互花米草湿地对北塘入海口石油污染去除效果研究（英文）

随着石油工业的快速发展,近几年来溢油事故频有发生,海洋石油污染日趋严重。陆源石油污染在海洋石油污染中占很大的比重。在中国,陆源石油污染占海洋石油污染的80%以上。湿地有着生态和环境的双重价值,目前很多研究表明其具有净化石油污染的功能。滨海新区北塘河口是天津重要的渔港,也是主要的排污口。近年来,随着陆源石油污染的增加,北塘河口海水水质日趋恶化。北塘河口生长着大片的互花米草,形成了互花米草湿地,它可以有效地去除石油污染。通过对码头、入海航道和近岸海域的海水和沉积物进行调查,结果表明,北塘河口水质属于劣四类海水水质,无机氮、活性磷酸盐和石油烃是主要的污染物。芦苇、互花米草和碱蓬是北塘河口主要的植物物种,在这三种植物体内均有石油烃检出,表明了北塘河口已受到石油烃污染,并且三种植物具有吸收石油烃的能力。无论是表层海水还是沉积物,石油烃含量的空间分布规律均为码头﹥航道﹥近岸海域。互花米草的根、茎和叶可以拦截陆源石油污染。互花米草在吸收石油烃的同时,还为微生物提供了良好的生境,加速了石油烃的微生物降解,互花米草湿地可以有效地减少陆源石油污染。     

辽河口芦苇湿地土壤微生物数量及酶活性与石油污染的关系

对辽河口芦苇湿地不同程度柴油污染土壤柴油降解过程中微生物活性的变化进行研究,结果表明不同程度柴油污染会对土壤石油降解菌数量、脱氢酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性和脂肪酶活性造成影响:柴油浓度为1000μg/g时TPHs去除率达90%以上,石油降解菌数量和3种酶活性均显著提高;柴油浓度≥5000μg/g时TPHs去除率都可达70%以上,脱氢酶活性显著提高,石油降解菌数量、过氧化氢酶和脂肪酶活性也都有所提高。其中脱氢酶活性对土壤柴油污染最为敏感,可作为评估湿地土壤柴油污染程度以及去除效果的生物指标。     

辽河口芦苇湿地土壤有机碳的积累特征研究

通过研究辽河口芦苇湿地土壤有机碳、石油类、阴离子表面活性剂(LAS)、多环芳烃(PAHs)及脂肪酸的垂直分布特征,探讨了不同来源有机物在芦苇湿地的埋藏和降解规律.土壤样品采集于2009年3月,研究发现,有机碳含量范围为0.3％～9.3％,石油烃含量范围为19.04～482.31mg/kg(干重)之间,LAS含量范围为0.84～19.28mg/kg(干重),PAHs含量范围为2.59～4.40 mg/kg(干重).总脂肪酸含量范围为5.72～190.69mg/kg(干重).表层有机碳含量丰富,来源广泛.辽河油田不同年代的采油环保措施可能是芦苇湿地土壤中石油类聚集量多寡的主要因素,芦苇根际的调控调节作用和微生物的选择性降解也对土壤石油类化合物分布起到重要作用.LAS含量从土壤表层向下迅速降低了67.0％,是所研究有机物中降解最迅速的一种.PAHs自表层至底层没有明显的变化趋势.细菌是辽河芦苇湿地土壤有机碳再生产的主要承担者,在次表层以下,细菌生产所利用的有机碳主要来自现场的生产.     

槐糖脂生物表面活性剂和石油烃降解菌增效含油污泥生物修复研究

生物修复是含油污泥无害化处理的重要技术之一;然而,具有强疏水性的油污染物在土壤基质上的吸附,导致在修复过程中传质速率低,以及石油降解菌的缺乏,可能是油污染场地修复效率低的关键因素。本文通过户外修复实验,在选育混合石油烃降解菌的基础上,考察了土著微生物、接种混合石油烃降解菌和同时添加槐糖脂生物表面活性剂对含油污泥的油污降解作用,结合同步监测温度、pH、异养菌总数等参数,探讨槐糖脂生物表面活性剂和接种石油烃降解菌强化含油污泥修复作用的机制。以原油为唯一碳源,从活性污泥中所选育的混合石油烃降解菌对原油的降解率显著高于从其中分离出的单菌株,可作为外接菌剂以强化油污场地的修复。在24d的修复周期内,仅有土著微生物修复体系原油降解率达到29.7%;而接种混合石油烃降解菌,可有效提高修复体系的初始菌密度,并与土著微生物协同降解油污染物,该体系的油污染物降解率较土著微生物修复体系提高18.5%;而添加槐糖脂可以加快油污染物从土壤基质上解吸附速率,并与同时接种的混合石油烃降解菌协同增效油污场地的修复效率,该体系油污染物降解率较土著微生物修复体系提高35.0%。这表明,同时添加槐糖脂和接种混合石油烃降解菌是强化含油污泥修复的有效措施。     

沙滩水体中溶解性石油烃的降解及吸附研究

以海水体系和海水-砂体系作为对比,研究了沙滩水体中溶解性石油烃的降解及吸附作用。实验结果表明,1d内海水中石油浓度的降低主要是由于砂的快速吸附作用,3d以后生物对石油烃的降解作用逐渐占据优势。两种体系中降烃菌数量及石油浓度的变化曲线表明,砂对油的快速吸附显著降低了海水中石油污染物的浓度,使得海水含砂体系中石油降解菌的数量远高于海水体系。海水中石油污染物的降解符合一级动力学模式,当含砂体系中砂的粒径不同时,石油污染物降解的半衰期可由海水体系的31.9d缩短到22.4d和19.5d。系统中砂的存在有利于海水中石油污染物的去除,有约20%的石油污染物被吸附到砂上,然而这种去除是物理去除。     

环渤海石油污染对海区环境和海洋生物的影响研究

通过调查环渤海湾多个海域表层海水、沉积物及海洋生物体中石油烃总量及苯并(a)芘的含量,研究了石油污染对海区环境和生物的影响。并通过分子荧光法和液相色谱法分别研究不同海洋环境中、同一海区不同生物品种中、不同海区相同生物品种中以及同一海区的环境和生物体中石油烃及苯并(a)芘含量的关系,分析不同海区石油烃污染状况,对比不同生物品种对石油烃的富集能力。结果表明,所监测海域生物体中石油烃和苯并(a)芘含量趋势均为:棘皮类贝类甲壳类鱼类;调查海域海水中石油烃含量范围为(0.013~0.285mg/L),属轻度石油烃污染,;海洋生物中石油烃和苯并(a)芘含量范围分别为(0~57.2mg/kg)和(0~2.29μg/kg),样品中苯并(a)芘含量均低于限量值,石油烃超标率为6.7%,基本达到水产品食用安全标准。     

我国北方河口湿地植被储碳、固碳功能研究——以辽河三角洲盘锦地区为例

利用2007年7月和10月的CBERS卫星遥感数据,结合地理信息系统(GIS),采用混合分类法,解译分析了辽河三角洲盘锦地区湿地植被的空间分布格局。在湿地植被典型分布区设置4条调查带,共计40个调查样方,通过对采集样品的收割、烘干和称质量处理,测算得到了辽河三角洲主要湿地植被的生物量和净初级生产力,研究了该地区湿地植被的储碳和固碳能力。结果表明:稻田、河口水域和芦苇湿地为辽河三角洲盘锦地区湿地的主要组成类型。该地区植被的总储碳量达7.63×106t,芦苇和水稻是该区域最主要的固碳植被,其碳储量分别占该区域植被总储碳量的45.91%和37.03%;该地区植被的平均固碳量达17.68 t/(hm2.a),是我国陆地植被平均固碳能力的3.59倍、全球植被平均固碳能力的4.31倍;辽河三角洲盘锦地区湿地植被年固碳能力相当于相同面积、同等植被覆盖度条件下的温带落叶阔叶林固碳能力的1.01倍。     

石油烃降解菌-盐生植物联合修复石油污染盐碱土壤研究

通过在天津油田区进行的生物修复石油污染盐碱土壤的现场实验,研究了添加肥料和接种菌剂,添加缓释肥料和种植碱蓬,及同时添加肥料、接种菌剂和种植碱蓬对石油烃的强化降解的影响。结果表明,2个月的生物修复期内,同时添加菌剂、肥料并种植碱蓬的体系中石油烃的降解率最高,达到47.3%,为油对照体系的3.1倍,该体系中土壤养分和石油烃降解菌总数的平均值也是最高的,表明植物-微生物共生体系能够利用混合肥料释放出来的营养元素而快速生长,加快石油烃的降解;其次为添加菌剂和肥料的体系,石油烃的降解率为38.6%,为油对照体系的2.6倍;然后为种植碱蓬并添加肥料的体系,石油烃的降解率为36.1%,是油对照体系的2.4倍。上述结果表明,所接种石油烃降解菌和碱蓬与所添加的肥料可协同提高盐碱土壤中的石油污染的生物降解。     

水分条件对滨海芦苇湿地土壤微生物多样性的影响

滨海湿地因受河流和海水的交互作用,其土壤氧化还原电位及营养元素等条件复杂且处于不断变化之中,为了阐明此种环境下不同水分条件对滨海芦苇湿地土壤微生物多样性的影响,尤其是对铁还原菌群落结构的影响,作者以黄河三角洲滨海湿地为对象,研究了淹水和非淹水芦苇湿地表层(0~30 cm)土壤理化特性、微生物多样性(采用T-RFLP技术)和培养条件下湿地土壤微生物的Fe(III)还原能力的变化。结果表明,淹水芦苇湿地土壤有机碳、全氮、盐度、Fe(II)含量和pH值显著(P0.05)高于非淹水芦苇湿地土壤,而淹水芦苇湿地土壤铵态氮含量显著(P0.05)低于非淹水芦苇湿地。淹水芦苇湿地土壤主要优势细菌和古菌分别为铬还原菌属(Alishewanella)、纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)、甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina);而纤维单胞菌属、食酸菌属(Acidovorax)、地杆菌属(Geobacter)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和甲烷八叠球菌属分别为非淹水芦苇湿地土壤主要优势细菌和古菌。淹水芦苇湿地土壤主要优势铁还原菌为副球菌属(Paracoccus)、地杆菌属、铬还原菌属和硫单胞菌属(Thiomonas),而非淹水芦苇湿地土壤为地杆菌属和固氮螺菌属(Azospira)。说明淹水能增加芦苇湿地土壤细菌、古菌和铁还原菌的多样性。培养条件下,淹水芦苇湿地土壤铁还原菌的还原Fe(III)能力在培养后期(25d后)低于非淹水芦苇湿地,说明淹水条件在一定程度上抑制了芦苇湿地土壤铁还原菌的铁还原能力。     

芦苇-固定化微生物联合修复胶州湾湿地土壤中苯并[a]芘的研究

从胶州湾湿地污染土壤中筛选出2株BaP降解菌—JB1和JB2,以改性煤渣、改性PVA为载体材料,将JB1、JB2混合菌通过包埋的方式制成固定化生物煤渣球并投加到种植了芦苇的BaP污染土壤中进行室外降解实验,42d后,BaP的降解率达到69.3%,降解效果好于生物煤渣球或芦苇单独作用时的降解效果。投加固定化微生物后,土壤中微生物群落的多样性明显减少,细菌的群落结构以PAHs降解菌为主,如Pseudomonas sp.,Mycobacteriumsp.,Achromobacter sp.;降解结束18d后,土壤中微生物群落的多样性增加,细菌的群落结构也得到一定程度的恢复。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

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<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,