地质条件及埋管形式对地埋管换热器换热性能影响研究

利用北京市35个现场换热孔岩土热响应试验数据,分析了地质条件和埋管形式对地埋管换热器换热性能的影响。研究结果表明地质条件对地埋管换热性能具有显著影响:地层初始平均温度每变化1℃,换热能力相差8%左右;基岩地层的地埋管换热能力平均比松散层高35%;换热孔处地下水流速从0.14 m/d增至0.91 m/d, Pe值从18增加至113,由于热对流换热作用加强,延米换热量提升13%。在相同地质条件下,套管式换热器冬季延米取热量比双U型换热器高约40%;换热深度从150 m增加至300 m时,双U型和套管式换热器延米取热量均略有升高。     

华北平原主要城市浅层岩土综合导热能力研究——基于现场热响应试验分析

现场热响应试验方法可以获得换热深度内岩土体热物性参数的平均值,能够较真实地模拟地源热泵的实际运行情况,在地源热泵工程勘查设计阶段得到了广泛的应用。本文基于华北平原89个钻孔的热响应试验数据,对地表以下200 m深度内岩土体的综合导热能力进行分析,并对影响综合热导率的因素进行了探讨。结果表明,华北地区综合热导率大部分处于1. 50~2. 16 W/(m·K)之间（25%<累积概率<75%）。在富水性较好、岩石颗粒粗、地下水径流速度较快的区域,地埋管换热器的换热效果明显高于富水性差、岩石颗粒细、地下水径流速度慢的地区。地层岩性、含水率特征和地下水径流条件是影响岩土体综合热导率的主要因素。其中200m深度以内不同地区岩土体的岩性组成各不相同、地下水位埋深不同,是造成综合热导率差异的重要影响因素,地下水径流对岩土体的综合导热能力有促进作用。用无量纲Peclet值（Pe）判断地下水流动对换热过程影响的大小,在0. 28＜Pe＜0. 84的情况下,Pe值增加47%,岩土体综合导热能力增加7. 56%。     

北京平原区地源热泵换热能力现场测试研究

岩土体不仅决定地温场的展布形态,而且也是浅层地温能资源评价和工程设计的关键因素,掌握区域岩土体的热物性及换热性能,是保障热泵高效稳定运行的关键。根据北京地区在施地源热泵工程对现场换热能力测试结果,系统地研究了地层结构及岩性、水文地质条件、回填材料等因素对综合热导率的影响。研究结果表明:在相同条件下选择适当回填材料有利于提高系统换热性能,膨润土和水泥基作为回填材料,比中细砂作为回填材料的换热性能分别提高了17.6%和19.7%;岩土体和地下水是热能赋存和传播的物质基础,地下水与地层结构决定着地温场分布形态和换热效率,地埋管换热器的换热能力与土壤颗粒、地下水位、地下水渗流存在直接关系,土壤颗粒越大,地下水位埋深越浅,渗流越快,对地埋管换热器换热能力具有明显的强化作用。     

地下水人工流场能效增强技术在浅层地热能开发中的应用

中新天津生态城地处天津市滨海地区,区内地下水位高,地下水流动性差,地层上部80~100 m深度内地下水均为咸水,地层天然的热传导能力差,在一个供能期内地埋管向土层中散出的冷量/热量难以在短时间消散,造成冷量/热量在地埋管附近处持续堆积,使地源热泵系统能效降低。地下水人工流场能效增强技术可通过地下水流动将地埋管周围堆积的冷量或热量较为均匀地转移到整个地埋管区域土壤中,使地埋管间的浅层地热能被充分利用,增大换热温差,提高地埋管的换热效率,从而提高地源热泵系统的能效。     

严寒地区地源热泵地埋管周围土壤冻结影响因素的实验研究

为了研究影响地埋管周围土壤冻结的因素,文章建立了模拟严寒地区热失衡状态下地源热泵冬季运行情况的实验装置。实验研究了进口流体温度、土壤体积含水率和土壤初始温度对地埋管周围土壤冻结的影响。结果表明:进口流体温度变化改善了埋管周围的温度场,有利于埋管换热器换热;随着土壤初始温度升高,减小了土壤物性参数的变化,增加了地埋管换热器的换热量;土壤体积含水率的增加,强化了周围土壤与地埋管换热器的换热作用,有利于提高地埋管的出口流体温度和取热值。     

地下水渗流对地埋管换热影响研究

为研究地下水渗流对地埋管换热的影响,搭建地埋管换热研究试验台,模拟不同地下水流速(0 m/a、100 m/a、200 m/a)条件下的地埋管换热器,通过试验数据分析得出:随着地下水流速的加大,将更多的热量带到下游,地埋管换热器的换热量和综合导热系数逐渐增加,对上、下游温度变化作用更明显,水流方向的热影响半径依次变大。地埋管换热器工程建设中应注重前期水文地质条件的勘察,对整个地源热泵系统工程能长期稳定运行起到关键作用。     

双U型地埋管换热器换热性能试验研究

双U型地埋管换热器(DUBTHE)在实际应用中易出现管路交叉,引起热短路,造成换热性能降低,直接影响浅层地源热泵系统的运行效率。以西安某浅层地源热泵项目为工程背景,基于无限长线热源理论和斜率法,通过现场岩土热响应试验、不同测温法测温试验,研究了岩土初始平均温度、导热系数和体积热容,及管卡间距对DUBTHE换热性能的影响。结果表明：多点式测温线缆测得的岩土初始平均温度为17.08℃,更接近实际地层温度。该地层的岩土综合导热系数和综合体积热容分别为1.65 W/(m·K)、2.81×10⁶ J/(m³·K)。DN25 DUBTHE的夏、冬季单位延米换热量随着管卡间距减小而增加,且增速随管卡间距的减小先增大后减小。当管卡间距分别为1、2、3、4 m时,DN25 DUBTHE的夏季单位延米换热量较无管卡分别提高了21.03%、19.48%、15.16%、3.92%;DN25 DUBTHE的冬季单位延米换热量较无管卡分别提高了20.83%、19.48%、14.94%、3.79%。工程中最优的管卡布置方式为2 m或3 m管卡间距的DN25 DUBTHE。...     

桩埋管参数对渗流下能量桩热-力耦合特性的影响

为获得地下水渗流作用下桩埋管参数对能量桩热-力耦合特性的影响,建立了不同埋管参数的能量桩数值模型,分析了桩埋管数量、埋管布置形式、埋管管径对单位桩深换热量、日换热量、桩截面平均温升、桩身位移增量及桩身附加温度荷载的影响。结果表明：增加埋管数量可以增大能量桩换热量,但也会加剧桩内不同埋管间的热干扰,导致换热性能下降及桩身...     

江苏高邮地埋管热响应试验及浅层地热能资源评价

为研究江苏高邮浅层地热能资源储量,选取2个典型区块开展现场热响应试验,以线热源理论为建模基础,结合地埋管进出水温度试验数据,建立了典型区块内地埋管热传导模型,采用体积法对研究区浅层地热能资源作出定量评价。数据分析表明：在G001孔处,初始地层温度为17.69 ℃,导热系数为1.389 W/(m·K),钻孔内传热热阻为0.111 K/W,热扩散系数为0.921×10-6 m2/s,热容量为1.508×106J/K,单位延米换热量为104.98 W/m;在G002孔处,初始地层温度为18.58 ℃,导热系数为2.340 W/(m·K),钻孔内传热热阻为0.110 K/W,热扩散系数为0.229×10-6m2/s,热容量为10.200×106J/K,单位延米换热量为163.34 W/m。综上试验参数计算结果可知,区内每年可开发浅层地热能储量至少为6.47×1013kJ。试验设计合理,所得参数真实可靠,可为高邮浅层地埋管地源热泵工程后续设计工作提供基础数据与技术支撑。     

地下群井改变径流条件下的三维实验模拟研究

为研究改变地下径流条件时对U型地埋管换热器周围温度场恢复的影响,对北京某区实验基地U型地埋管进行夏季换热实验。通过抽水实验改变地下径流条件,取得了地源热泵系统的运行参数以及周边温度场变化趋势,通过COMSOL软件模拟三维U型地埋管在多场耦合作用下的换热过程,改变径流条件得到了换热孔周围0.5 m、1 m地温场恢复曲线,得到U形管口出口温度等。地下水径流能引起地埋管周围温度场的变形,地埋管周围温度场的迁移变化方向同地下径流速度场方向一致。对比实验值得出:运行稳定后地埋管的出口温度模拟值与实际值工况接近,地埋管在10 m、120 m处的温度模拟值与实验值吻合好,地埋管深5 m、48 m、89 m处周围0.5 m、1m的温度恢复比原始地温高1℃左右,与实际监测结果相同,证明了数值模拟的正确性。在此基础上预测了加大径流条件下的地温场恢复情况,并分析了原因。此三维模型可研究不同土壤分层构造、地下水不同流速、人为改变地下流场条等复杂三维多场耦合问题,可初步预测实际工程中,换热群井运行过程中地下温度场的变化。为进一步研究土壤分层和地下水分层流动下,地埋管群井周围温度场变化奠定了基础。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.