冀西北石榴角闪二辉麻粒岩早期高压变质矿物组合的确定及其形成的温压条件——来自锆石中矿物包裹体的信息

采用激光拉曼、阴极发光和电子探针技术,确认冀西北石榴角闪二辉麻粒岩锆石中保存早期高压变质包体矿物组合:石榴石(Grt)+单斜辉石(Cpx)+斜长石(Pl)+石英(Qtz)+金红石(Rt)、单斜辉石(Cpx)+斜长石(Pl)+石英(Qtz)和石榴石(Grt)+单斜辉石(Cpx)+斜长石(Pl)+石英(Qtz)。其中少量锆石具有继承性锆石的核,而多数锆石则形成于高压麻粒岩相变质阶段。利用TWQ方法限定石榴角闪二辉麻粒岩锆石中所保存的高压包体矿物组合的变质温度条件为750～820℃,压力为1.07～1.40 GPa。该项研究成果对于如何识别高压麻粒岩以及深入研究其成因机制均具有重要的科学意义。     

左权变质杂岩区早前寒武纪变质演化及其构造指示

左权变质杂岩构造上位于华北中部带中南段,向东紧邻赞皇变质杂岩。研究区广泛发育长英质黑云斜长片麻岩和斜长角闪岩,无典型变泥质岩石出露,斜长角闪岩多以似层状或透镜状方式产于似层状的片麻岩中,二者在局部地区侵入接触关系明显。该地区可识别出三期变形作用和三期变质作用,区域片麻理所代表的第二期变形作用(D2)与峰期变质作用(M2)事件相对应。杂岩区含榴黑云斜长片麻岩和含榴斜长角闪岩中较好地保留了多个阶段的变质作用信息,本文重点研究其变质演化过程。含榴黑云斜长片麻岩中仅保留峰期阶段矿物组合,变质条件为730℃/8.5kbar。含榴斜长角闪岩记录了3个阶段的变质矿物组合,第一阶段矿物组合(M1)为进变质矿物组合,以石榴石变斑晶内部的早期包裹体及其临近的石榴石核部为代表,即Grt1+Pl1+Amp1+Qtz±Bt1±Chl1±Ilm±Ap,该阶段的温度和压力范围分别为:608~643℃/5.2~5.5kbar;第二阶段矿物组合(M2)为变质峰期矿物组合,主要由石榴石XMn最低的"边部"和基质矿物(Grt2+Amp2+Pl2+Qtz±Cpx2±Bt2±Ep2±Ilm±Ap)组成。最高变质温度大于670℃,最高变质压力大于9.4kbar。第三阶段矿物组合(M3)为退变质减压矿物组合,其典型代表是石榴石边部发育的Pl3+Hbl3+Cum3+Qtz±Bt3后成合晶矿物组合,呈细粒交生状结构特征,该阶段温压估算范围为:611~627℃/5.1~5.9kbar。左权变质杂岩区岩石变质程度虽明显低于赞皇变质杂岩区(Tmax812℃,Pmax12.5kbar),但两杂岩区岩石拥有类似的变质演化特征,均记录了包含近等温降压型(ITD)退变质片段的顺时针P-T轨迹,指示碰撞造山环境。结合中部带其它杂岩区的变质演化特征,推测左权变质杂岩卷入了晚太古代-早元古代末期华北克拉通东、西部陆块之间的碰撞造山过程。     

苏鲁超高压变质带中海阳所地区变基性岩的地球化学性质及变质演化特征

苏鲁超高压变质带的海阳所地区广泛分布各类变基性岩,它们主要由"红眼圈"结构的变辉长岩、(石榴)斜长角闪岩组成,且以透镜状或似层状赋存于片麻岩中。根据主量元素和微量元素特征,可将海阳所地区变基性岩划分为两种类型:第一类(A组)样品轻稀土相对富集,其稀土元素配分曲线具有右倾型的特征,微量元素具有Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti的明显负异常,其蛛网图配分曲线微弱右倾,类似于岛弧玄武岩IAB的特征;第二类(B组)样品稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图配分曲线均相对平坦,Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti略微亏损,与洋中脊玄武岩E-MORB具有一定的相似性。所有变基性岩样品均属于拉斑玄武岩系列,成因类型部分与岛弧环境相关,另一部分则可能与洋中脊环境关系密切。根据岩相学、矿物相转变、变质反应以及温压条件估算的综合研究结果,识别出海阳所变基性岩可能经历了两期变质作用,其中第一期中-高压麻粒岩相变质作用(M1)的标志性矿物组合以基质中保存的粗粒石榴石(Grt1)+粗粒单斜辉石(Cpx1)+粗粒斜长石(Pl1)±石英(Qtz)组合为特征,形成的温压条件为T=725~845℃、P=9.5~12.4kbar;第二期峰期高压麻粒岩相变质阶段(M12)以发育"红眼圈"结构为特征,典型的矿物组合为新生的细粒石榴石(Grt12)+单斜辉石(Cpx12)+斜长石(Pl12)±石英(Qtz),形成的温压条件为T=765~845℃、P=14.8~17.5kbar,而峰后角闪岩相退变质阶段(M12)以形成低温退变质矿物组合绿色角闪石(Amp22)+斜长石(Pl22)±石英(Qtz)±石榴石(Grt22)为特征,形成的温压条件为T=575~680℃、P=6.0~8.0kbar。第二期变质演化P-T轨迹具有近等温降压至减压冷却的顺时针型式。海阳所变基性岩记录的多期变质演化的信息及其P-T条件与苏鲁-大别超高压变质带存在明显差异。结合以往变基性岩新太古代-古元古代原岩年龄信息,可以判断海阳所地区的变基性岩可能来自于华北克拉通东南缘胶北地体的古老变质基底,并卷入苏鲁-大别地体中-晚三叠世造山事件中。这一重要成果对于揭示海阳所及其邻区变基性岩和围岩的成因、胶北地体古老基底的形成演化过程以及重塑苏鲁-大别超高压变质带的构造演化模式具有重要的科学意义。     

青藏东缘六合-香多镁铁质深源包体的岩石学和矿物学研究

对青藏东缘新生代六合-香多地区高钾岩系中镁铁质深源包体的岩石学和矿物化学成分的详细研究表明：六合-香多镁铁质深源包体为中-下地壳变质岩。包体有5种岩石类型，即石榴透辉岩、石榴斜长角闪岩、石榴角闪岩、斜长角闪岩和角闪石岩，其矿物组合分别为Grt Di Hbl，Grt Pl Hbl Di，Grt Hbl Pl，Pl Hbl和Hbl Bt。包体具中-粗粒变晶结构，退变质作用强烈。石榴石主要为铁铝石榴石(Alm=64．86％～32．93％，Prp=41．80％～4．96%，Grs=35.83％～8.43％)，发育后成合晶结构和角闪石冠状体。大颗粒石榴石内部保存有完好的生长环带，边部石榴石和小颗粒石榴石因受高钾岩浆热和流体的强烈改造致使其生长环带已被抹平；辉石为透辉石和次透辉石，富Ca(CaO=19．70％～24．64％)贫Na(Na2O=0．28％～2．72％)；角闪石主要为韭闪石；斜长石成分变化大(An=0．90～82．95)；云母为金云母(XMg=0．60～0．67)，具有高Mg(MgO=14．20％～14．23％)的成分特征。温压估算表明，前3类包体主要来自下地壳，平衡温压较高(720℃～950℃，0．74GPa～1．50GPa)；后两类包体主要来自中地壳，平衡温压较低(510℃～735℃，0．60GPa～0．98GPa)。包体属偶然包体，是起源深度大于50km的高钾岩浆在快速上升过程中于20km～50km部位随机俘获的中-下地壳变质岩。     

柴北缘鱼卡河榴辉岩的变质演化——石榴石成分环带及矿物反应结构的证据

柴北缘鱼卡河榴辉岩的典型矿物组合为石榴石-绿辉石-多硅白云母-金红石。其中粗粒石榴石变斑晶普遍保存进变质生长环带,从核部到边部石榴石的化学成分、包体矿物的种类和粒度皆呈现出规律的分带性。岩相学和矿物化学研究进一步表明,该榴辉岩经历了前榴辉岩相、榴辉岩相及后榴辉岩相三个主要变质演化阶段。前榴辉岩相以石榴石核部成分及核部包体矿物组合石榴石(GrtⅠ) 角闪石(AmpⅠ) 斜长石(PⅡ) 石英(Qtz)为特征,P-T 估算结果为450～500℃和0.6～0.7GPa。榴辉岩相变质阶段又可细分为早期、峰期榴辉岩和退变角闪榴辉岩三个亚相。早期榴辉岩亚相以石榴石幔部成分和幔部包体矿物组合石榴石(GrtⅡA) 绿辉石(OmpⅡA) 多硅白云母(PheⅡA)±黝帘石(Zoi) 金红石(Ru)为代表,估算的温压条件为580～640℃和2.4～2.5GPa;峰期榴辉岩相以石榴石的边部(GrtⅡB)及基质中绿辉石(OmpⅡB)和多硅白云母(PheⅡB)的核部为代表,矿物组合为 GrtⅡB OmpⅡB PheⅡB Ru,估算的 P-T 条件为620～680℃和3.0～3.4GPa;退变角闪榴辉岩相以共生的石榴石的最边部(GrtⅡC)、基质绿辉石(OmpⅡC)和多硅白云母(PheⅡC)的边部及镁红闪石(AmpⅡ)组合为代表,矿物组合为 GrtⅡC OmpⅡC AmpⅡ PheⅡC,估算的 P-T 条件为700～720℃和2.3～2.4GPa。后榴辉岩阶段主要为麻粒岩-高角闪岩相,以绿辉石分解形成透辉石 钠长石冠状体以及进一步分解形成韭闪石 斜长石,铁红闪石分解形成浅闪石 斜长石为代表,P-T 估算结果为550～600℃和0.6～1GPa。温压估算结果表明,鱼卡河榴辉岩经历了升温升压—升温降压—降温降压的一个顺时针 P-T 演化轨迹,它记录了从俯冲-超高压变质-抬升的连续的演化过程。峰期变质条件为630～680℃和3.0～3.4GPa,已达超高压变质范畴。榴辉岩中进变质矿物组合和生长环带的保存说明榴辉岩的形成经历了相对快速的俯冲和折返的动力学过程。     

河南洛宁太华变质杂岩区早元古代变质作用P-T-t轨迹及其大地构造意义

太华变质杂岩广泛出露于华北克拉通南缘,总体呈SW-NE向展布.在河南洛宁地区,太华变质杂岩以TTG片麻岩、斜长角闪片麻岩和变泥质片麻岩为主.斜长角闪片麻岩中可识别出三个阶段的变质矿物组合:进变质阶段矿物组合(M1)为石榴子石变斑晶内部的包裹体矿物组合( Amp1+ Pl1+Qtz),变质高峰期矿物组合(M2)为石榴子石变斑晶边部和基质矿物组合( Grt2+ Amp2+ Pl2+ Qtz),退变质阶段矿物组合(M3)为“白眼圈”状后成合晶组合(Amp3+ Pl3+ Qtz).运用矿物温度计与压力计估算三个阶段的P-T条件分别为:进变质阶段约600 ～ 680℃/7.0～ 7.6kbar,变质高峰期为680 ～ 790℃/9.5 ～10.7kbar,退变质阶段为580～720℃/6.5 ～7.6kbar.变泥质片麻岩中保留了进变质阶段(M1)包裹体矿物组合(Bt1+Pl1+Qtz)和峰期变质阶段(M2)矿物组合(Grt2 +Bt2+Pl2 +Qtz)两个阶段.其中未发现后期退变质反应结构,石榴子石中也未发现成分环带.P-T条件估算结果分别为:M1阶段620 ～ 710℃/4.9 ～5.6kbar,M2阶段710～760℃/7.3～8.3kbar.洛宁地区太华变质杂岩记录了顺时针的近等温降压型的P-T轨迹,可能经历了与华北中部造山带其它杂岩类似的变质演化过程,推测其形成于华北克拉通东部陆块和西部陆块沿中部造山带的拼合过程中.SIMS与ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,斜长角闪片麻岩记录了1938～1967Ma的变质事件,比华北中部造山带其它变质杂岩区所广泛记录的～1850Ma变质事件早了约100Ma,暗示中部造山带的拼合可能是一个长期的、复杂的过程.     

班公湖-怒江缝合带西段洞错石榴石麻粒岩岩石学特征及其构造意义

班公湖-怒江缝合带是青藏高原中部一条重要的构造边界,将北部的羌塘地块与南部的拉萨地块分隔开,当前对班公湖-怒江洋壳的俯冲过程知之甚少,本文报道班公湖-怒江缝合带西段洞错地区的石榴石麻粒岩,将有助于提升班公湖-怒江缝合带构造演化过程的认识。石榴石麻粒岩呈5.0~_10mm的透镜体产出于斜长角闪岩内,后者呈构造岩片产出于班公湖-怒江缝合带内,与超基性岩片呈断层接触。石榴石麻粒岩的石榴石呈变斑晶产出,具有不规则的成分环带,石榴石核部成分较均匀,以富Ca和Mg,贫Fe和Mn为特征,石榴石边缘及内部裂隙成分则与之相反,富Fe和Mn,与绿泥石和黝帘石组成的细脉共生,反映了石榴石遭受后期流体的交代作用。单斜辉石为透辉石,在其内部发现早期进变质阶段的细小石榴石与角闪石颗粒,石榴石粒径_10μm,该石榴石相对富Fe和Mn,贫Ca和Mg。角闪石均为钙质系列的角闪石,早期角闪石以相对富Na和Fe~(3+),含有微量Ba,而与晚期角闪石区分开。早期角闪石常产出于石榴石和透辉石变斑晶内部,脱水熔融生成富Ca、贫Fe~(3+)和Na的透辉石和以钠长石为主的熔融囊体,囊体内部发育斜长石和富Ba冰长石的包体/出溶体。晚期角闪石常与斜长石呈细小的后成合晶产出于石榴石边部或呈变斑晶产出于基质之中,表明斜长角闪岩系石榴石麻粒岩退变质的产物。此外,金红石斑晶常变成细粒、不规则的贫Al榍石和钛铁矿,基质中有相对富Al榍石产出。因此该麻粒岩进变质阶段矿物组合由早期石榴石(Grt__1)、早期角闪石(Amp_1)、相对富Al的榍石(Spn_1)等矿物组成。峰期矿物组合包括:核部石榴石(Grt2)+透辉石+斜长石(Pl_1)+石英+金红石+富Na和Ba的熔体,采用传统温/压计估算此峰期矿物组合形成条件为870℃、11.7kbar。退变质矿物组合有:边部石榴石(Grt3)+晚期贫Na和Fe~(3+)的角闪石(Amp_1)+黝帘石+绿泥石+斜长石(Pl_2)+白云母+贫Al榍石(Spn2)+钛铁矿。岩相学观察与地球化学示踪、变质温压估计表明洞错石榴石麻粒岩系热洋壳俯冲的产物,为前人提出的"班公-怒江洋盆包含次级小洋盆"之观点提供了变质岩石学的证据。从峰期到退变质阶段,角闪石的Fe~(3+)含量明显下降,铁铝榴石含量明显升高,指示该麻粒岩经历了还原反应,早期角闪石脱水熔融时被还原,生成了高氧逸度的埃达克质岩浆,促进了Cu、Au等成矿元素从俯冲热洋壳的活化与迁移至弧岩浆之中,因此本文的研究提供了一个探讨俯冲热洋壳与上覆地幔楔之间化学反应的研究案例,这有助于理解班公-怒江成矿带内众多斑岩型铜、金矿床的形成。     

西昆仑塔什库尔干布伦阔勒群的岩石地球化学特征及变质P-T轨迹

西昆仑布伦阔勒群变质岩是西昆仑造山带的重要组成部分,但其成因一直存在争议.在塔什库尔干县的马尔洋地区,布伦阔勒群主要由石榴斜长角闪片麻岩和孔兹岩组成.根据地球化学特征,石榴斜长角闪片麻岩稀土元素配分曲线可以分为两种类型:一种稀土总量较高(∑REE=190.2×10-6 ～ 359.1×10-6),从轻稀土到重稀土逐渐亏损((La/Yb)N =4.28～5.79),与E-MORB类似;另一种稀土总量较低(∑REE=89.28×10-6～113.0×10-6),轻稀土亏损((La/Yb)N=0.59 ～0.84),重稀土曲线平坦((Gd/Yb)N =0.99 ～ 1.07),与N-MORB类似.微量元素蛛网图中石榴斜长角闪片麻岩具有Ba正异常,Sm、Cr、Zr、Hf和Ti的负异常,轻微的Nb、Ta的负异常,显示为岛弧拉斑玄武岩的特征.孔兹岩的原岩判别图解显示其原岩可能为岛弧环境沉积的页岩和硬砂岩.因此,推测塔什库尔干布伦阔勒群的石榴斜长角闪片麻岩和孔兹岩的原岩形成于岛弧环境.根据岩相学观察、矿物化学分析和温压计算,石榴斜长角闪片麻岩经历了三个变质阶段:M1为高压变质阶段,矿物组合为Grt+ Hbl(1)+ Pl1+ Qtz,变质温压条件为850～ 870℃/12.9 ～13.3kb;M2和M3为两期角闪岩相退变质阶段,矿物组合分别为Hbl2+ Pl2+Qtz和Hbl3+ Pl3+ Kfs+ Bt+ Qtz,变质温压条件分别为730 ～ 770℃/7.3～7.8kb和680 ～ 740℃/4.7 ～5.7kb.孔兹岩也经历了三个变质阶段,推测其早期M1阶段变质温压条件可能与石榴斜长角闪片麻岩的峰期变质阶段相同(850～870℃/12.9 ～ 13.3kb);峰期M2和峰期后M3阶段变质矿物组合分别为Grt2+ Pl2+ Bt2+ Sil+ Qtz和Grt3+ Pl3+ Bt3+Sil+ Mus+ Qtz,温压计算结果分别为800～830℃/7.9～9.2kb和670～700℃/5.1～5.6kb.孔兹岩的M1、M2和M3变质阶段对应于石榴斜长角闪片麻岩的M1、M2和M3变质阶段.上述温压计算结果形成顺时针的P-T轨迹,表现为峰期高压变质作用后叠加了由高角闪岩相-中压麻粒岩相到低角闪岩相的退变质作用,反映了西昆仑与碰撞相关的大地构造背景,这可能与海西期古特提斯洋的闭合有关,之后叠加了印支期构造抬升过程中的剪切作用.     

胶东海阳所堆积辉长岩的变质反应结构、石榴石形成及P—T演化

海阳所堆积辉长岩由橄长岩、橄榄辉长岩和辉长岩组成。在橄长岩和橄榄辉长岩中发育有典型的变质反应结构：主要为橄榄石与斜长石之间形成由斜方辉石、尖晶石、角闪石和石榴石等矿物组成的多期次次变边，并有三个不同世代变质矿物，早期Cpx＋Opx＋Spl，中期Amp，晚期Grt；期次是钛铁矿与斜长石之间形成石榴石次变边，相对比较简单，只有一个世代变质矿物，为Grt＋Amp＋Rut或Grt＋Rut岩中石榴石是通过斜长石与角闪石或斜长石与钛铁矿之间的变质反应形成的，虽为峰值变质作用的产物，但变质反应的期次及类型不同导致了所形成石榴石的温度和压力有所不同。堆积辉长岩形成演化的温压计算表明，堆积辉长岩在经过近等压降温的岩浆作用之后的变质作用早期，仍为近等压降温，而晚期则表现为近等温升压。这一特殊的P－T演化可能反映了堆积辉长冷侵位与深俯冲特征。     

南阿尔金巴什瓦克石榴橄榄岩的变质演化

南阿尔金巴什瓦克地区石榴橄榄岩在空间上呈透镜体状与高压基性麻粒岩和含石榴子石长英质片麻岩伴生.基于矿物共生组合关系和变质反应结构特征,并结合矿物化学详细分析以及温压条件的估算,我们将该区石榴橄榄岩的变质演化划分为3个阶段:峰期变质阶段(Ml)、峰后早期退变质阶段(M2)和晚期角闪岩相-绿片岩相退变质阶段(M3).M1阶段的矿物组合为石榴子石(Grt)+橄榄石(O1)+斜方辉石(Opx)+单斜辉石(Cpx),所估算的温压条件为:T=891～ 1054℃、P=17.2 ～24.7kbar; M2阶段以石榴子石周围出现斜方辉石(Opx)+单斜辉石(Cpx)+尖晶石(Spl)的次生边为特征,在P=10kbar时,估算的温度条件为:T=711 ～ 796℃;M3阶段以形成角闪石(Amp)+蛇纹石(Srp)+金云母(Phl)+绿泥石(Chl)+磁铁矿(Mag)±滑石(Tlc)为特征.石榴橄榄岩具有与相邻的长英质麻粒岩和基性麻粒岩类似的P-T演化历史.结合成因矿物学和初步的地球化学特征,我们认为石榴橄榄岩的原岩可能为侵位于大陆地壳的镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩,并在早古生代与长英质地壳物质一起俯冲,经历高压(超高压?)/高温变质作用以及随后的变质和地球动力学演化.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。