海域温度、盐度和硝酸盐的空间分布特征，结果表明营养盐含量丰富的黄海冷水团、长江冲淡水、东海北部底层混合水与黑潮次表层水是影响研究海域硝酸盐分布的主要水团。利用垂向湍扩散硝酸盐通量公式，计算了三个选定断面上的硝酸盐垂向扩散通量，其高值区与湍流扩散系数的高值区的位置基本一致。针对存在明显硝酸盐跃层的站位，计算得到跨硝酸盐跃层的垂向通量F_ND的范围在-9.78—36.60mmol/（m²·d）之间，在黄海冷水团区，夏季温跃层限制了该区营养盐向近表层的湍流垂向扩散；东海北部底层混合水区，湍流垂向扩散向上层补充了大量硝酸盐，促进了跃层之上浮游植物的生长；黑潮次表层水影响海区，夏季中层水体混合较弱，跨跃层的垂向通量也普遍偏低。开展硝酸盐垂向扩散通量的计算与分析，对进一步明确营养盐的输运机制有着重要研究意义。     

基于时空矩阵方法对福建省海湾水质变化特征分析

基于2005—2011年8月和2012—2015年5月、8月的水质监测数据，应用水质指标的主成分分析结果，对福建省海湾划分环境单元，通过时空矩阵方法对福建省海湾水质指标变化特征进行了分析。结果显示:（1）通过主成分分析，4个水质指标聚成两类成分，磷酸盐和叶绿素a聚为一类主成分，硝酸盐和溶解氧聚为另一类主成分；（2）以主成分权重值为坐标，划分福建省海湾表层水体为6个环境单元，以此建立水质指标相对含量的时间序列组合矩阵，对福建省海湾水质指标变化分析；（3）水质指标时空矩阵表现出一定的周期性变化趋势，环境单元的指标变化模式具有同步性，指标含量变化的绝对值从叶绿素a到营养盐再到溶解氧呈轻微增长；（4）两类主成分具有一定相关性，营养水平高低影响营养-浮游植物动态关系，当磷酸盐含量高于0.03 mg/L、硝酸盐含量高于0.25 mg/L，且营养盐时间周期变化显著时，叶绿素a时间周期变化与营养盐发生同步联动效应；（5）夏季福建省海湾水体生产力较低，大量陆源有机物输入、降解耗氧，表层溶解氧含量降低明显；（6）福建省海湾主要受两种性质差异很大的水体影响，富含高营养盐径流水团影响了河口及邻近海域的环境单元，而福建省南部海湾主要受台湾暖流及上升流影响，台湾暖流是东海海域磷酸盐的重要来源。     

夏季黄海海水碳酸盐体系特征

根据2016年7月对黄海海域碳酸盐体系参数pH和总碱度(A_T)开展的调查,结合温度、盐度、营养盐及叶绿素等同步观测数据,分析了夏季黄海海水碳酸盐体系的特征并讨论了其控制机制。结果表明,碳酸盐体系特征在不同水团间差异很大。表层与底层pH分别在7.915~8.307和7.849~8.074之间,高值位于长江冲淡水和黄海沿岸流中。表层与底层A_T分别为2063~2358μmol/kg和2205~2372μmol/kg,总体表现为由南往北递增。长江冲淡水A_T较低,黄海沿岸流A_T较高。海水总溶解无机碳(C_T)在黄海北部山东半岛附近含量较高,底层明显高于表层。表层海水二氧化碳分压(pCO_2)与表层C_T变化趋势相似。霰石饱和度(?_(Ar))在底层较低,最低值仅为1.28。Pearson相关分析结果显示,水团中A_T与盐度的相关性较大(R0.7),pH与营养盐的相关性较大。说明碳酸盐体系特征主要受水团混合和生物活动的影响。水团混合是影响A_T分布的主导因素。表层营养盐浓度过低导致浮游植物生长受限,受限区域pH变化不大,底层再矿化过程释放大量CO_2导致底层pH降低。     

南海北部中深层细结构混合研究

基于2007年8月获得的ADCP（声学多普勒流速剖面仪）海流资料和CTD（温盐深剖面仪）水文资料，应用Gregg模型对南海中深层内波尺度的混合进行估计，同时应用Thorpe尺度对中深层存在的垂向翻转及由此引起的混合进一步分析。两种方法均显示，吕宋海峡附近上层400m的耗散率及混合率均强于18°N断面，中深层两个区域的混合率并没有显著区别。这表明吕宋海峡上层400m，可能存在更活跃的内波活动，从而产生更强的内波混合和垂向水团翻转。Gregg模型估计的耗散率和混合率量级分别为10^-9W·kg^-1和10^-6m^2·s^-1。大部分CTD站位在中深层均存在垂向翻转，而且保持较高的发生率，翻转所对应的混合率并不随深度增加而减小。以上南海北部的细结构混合特征增强对南海中深层混合的认识。     

象山港氮、磷营养盐环流和分布规律的研究

采用定点监测分析方法,研究了象山港狭湾内设置的六个固定站位1992-2007年时间段内的硝酸氮(NO3-N)、亚硝酸氮(NO2-N)、铵氮(NH4-N)和磷酸盐(PO4-P)浓度的监测数据,探讨了象山港狭湾内(122°00'E以西)氮、磷营养盐的环流和分布规律.结果表明,(1)除个别年份外,16年内硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、铵氮和磷酸盐浓度的空间分布,从港顶1号站向港口6号站呈降低趋势,其中以PO4-P、NO2-N的降低趋势最为明显,而NH4-N的降低趋势相对较弱.(2)NO3-N的空间变化规律较为复杂,并且3号站的浓度往往达到最大值.(3)无论是平水期(4月)还是丰水期(7月),表层盐度均低于底层,而表层温度高于底层;盐度从港顶1号站向港口6号站递增,而温度递减.这种分布规律基本上可用余环流模式进行解释,但余环流输运并不是促使营养盐入海的唯一原因,潮振荡的垂向剪切造成的纵向弥散和潮混合亦对营养盐输运有重大贡献.(4)与1992年相比,2007年各站的NO3-N浓度几乎都增加了一倍,PO4-P浓度增幅更大,说明象山港的氮、磷污染与日俱增.     

杭州湾营养盐时空分布特征及其影响研究

文章基于2015年1—12月杭州湾海域12个航次的调查资料,对杭州湾海域营养盐溶解无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-))的月度时空分布特征及其影响进行了探讨。结果表明,杭州湾表层海水DIN和PO_4~(3-)含量空间分布月际间变化明显,其变化受湾内、沿岸径流输入和长江冲淡水影响显著。杭州湾海域12个月DIN含量均超第四类海水水质标准,硝酸盐氮(NO_3~-)占DIN的94%及以上。N/P值处于较高水平,内湾(IB)和外湾(OB)的N/P值季节性变化幅度比中湾(CB)大,海湾生态系统对磷的变化敏感。营养盐-盐度对研究区域的水体混合状况有明显的指示作用,杭州湾营养盐的分布主要受物理混合作用所控制,浮游生物活动对营养盐分布的影响相对较小。     

沉积物中营养盐对大鹏湾赤潮影响的初步探讨

1991年3月中旬在南海大鹏湾海域用小型箱式采泥器采集了0－2cm和5－7cm层的样品。对所采样品用比色法测定了沉积物中可被交换的溶解态营养盐含量。分析结果表明：表层沉积物中可被交换的活性磷酸盐含量很高，N／P值很低。另外，根据同时采集的水样分析结果：水体中活性磷酸盐的浓度很低，且N／P值很高。1992年3月的调查结果又证实：在上覆水中活性磷酸盐的浓度很高，且N／P值很低。因此，我们认为进一步研究表层沉积物和上覆水中活性磷酸盐对水体的供给与大鹏湾赤潮的关系对研究大鹏湾赤潮的成因有重要意义。     

印尼贯穿流源区马鲁古海和哈马黑拉海水团来源的气候态分析

本文利用World Ocean Atlas 2013（WOA2013）气候态的温盐资料和the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA v3.3.1）流场数据，分析印尼贯穿流东部源区马鲁古海和哈马黑拉海的水团垂向分布特征及其来源，特别是次表层、中层及深层水的来源和路径。结果表明，气候态下，马鲁古海次表层的高温高盐水来自于北太平洋，与北太平洋热带水性质接近，哈马黑拉海次表层主要是来自南太平洋热带水；中层水以低温低盐为特征，马鲁古海的中层水来自南太平洋，受南极中层水控制，哈马黑拉海的中层水可能是从马鲁古海而来的南太平洋水；对于次表层和中层之间的过渡层，马鲁古海与哈马黑拉海的水源为南、北太平洋的混合水，且两个海域之间也存在着水团交换；在深层，马鲁古海的水源更倾向于班达海北部及塞兰海，而与太平洋水无关，哈马黑拉海由于地形阻挡也难以与太平洋直接发生水团交换。     

Nutrients,light and phytoplankton production in the shallow,tropical coastal waters of Bandon Bay,Southern Thailand

Phytoplankton primary production and its regulation by light and nutrient availability were investigated in the shallow, tropical coastal waters of Bandon Bay, Southern Thailand. The bay was meso‐eutrophicated and highly turbid, receiving river water discharge. Water column stratification was consistently weak during both rainy and dry seasons. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was higher off the river mouth than in the other regions, suggesting that river water discharge was a main source of DIN. By contrast, dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) showed a significant negative correlation with total water depth, implying that regeneration around the sea floor was an important source of DIP. Surface DIN and DIP showed positive correlations with surface primary production (PP) and water column primary productivity (ΣPP*), respectively. The combined correlation and model analyses indicate that total water depth had an ambivalent influence on water column primary production (ΣPP); shallower water depth induced more active regeneration of nutrients, but it also caused higher turbidity and lower light availability as a result of enhanced resuspension of sediments. Furthermore, there was a vertical constraint for phytoplankton during the rainy season: total water depth tended to be shallower than euphotic zone depth. In conclusion, light limitation and vertical constraint owing to shallow water depth appear to be more important than nutrient limitation for water column primary production in Bandon Bay.     

Phosphorus and nitrogen cyclings in the pelagic system of hiroshima bay: Results of numerical model simulation

A numerical ecosystem model expressing both phosphorus and nitrogen cyclings in the pelagic system of Hiroshima Bay, Japan, was developed in order to investigate the seasonal variations of these elements and their annual budgets. Based on the geophysical and chemical structures of the bay, Hiroshima Bay was divided into northern and southern boxes, themselves divided into two layers of an upper 5 m and a lower layer according to the stratification of the water column. The model consists of equations representing all relevant physical and biological processes. The results revealed that the internal regeneration of materials was an important source of bioavailable nutrients for phytoplankton growth in the water column. The incorporation of phytoplankton aggregation improved the accuracy of the outputs in comparison to the observed data, especially during the stratified summer season. The results also indicated that phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth occurs in the upper layer during summer while light limitation occurs in the lower layer. In addition, physical processes such as diffusion and advection were also important as they ensured that most of regenerated nutrients in the lower layer were transported to the upper layer. Thus, these processes might support the high primary production and the production of oysters that are extensively cultured in this bay. Considering the informative results obtained, the model used in this study provides a sound basis and tool to describe the dynamics of phosphorus and nitrogen cyclings in Hiroshima Bay.     

Vertical Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Central and Northern Part of the Gulf of California (June 1982)

Abstract. Vertical profiles of temperature, nutrients (silicate, phosphate, and nitrate), chlorophyll a and phytoplankton abundance are given for six stations located in the Gulf of California, June 1982, above 1 % of light intensity. The vertical distribution of phytoplankton was related to the water column structure: stratified stations had a defined nutricline and subsurface chlorophyll and phytoplankton abundance maxima were present, which were found to be related to the depth of the principal thermocline; vertical distribution of taxa was not uniform and low affinity values (< 0.5) were calculated among depths at these stations. Despite the irregular vertical distribution of chlorophyll and cell number, there was a great affinity in the species composition throughout the euphotic zone at well-mixed or weakly stratified stations. Nanoplankton organisms, mainly coc-colithophorids, were the most important numerical contributors at the chlorophyll maxima, except when this was superficial, in which case diatoms were the most numerous group. Some patterns of the vertical distribution of the main phytoplankton groups ( e.g. , diatoms, dinoflagellates, and microflagellates) are shown. The spectrum of diversity in the water column was useful only for mixed-waters. The relationship between stability, nutrients, and phytoplankton - regarding their vertical distribution - and the importance of physical and biological processes on phytoplankton ecology are discussed.     

Regeneration of chemical elements from settling particles collected by sediment trap in Funka Bay,Japan

Sediment trap experiments were carried out 39 times during the years from 1977 to 1981 in Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. The observed total particulate flux varies seasonally, that is, the particulate fluxes in winter and spring are larger than those in summer. The fluxes in all seasons increased with depth. Major components of settling particles are aluminosilicate in winter, biogenic silicate in spring and organic matter and terrestrial material in summer, respectively. The fluxes of each chemical component observed with sediment traps are normalized to that of Al by assuming that the actual flux of Al is equal to the accumulation rate onto the sediment surface. Vertical changes of the normalized flux of each chemical component indicate the following: Fe was not regenerated from the settling particles in the water column. Mn was regenerated from the settling particles in the lower layer exclusively between 80 m depth and the sediment surface. Cd was actively regenerated in the upper layer above 80 m depth. Phosphate was regenerated in the upper layer, while biogenic silicate was in the lower layer. The silicate regeneration, therefore, occurs after phosphate regeneration. The material decomposing in the water column below 40 m has an atomic ratio of P ∶ Si ∶ C = 1 ∶ 52 ∶ 128.     

生物要素的海洋生物地球化学过程研究进展

新学科的诞生是社会发展的需要,人类社会发展到今天,由于人类面临的资源与环境问题,使占全球面积71%的海洋成为21世纪开发的重点领域。然而,各成体系的海洋化学、海洋生物、海洋地质和海洋水文,已难以适应认识和解决当前面临的全球变化问题的需要。80年代初,随着国际地圈生物圈计划(IGBP)、全球海洋通量联合研究(JGOFS)、全球海洋生态系统动力学(GLOBEC)、全球海洋真光层研究(GOEZS)、海岸带陆海相互作用(LOICZ)等重大国际合作计划的兴起,处于这些学科交叉点上的海洋生物地球化学这新的分支学科应运而生,至90年代,这一边缘交又研究方向已成为海洋学研究的前沿领域。 我国的海洋生物地球化学研究虽起步较晚,但已取得飞速发展。至今,已开展实施了渤海生态系统动力学、东海海洋通量、台湾海峡生源要素生物地球化学过程、南海碳通量、南沙群岛珊瑚礁生态系物质循环等一系列重点项目的研究,强有力地推动了这一边缘交叉学科的发展。 海洋生物地球化学是利用化学、地质、生物、物理的观点综合研究海洋中物质循环的过程与规律,突出的特点是研究生物作用下的地球化学过程,研究的主要对象是生源要素(C,N,P,S,Si等)及与生物过程有关的其他元素。 本文从真光层内生源要素的循环、海水中颗粒物的生物地球化学过程、沉积物-海水界面过程中的生源要素,以及微型生物在生源要素的海洋生物地球化学循环中的作用等方面阐述了生源要素的海洋生物地球化学过程研究进展,以期推进我国该领域研究水平的提高。     

2006—2007年夏、冬季浙东海域叶绿素a分布特征及其环境影响因子

为更清楚了解浙东海域浮游植物的初级生产力情况,于2006年8月(夏季)和2007年1月(冬季)在浙东海域28°00′～30°00′N、122°00′～127°30′E设置了3条调查断面,共布设25个观测站位,现场采用荧光连续法对叶绿素a进行测定,初步研究了该海域叶绿素a的空间分布特征,并探讨了水体温度、营养盐和浊度对叶绿素a分布的影响。结果表明:夏季,叶绿素a分布趋势为近岸(平均质量浓度为2.01μg/L)>外海(平均质量浓度为0.52μg/L),其主要垂直分布类型为递增型、递减型和单峰型;冬季,叶绿素a分布趋势为外海(平均质量浓度为0.50μg/L)>近岸(平均质量浓度为0.33μg/L),主要垂直分布类型为递增型、均匀型、单峰型和双峰型。夏季调查海域浮游植物叶绿素a平均质量浓度为0.93μg/L,明显高于冬季(0.46μg/L)。温度、营养盐和浊度是影响研究区夏、冬季叶绿素a分布的主要环境因子。     

中尺度涡影响下的南海西部活性铝分布

To understand the distribution of aluminum(Al) under the influence of mesocale eddies in the western South China Sea(SCS), sea level anomaly, geostrophic current, environmental parameters and reactive Al were investigated in the western SCS in August 2013. The highest reactive Al concentration((180±64) nmol/L) was observed in the surface waters, indicating a substantial atmospheric input. Vertically, the reactive Al decreased from the surface high concentration to the subsurface minima at the depth of chlorophyll a(Chl a) maxima and then increased again with depth at most of the stations. The average concentration of reactive Al in the upper 100 m water column was significantly lower in the cyclonic eddy((137±6) nmol/L) as compared with that in the noneddy waters((180±21) nmol/L). By contrast, the average concentrations of Chl a and silicate in the upper 100 m water column were higher in the cyclonic eddy and lower in the anticyclonic eddy. There was a significant negative correlation between the average concentrations of reactive Al and Chl a in the upper 100 m water column. The vertical distribution of reactive Al and the negative correlation between reactive Al and Chl a both suggest that the reactive Al in the upper water column was significantly influenced by biological removal processes. Our results indicate that mesoscale eddies could regulate the distribution of reactive Al by influencing the primary production and phytoplankton community structure in the western SCS.     

南黄海春季海水化学要素的分布特征及其受控因素

基于2007年4月对南黄海调查所得资料,对海水化学要素的分布特征及影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,受浮游植物光合作用的影响,南黄海中北部上层海域出现了DO、pH的高值区以及营养盐的低值区,而底层则因有机物的分解,DO和pH较低而营养盐含量较高;受苏北沿岸水、长江冲淡水和/或台湾暖流前缘混合水的影响,南黄海西南部海域表、底层DO含量均较低,但却为营养盐的最高值区,且表层水中无机氮盈余状况的分布与该海域环流状况、尤其是苏北沿岸水的扩展途径密切相关,表现为无机氮相对过剩,而无机磷相对缺乏;南黄海西部沿岸流对营养盐往东南方向的输运态势较为明显,同时,首次从营养盐分布的角度揭示了这一水动力过程;受苏北沿岸水、黄海暖流以及两者之间的南黄海西部沿岸流主体的影响,南黄海斜断面上海水化学要素的分布具有明显的区域化特征和空间结构。     

南海海域浮游植物叶绿素与海表温度季节变化特征分析

利用 Sea WiFS卫星遥感叶绿素质量浓度及TRMM微波遥感海表温度产品, 研究了南海海表叶绿素a的季节变化特征及其同海表温度的关系。研究结果表明, 南海叶绿素质量浓度具有很强的季节变化:通常低叶绿素质量浓度(<0.12 mg·m^-3)出现在弱风高海表温度(>28°C)的春、夏季节;高叶绿素质量浓度(>0.13 mg·m^-3)通常出现在有较强风速和较低海表温度(<27°C)的冬季。线性回归分析显示, 南海叶绿素质量浓度同海表温度呈显著负相关。尽管在南海南部、南海中部、南海西部及吕宋西北部4个代表子区域的显著性有所差异, 但都暗示温度变化所反映的垂向层化调控了营养盐质量浓度和浮游植物量变化。可见, 温度可能是影响海洋上层稳定程度及垂向交换强度的重要指标, 从而可能调控营养盐及浮游植物的变化。     

用成岩模型计算沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量--以渤海为例

根据沉积物中营养盐的再生对水体中营养盐的收支循环动力学的作用.利用1998年秋季和1999年春季沉积物间隙水中营养盐的分析结果,建立了沉积物中营养盐的成岩模型,并由此计算了沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量.结果表明,硝化速率、反硝化速率、有机氮含量、硅质成分的溶解速率、生物扰动作用、孔隙率明显影响沉积物间隙水中营养盐的分布和沉积物-水界面的交换通量.对比了实验室培养法和扩散通量计算法测得沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量,表明2种方法所得NO3通量较一致,但NH4 ,PO43-,SiO32- 2种方法所得通量有一定差异,文中讨论了可能的原因.以渤海为例阐明了在用扩散通量法研究沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量时,表层沉积物分割厚度对界面交换通量影响显著,为了得到合理的与现场接近的结果表层沉积物的分割厚度以不超过1em为宜.