論用PKP波測定极远地震的震級

一、引言目前我国测定极远地震（震中距离Δ>110°）震级的方法有两种: 1.面波法计算震级的公式 M_LH=log（A/T）-log（A/T）^*,（1.1） 式中A是水平分向地动位移（μ）,T是相应的周期（秒）,取面波中A/T为最大者,-log（A/T）^*是索洛维约夫-谢巴林1957年发表的量规函数。     

用763长周期地震仪台网测定面波震级

根据成层介质中面波的传播理论,考虑到介质的吸收、地球介质与763地震仪所组成的线性滤波器对面波振幅和周期的影响,并假定面波最大振幅对应于Airy相,则可从理论上导出测定面波震级的量规函数为: 763（△）=3.9+0.16（△/TP）+1/3 Ig△+1/2 lg（sin△）+IgTP （1p为Airy相对应的周期。该量规函数在震中距△=20——160范围内,与IASPEI所推荐的量规函数相一致,与实际观测资料在2——178范围內都拟合得很好。 763（△）推广了IASPEI推荐的量规函数使用的震中距和周期范围,这点对我国特别重要,因为发生在中国而又被中国台网记到的地震,震中距大部分在1——20范围内。 用我国763长周期地震仪台网所观测到的垂直向面波最大振幅、周期资料,测定了103个地震的面波震级MS,763,其台网震级误差为0.14,比SK仪台网的（0.20）要小。与NEIS使用世界标准台网测定的真MSZ相比较,发现MS,763与MSZ之间,在统计上无系统差,即△MS=MS,763——MSZ的均值接近于零,而△MS的标准误差为0.21级。      

新的震级国家标准在陕西地震台网的应用

选取陕西地震台网及邻省共享台站记录到的2008年5月至2021年5月104次地震资料,应用新的震级国家标准GB 17740—2017《地震震级的规定》得到新国标震级。研究表明：①新的地方性震级M_L比原规范的M_L震级系统偏大0.3左右,这主要是二者的量规函数不同造成的;②宽频带面波震级M_{S （BB）}和矩震级M_W震级基本一致,无系统偏差,大多数地震震级偏差为-0.1—0.1;③宽频带面波震级M_{S （BB）}比面波震级M_{S （CENC）}整体偏小0.2,二者之间存在系统偏差;④绝大多数地震的面波震级M_{S （CENC）}比M_W偏大0.2—0.3,二者之间存在系统偏差。     

广西测震台网台站地方性震级偏差分析

选用广西数字化测震台网2008—2020年记录的广西及邻区1 251个M_L ≥ 2.0地震事件震相资料,采用震级残差统计方法,获取广西51个地震台单台震级与台网平均震级的平均偏差和标准差,分析观测仪器类型、台基场地响应和震中距等因素对震级偏差的影响,进而提出台基校正值,修正区域量规函数。结果发现,南宁、天等、北海等15个地震台站的震级偏大,桂林、贺州、天峨等16个地震台站的震级偏小,崇左、灵山、平果等20个地震台站震级适中;在单台震级共14 784个样本中,震级偏差集中在-0.4—0.4,呈正态分布;震级偏差受台基场地响应和震中距因素影响明显,当场地响应值大于1.0时震级偏大,小于1.0时震级偏小,等于1.0时震级较为适合,当震中距在70 km范围内时单台震级偏小,当震中距在70—300 km时单台震级较为适合,当震中距在300—550 km时,单台震级稍有偏大。修正后的区域量规函数和台基校正值,可有效提高广西测震台网测定震级的准确性。     

分区量规函数在河北地震台网近震震级测定的适用性

选取河北地震台网2008—2016年记录的1 714个M_L≥0.1地震,采用分区量规函数（新量规函数）重新计算并对比分析M_L震级。实际结果表明,采用新旧量规函数计算得到的近震震级一致性较好,M_L震级偏差在±0.1的地震共1 556个,约91.8%,且抽样地震近震震级均值和标准方差更小。因此,使用分区量规函数,河北地震台网近震震级测定精度和适用性更好。     

区域数字地震台网近距离面波震级MS的测定

使用福建区域数字台网7个宽带台观测到的47个发生于台湾地区的浅源强震(M_S ≥ 5)的近距离面波记录,量算了水平向乐夫波的最大合成振幅及震中距离,测定了所有这些强震的近距离面波震级MS。并将结果与国家台网公布的远距离平均MS震级进行比较和统计分析。结果表明,近距离测定的面波震级比远距离测定的M_S 有较大偏差。震级越小、距离越近,差异越大。对于区域地震台网测定的M_S 震级,需要做必要的修正,才能使其测定结果尽可能接近于国家台网公布的平均M_S 震级。文中还讨论了近距离和远距离面波震级测定差异的原因,及其修正办法。可供区域数字宽带台网速报本区域发生的近距离强震面波震级时参考。     

上海区域量规函数研究

量规函数是用来校准补偿地震波随距离的衰减的,本文对上海区域台网的量规函数进行重新计算,同时和全国通用的量规函数加以对比,观察是否需要对上海区域量规函数进行修正。并使用统计平均震级和M_L震级定义两种方法来计算量规函数。      

江西数字地震台网近震震级偏差与量规函数关系的研究

采用江西数字地震台网数字地震记录资料,选取自2007年10月正式运行至2009年12月所记录的138次ML≥1.5的地震事件,计算了各台站单台震级与台网平均震级的偏差、平均偏差和标准偏差,从震级偏差频次分布、量规函数、平均周期等因素对单台震级的影响上作了定量统计和分析。结果表明:①除九江、赣州、石城、都昌、高安5个台的震级与台网的平均震级偏差比较大外,其余台站均比较小;②目前所用量规函数在震中距小于40 km时偏小,大于330 km时偏大,给出了量规函数校正值,③平均周期小于0.17 s时,变得极不稳定,离散程度明显增大,这种情况应该是由于单台震中距超过300 km的样本数太少所导致的。     

赤峰及邻区地方性震级量规函数修正

选取2010—2019年赤峰市及邻区发生的884次地方震，针对该区域10个地震台站记录的5 160个地震事件，基于残差统计方法，得到各台站单台震级与中国地震台网中心发布震级的偏差、平均偏差和标准偏差，得出单台震级平均偏差随震中距的变化，进而修正研究区域地方性震级量规函数，并予以验证。结果表明，使用修正后量规函数计算的标准差（0.284）小于由原量规函数计算的标准差（0.356），且所得震级偏差分布较由原量规函数所得结果更集中，说明应用修正量规函数测定赤峰及邻区地方性震级更准确。     

新疆数字地震台网地方性震级量规函数的初步研究

基于2009～2014年新疆测震台网数字地震记录资料,运用震级残差统计方法,选择16269个2.0≤ML≤5.4地震事件,共计获得了179561个单台记录;利用最大地动位移衰减特性方法,选用3.6≤ML≤4.5的746个地震事件作为研究对象,对新疆数字台网地方性震级量规函数进行了研究。将得出的量规函数值进行对比后认为,现阶段使用的量规函数值在0～200km的震中距范围内偏小,导致此范围内台站测定的震级偏小;在200～800km的范围内,测算的震级值较稳定,偏差范围在±0.1的范围内;在400～800km震中距范围内,由最大地动位移衰减特性方法得出的量规函数偏小。由于目前各地震台站使用的地震计仪器响应不准确,造成量规函数偏小的原因有待用计量更加准确的台站仪器响应参数进行验证,以便得到更加精确的新疆台网地方性震级量规函数。     

中强地震能量震级测定

本文根据地震波衰减特性,开展了利用宽频带地震波形数据测定地震波能量E_S和能量震级M_e的方法研究。利用震中距处于20°—98°范围内的宽频带远震P波波形数据,测定了4次国外和4次国内中强震的能量震级M_e,并对其面波震级M_S、矩震级M_W及能量震级M_e进行了分析对比。结果表明:面波震级M_S表示的是地震在某一固定频率所辐射的地震波能量大小;矩震级M_W与地震所产生的断层长度、断层宽度、震源破裂的平均位错量等静态构造效应密切相关;而能量震级M_e反映的是震源动态特征,与地震震源的动力学特性密切相关。由于地震是以地震波形式辐射,能量主要集中在震源谱的拐角频率附近,因此能量震级M_e更适合描述地震的破坏性。由此可见,联合测定面波震级M_S,矩震级M_W和能量震级M_e对于地震定量研究以及地震灾害与风险评估具有重要作用。      

THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE HUTUBI MS6.2 EARTHQUAKE

Based on the phase report of Xinjiang Seismic Network, the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake sequence M_L ≥ 1.0 was relocated by the HypoDD method. The results show that the aftershocks were distributed along NE and NW direction. The aftershocks were in the depths of 5~15km. In addition, by using the digital waveforms of Xinjiang Seismic Network, the best double-couple focal mechanism of the main shock and some aftershocks of M_S ≥ 3.8 were determined by the CAP method. Based on the above studies, the source depth, focal mechanism and aftershock distribution of the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake were analyzed and the seismogenic structure was discussed. The nodal plane parameters of the best double-couple focal mechanism are strike 144°, dip 26°, rake 118°, and strike 293°, dip 67°, rake 77°, respectively. The moment magnitude M_W is about 5.9, with centroid depth of 15.2km. These show that the main shock was a thrust type. Most focal mechanism solutions of the aftershocks were shown as a thrust type, which are similar to the main shock. It is speculated that the possible seismogenic fault of this earthquake is the Huorgosi-Manas-Tugulu Fault.     

地幔波震级的规范化标定与观测

本文基于瑞利面波的激发和传播理论,导出了零级地震的理论面波谱表达式;并以零级地震为参考地震,以零级地震所相应的面波谱和地震矩作为地幔波震级规范化标定的参照依据,进而提出了测定地幔波震级的新方案。利用CDSN-LPZ信道中的面波资料测定了1987-1990年间全球54次浅源大地震的地幔波震级M_m,并对Okal和Talandier（1989）用GEO-SCOPE-VLPZ及PAS-VLPZ信道中的基阶瑞利波所测1970-1987年间88次地震的结果作了校正。综合这两部分观测结果,得到M_m=1.00 1gM₀-12.13,由此测定的地幔波震级与中小地震的面波震级M_s趋势相一致,为解决面波震级饱和问题提供了一种可行的途径。     

ANALYSIS OF SEISMICITY CHANGES PRIOR TO THE 2014 YUNNAN JINGGU MS6.6 EARTHQUAKE

According to the Region-Time-Length (RTL) algorithm,the analysis of seismicity changes prior to the 2014 Yunnan Jinggu M_S6.6 earthquake was conducted by using the earthquake catalogues about 6 and 15 years before this earthquake,respectively.When the studied period was nearly 6 years,an enhancement of seismic activity was detected around the epicenter since the beginning of 2013.The anomalies mainly distributed in the region of 22.5°~24.5°N and 99°~102°E.The range and degree of anomalies changed from small to large,and then to small chronologically.As the surface integral in respect to RTL,the physical parameter I_RTL,which could reflect the regional seismicity level,began to increase since August 2013,and then reduced after reaching the peak point.The time length from the peak point of I_RTL curve to the earthquake occurrence was 9 months.When the analyzed catalogue was nearly 15 years,the 2007 Ninger M_S6.4 occurred in the studied region.Seismicity quiescence was detected prior to the Ninger M_S6.4.Before the Jinggu M_S6.6,seismicity quiescence was detected firstly,and then enhanced activity was observed 1 year prior to the earthquake occurrence.The anomalies mainly distributed in the region of 22.5°~24.5°N and 99°~102°E.The time length from the peak point of I_RTL curve to the earthquake occurrence was 7 months.The above study showed that even the earthquakes location was near and the magnitude was close to each other,a big difference in seismic activity before the earthquakes may exist.Before the Jinggu M_S6.6,there was some difference in seismicity changes according to different beginning time of catalogues,but the distribution of anomalies and the time length from the peak point of I_RTL to the earthquake occurrence were uniform.So there was an important significance for exploring the relationship between the distribution of anomalies and the earthquake location,and the relationship between the time of the peak point of I_RTL and the earthquake occurrence time.     

江苏数字地震台网台站震级偏差的分析

利用江苏数字地震台网1999年1月1日-2008年12月31日3个以上子台记录到的约1 500条地震,以台网的平均震级为标准震级,详细分析了江苏数字台网子台的震级偏差原因,结果显示:①在震中距较小时(100 km),子台测定的震级偏小,在100 km△250 km范围内,震级偏差基本为零;②子台测定的震级偏差存在地域分布特征,随方位角显示趋势性变化,地区邻近的子台之间变化特征相近或相似;③江苏数字台网子台台基类型中松散沉积对震级影响最大,偏差均为正值,最大偏差约0.3级,灰岩类型的台基对震级测定影响最小,几乎为零。     

SOURCE PARAMETERS OF THE CANGWU MS5.4 EARTHQUAKE, 31 JULY, 2016

On July 31^st, 2016, an earthquake of M_S5.4 occurred in Cangwu County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, which is the first M_S ≥ 5.0 earthquake in coastal areas of southern China in the past 17a. The moderate earthquake activities have come into a comparatively quiet period in coastal areas of southern China for decades, so the study about the Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake is very important. However, differernt research institutions and scholars have got different results for the focal depth of the Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake. For this reason, we further measured the focal depth by using CAP method and sPL phase method. sPL phase was first put forward by Chong in 2010. It is often observed between P and S wave of continental earthquakes with epicentral distance of about 30km to 50km. The energy of sPL phase is mainly concentrated on the radial component. Arrival time difference between sPL phase and direct P wave is insensitive to epicentral distancs, but increases almost linearly with the increase of focal depth. Based on these characteristics and advantages, sPL phase method is chosen to measure the focal depth of Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake in the paper. First of all, we selected the broadband waveform data through seismic stations distributed mainly in Guangxi and adjacent provinces from Data Management Centre of China National Seismic Network and Guangxi Earthquake Networks Center. And an appropriate velocity model of Cangwu area was constructed by the teleseismic receiver function method. Then, the focal mechanism and focal depth of Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake were determined by using the CAP(Cut and Paste)method. Next, we compared the synthetic waveforms simulated by F-K forward method of different focal depth models with the actual observed waveforms. According to the difference of arrival times between sPL and Pg phases, we finally obtained the focal depth of Cangwu earthquake. The results show that the focal depth is 11km measured by CAP method and 9km by sPL phase method. Based on the focal mechanism solution, isoseismal shapes, aftershocks distributions and investigation on spot, we conclude that the Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake is a left-lateral strike-slip earthquake which occurred in the upper crust. Our preliminary analysis considers that the seismogenic structure of Cangwu earthquake is a north-northwest branch fault, and the control fault of this earthquake is the Hejie-Xiaying Fault.     

拉萨地震台PET重力仪同震响应特征

从面波延迟时间、初动方向、波幅、同震持续时间等4个方面研究拉萨台PET重力仪的同震响应特征,结果表明：（1）同震响应的面波延迟时间与地震震中距离具有较好正相关性;（2）初动方向没有规律;（3）同震响应的波幅不仅与地震震级大小有关,还与震中距远近有关;（4）远震的同震波一般表现为脉冲形式,近震除了脉冲外,还有阶跃;（5）同震波的延续时间与震级没有明确的比例关系.这有助于对重力仪器进行深入的了解,可以为未来西藏地区监测台网布设方案提供参考数据.     

2013年4月20日四川芦山MW6.7 (MS7.0)地震参数的测定

2013年4月20日四川芦山M_W6.7(M_S7.0)地震发生后, 中国地震台网中心(CENC)发布了地震速报参数. 该文利用中国国家地震台网97个台站的资料对地震速报参数进行了修订, 得出: 四川芦山M_W6.7地震的发震时刻为北京时间8时2分47.5秒(世界时间0时2分47.5秒), 震中位置为30.30°N、 102.99°E, 震源深度17 km. 该地震的面波震级为M_S7.0, 短周期体波震级为m_b6.0, 中长周期体波震级为m_B7.0; 利用波形反演的方法计算了震源机制解, 得到的最佳双力偶解的参数分别为节面Ⅰ: 走向17°/倾角48°/滑动角80°; 节面Ⅱ: 走向212°/倾角43°/滑动角101°, 矩震级为M_W6.7. 中国地震台网中心发布本次地震为面波震级M_S7.0, 而美国地质调查局(USGS)国家地震信息中心(NEIC)发布为矩震级M_W6.6. 为了消除这种差别, 建议我国也应将矩震级作为对外发布的首选震级, 使震级的发布与国际接轨.