北秦岭西段吕梁期构造岩浆事件的年代学及其构造意义

北秦岭造山带西段宝鸡地区首次识别出中元古代早期的花岗岩体——陕西太白岩基巩坚沟变形侵入体和宝鸡岩基胡店变形侵入体,原岩均为中细粒二长花岗岩。依据锆石CL影像特征,结合锆石成因分析,进行锆石微区U-Pb同位素LA-ICPMS（激光剥蚀等离子体质谱）测定,分别获得1741Ma±12Ma和1770 Ma±13Ma的岩浆结晶年龄。岩石地球化学资料均显示变形侵入体形成于板块边缘的俯冲-碰撞构造环境,岩浆源于部分熔融的地壳物质,应代表北秦岭造山带西段中元古代早期一次强烈的构造岩浆事件。太白巩坚沟和宝鸡胡店变形侵入体的测年结果和陕西凤县红花铺英云闪长岩中捕获锆石的年龄信息（1765 Ma±8Ma）,为较精确地限定北秦岭西段吕梁期构造岩浆事件的时限提供了依据。在分析北秦岭造山带西段早期构造属性的基础上,提出近1.8Ga的构造岩浆事件可能是Columbia 超大陆汇聚在北秦岭造山带西段的响应。     

太白岩基巩坚沟变形侵入体LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年及大地构造意义——吕梁运动在北秦岭造山带的表现初探

太白岩基北部的巩坚沟变形侵入体—片麻状中细粒二长花岗岩中获得1741±12Ma的LA-ICPMS单颗粒锆石微区U-Pb同位素年龄;岩石地球化学资料研究证明,巩坚沟片麻状中细粒二长花岗岩形成于板块边缘的俯冲-碰撞构造环境,岩浆源于部分熔融的中上地壳物质。该变形侵入体所代表的热-构造事件与我国的吕梁运动时代大体相当,可能与Columbia超大陆的形成有一定的成因联系。这一新的资料,对研究北秦岭造山带元古宙大地构造格局、构造演化及中国大陆动力学具有重要意义。     

甘肃马衔山花岗岩杂岩体LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年及其构造意义

甘肃马衔山侵入杂岩体位于祁连造山带的东部,侵入于新太古代—古元古代变质基底岩系(马衔山岩群)中,主体岩石类型为片麻状二长花岗岩,其次为侵入于片麻状二长花岗岩中的钾长花岗岩。利用LA-ICPMS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱)测年设备,对片麻状二长花岗岩进行单颗粒锆石微区U-Pb同位素测定,获得1192±38Ma的年龄,为中元古代晚期;岩石地球化学特征显示二长花岗岩侵入体具有火山弧-同碰撞花岗岩特征。马衔山变形侵入体所代表的热—构造事件与格林威尔造山运动时代(1190～980Ma)相当,可能与Rodinia超大陆形成有一定的成因联系。这一新的资料,对研究祁连造山带元古宙大地构造格局、构造演化及中国大陆动力学具有重要意义。     

阿尔泰造山带南缘乌恰沟片麻状花岗质侵入体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

新疆富蕴县境内的乌恰沟片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩及沿构造线展布的片麻状细粒花岗岩脉出露在阿尔泰造山带南缘,围岩均为苏普特岩群黑云斜长片麻岩。运用LA-ICP-MS方法对乌恰沟片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩和片麻状细粒花岗岩脉进行锆石U-Pb测年分析。测年结果显示,片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩体的生成年龄为(393.5±4.5)Ma,即形成于早泥盆世,与区域地质背景对比来看,该岩体为碰撞造山阶段所形成;片麻状细粒花岗岩脉的侵入时代为(293.5±6)Ma,表示该区的构造热事件时限。构造变形特征显示片麻状花岗质侵入体与该区左行韧性剪切变形密切相关,据此推测出该地区地层变质变形时代,以及该区左行韧性剪切作用的时限。     

北秦岭西段红花铺俯冲型侵入体LA-ICPMS定年及其地质意义

北秦岭造山带西段红花铺侵入体的岩石类型为中细粒英云闪长岩,具俯冲型花岗岩类的地球化学特征。通过对其中所获锆石的形态及CL图像特征的研究,分辨出3种不同成因的锆石,通过高精度的LA-ICPMS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱)单颗粒锆石微区U-Pb同位素年龄测定,获得(1 765.1±8.4）Ma、(450.5±1.8）Ma、(413.5±1.3）Ma的3组年龄值,分别为继承锆石年龄、成岩锆石年龄和变质锆石年龄,代表了3期构造 热事件的时限,可能是吕梁运动和加里东运动在北秦岭西段的地质记录。红花铺侵入体英云闪长岩(450.5±1.8）Ma的成岩年龄可能代表了北秦岭西段早古生代俯冲带岛弧的形成时代。红花铺俯冲型侵入体的形成时代及构造环境的确定,对研究北秦岭造山带元古宙-早古生代大地构造格局、构造演化及中国大陆动力学机制具有重要意义。     

甘肃省皋兰县什川岩体的地质学特征

什川岩体出露于甘肃省皋兰县什川镇一带,侵位于中元古代的变质地层——皋兰岩群中,岩体从早到晚依次由中细粒黑云母斜长花岗岩侵入体、中细粒黑云花岗闪长岩侵入体、中细粒二长花岗岩侵入体、中粗粒二长花岗岩侵入体和细粒二长花岗岩侵入体组成。各侵入体之间的接触关系有脉动和涌动两种,为同源岩浆演化的产物,且侵入体中包体发育,岩性较复杂,形态各异,并普遍有原生流动构造、流动变形构造、叠加变形构造等样式,产状多变。岩浆以被动就位的岩墙扩张模式为主,兼具强力就位的特点,就位时代为志留纪晚期。     

北秦岭西段六丈山含铷花岗岩体及铷矿化体特征

产于北秦岭西段六丈山一带的印支期花岗岩体中富含铷等稀有金属,研究其特征对西秦岭地区寻找稀有金属矿产有较大的指导作用。该岩体由花岗斑岩、中—细粒黑云二长花岗岩、细粒二长花岗岩等组成,属高钾钙碱性系列,为"S"型花岗岩,其形成与大陆的造陆抬升有关,产于相对成熟的大陆环境下。含铷花岗岩体经历了4次较大的侵入期次,矿化体的形成与岩浆不断侵位阶段分异萃取有关。     

秦岭—祁连结合部陇山构造带 地质演化探讨——早古生代晚期花岗岩和中基性包裹体地球化学 和独居石、锆石U- Pb年龄证据

本文对秦岭—祁连结合部陇山构造带内部侵入于陇山岩群中的片麻状二长花岗岩和其中的黑云斜长片麻岩包裹体进行了地球化学和独居石、锆石U-Pb年代学研究。片麻状二长花岗岩具有I型花岗岩的地球化学特征,对其进行的LA-ICP-MS独居石U-Pb测年获得年龄433.5?1.8 Ma,锆石U-Pb测年获得了三个主峰年龄（439.5 Ma、634.5 Ma和2265 Ma）和五个次级峰值年龄（568.7 Ma、1875 Ma、2112 Ma、2604 Ma和2738 Ma）。黑云斜长片麻岩的地球化学特征反映其原岩是经历过显著的结晶分异作用的中基性岩,在其中分选出了两类锆石：（1）环带清晰且经受了热液蚀变的岩浆锆石,对其U-Pb测年获得了一条很好的不一致线,不一致线的上、下交点年龄分别是2194?42 Ma和431.2?58.1 Ma;（2）CL图像整体很暗的变质锆石或热液蚀变锆石,在这类锆石中获得了峰值年龄513.1 Ma。结合区域地质资料,本文把片麻状二长花岗岩的形成时间限定为431.2-439.5 Ma,把黑云斜长片麻岩原岩的形成时间限定为2194?42 Ma。片麻状二长花岗岩与文献揭示的围岩（斜长角闪片岩）的形成时间基本一致,暗示431.2-439.5 Ma期间陇山地区大量发育中基性和酸性岩浆活动,岩浆作用具有显著的地区差异特点。北祁连洋盆和北秦岭西段洋盆向北的俯冲活动在513.1 Ma时可能影响到了本文研究区。2738 Ma、2604 Ma、2112 Ma-2265 Ma和1875 Ma等峰值年龄分别应该是华北克拉通在新太古代晚期的陆壳生长事件和古元古代早期克拉通裂解事件在研究区的反映。634.5 Ma期间研究区可能处于一种未知的特别的构造环境。总体来看,陇山构造带在前寒武纪时作为华北地块的一部分而演化,显生宙以来其构造演化过程受到秦岭造山带和北祁连造山带的显著影响。     

祁连造山带东段早古生代葫芦河群变质碎屑岩中碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄:源区特征和沉积时代的限定

祁连造山带东段葫芦河群的形成时代长期存在争议。选择葫芦河群变质碎屑岩为研究对象,运用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学方法,探讨葫芦河群的形成时代和物源特征。结果表明,葫芦河群的2个样品碎屑锆石同位素年龄数据以及侵入其中的花岗岩同位素年龄表明,葫芦河群沉积时代限定为447～434Ma,其主体形成时代为早志留世。葫芦河群变质碎屑锆石年龄谱明显分为4组:(1)震旦纪—早古生代年龄组,426～595Ma,峰值为479Ma;(2)新元古代年龄组,738～981 Ma,峰值为887 Ma;(3)中元古代年龄组,1000～1 913Ma,峰值为1499Ma;(4)古元古代—新太古代年龄组,2053～2 872Ma,峰值为2448Ma。其中,早古生代年龄组可进一步细分为426～493 Ma和527～595 Ma两个年龄段,峰值分别为445 Ma和559Ma,前者年龄段指示其物源可能以邻近地区的北祁连造山带和西秦岭北缘构造带为主,是加里东期中南祁连和西秦岭微地块分别向北俯冲、碰撞产生的一系列火成岩在造山剥蚀后的沉积响应;后者年龄段则与北祁连造山带和西秦岭北缘构造带中泛非造山事件中的岩浆活动有关。新元古代年龄组可细分为738～799Ma、839～862Ma和902～981Ma 3个年龄段,峰值分别为768Ma、848Ma和948Ma,以902～981Ma年龄组为主;第一年龄段(738～799Ma)与北祁连造山带新元古代晚期岩浆事件的年龄大致相对应,与Rodi-nia超大陆的裂解事件相关;第二年龄段和第三年龄段(839～862 Ma、902～981 Ma)与中祁连地区和西秦岭北缘的新元古代早期构造岩浆事件年龄大致相对应,与Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件及岛弧型岩浆作用相关。中元古代年龄组可细分为1 000～1 197Ma和1 243～1 913Ma 2个年龄段,峰值分别为1 036Ma和1 593Ma,其物源可能来自祁连造山带和华北板块基底岩系。古元古代—新太古代年龄组反映了物源来自北祁连造山带和西秦岭北缘构造带的结晶基底,部分物源也有可能来自于华北板块基底岩系。综合分析显示,葫芦河群碎屑沉积物质来源较为复杂,具有明显的多元性,存在祁连造山带、西秦岭北缘构造带和华北板块基底3个物源区,其中祁连造山带和西秦岭北缘构造带提供了大部分物源,而祁连造山带应为葫芦河群贡献最大的物源区。     

福建上杭茶地序列花岗岩基本特征及其形成构造环境探讨

茶地序列分布于福建西部上杭茶地一带，属钙碱性花岗岩，大小侵入体近30个，围岩为震旦系，其锆石U-Pb法年龄介于368-400Ma，时代属早古生代。根据侵入体接触关系及同位素地质年龄，从早到晚划分为陈坑(片麻状似斑状中粒花岗岩)，上三溪(片麻状似斑状细粒花岗岩)、云山(白云母化片麻状似斑状细粒花岗岩)、蓝屋(片麻状细粒碱长花岗岩)等4个岩石单元。由侵入体的地质特征、岩石特征以及岩石化学、稀土元素、微量元素地球化学特征等方面的分析研究结果表明，各单元侵入体依其时代从早到晚，基本反映了同源岩浆继承，发展的演化规律。据此，将陈坑、上三溪、云山、蓝屋等4个岩石单元归井为同探岩浆演化序列——茶地序列，各单元侵入体具有同构造新整合侵入特征，属强力定位机制；形成于陆由板块造山带环境，属S型花岗岩，系加里东造山运动的产物。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the