柴达木盆地西部地区古近系及新近系碳酸盐岩沉积相

柴达木盆地西部地区古近系和新近系湖相碳酸盐岩主要分布于下干柴沟组上段到油砂山组,其中,下干柴沟组上段和上干柴沟组的碳酸盐岩更发育。碳酸盐岩主要岩石类型有泥晶灰岩、藻灰岩和颗粒灰岩等三大类,此外,还普遍发育由石灰质、白云质和陆源碎屑等3种组分构成的混积岩。碳酸盐岩沉积相可划分为滨湖灰泥坪、滨湖藻坪、浅湖颗粒滩、浅湖藻丘以及半深湖泥灰岩相。滨湖灰泥坪的主要岩石类型有泥晶灰岩、含陆屑泥晶灰岩、陆屑泥晶灰岩以及陆屑泥灰岩等;滨湖藻坪为藻泥晶灰岩、藻纹层灰岩、含陆屑藻泥晶灰岩;浅湖颗粒滩有亮晶或泥微晶的鲕粒灰岩、生屑灰岩和内碎屑灰岩,其次为含陆屑颗粒灰岩;浅湖藻丘为藻叠层灰岩、藻团块灰岩、藻泥晶灰岩和含陆屑藻泥晶灰岩;而半深湖泥灰岩相的主要岩石类型为泥晶灰岩、泥灰岩以及含少量陆屑泥和粉砂的泥晶灰岩或泥灰岩。碳酸盐岩沉积相表现出很强的由西南向东北的迁移性。     

巴西桑托斯盆地白垩系Barra Velha组湖相碳酸盐岩沉积特征及成因环境研究

利用岩石薄片、稳定同位素等资料分析了巴西桑托斯盆地白垩系Barra Velha组碳酸盐岩的矿物组成及地球化学特征,探讨了此类湖相碳酸盐岩的沉积成因环境。研究表明,Barra Velha组碳酸盐岩具有灰泥、球状、灌木状特殊结构组分和内碎屑颗粒,形成了泥晶灰岩、球粒灰岩、灌木颗粒灰岩和颗粒灰岩4种岩石类型。结合前人对球粒灰岩和灌木颗粒灰岩提出的微生物、碱湖和钙华等不同观点的证据材料,提出了综合古地形、流体特征的成因环境观点,认为球粒灰岩和灌木颗粒灰岩赋存的流体环境具有高温、高盐度特征,颗粒灰岩形成在浪基面以上的高能环境,泥晶灰岩形成于浪基面以下的低能环境。     

古代深海硅质岩-粘土岩-碳酸盐岩系列(SAC)的岩石学分类

古代深海硅质岩-粘土岩-碳酸盐岩系列(SAC)是沉积在远洋或深海的硅质岩、粘土岩和碳酸盐岩及其过渡岩石类型的统称.在借鉴现有相关分类的基础上,提出了基于三端元矿物组成的SAC岩石系列的三角图分类新方案.以碳酸盐矿物-粘土矿物-石英作为三端元组分,按照"纯"(>90%)、"主"(50%～90%)、"质"(50%～25%)、"含"(<25%)的定量分类标准,并利用等边三角形中线,将SAC岩石系列划分为4大类21类.利用新的分类方案,将下扬子地区寒武统SAC岩石系列划分出硅质岩大类、碳酸盐岩大类和混合泥岩大类,描述了它们的岩石学特征.该SAC岩石系列体现了自下而上由硅质岩端元向碳酸盐岩端元混合沉积演化的趋势.对国内外典型SAC岩石系列重新分类的结果表明,新的分类方案能够清晰反映端元矿物之间混合沉积演化的趋势.SAC岩石系列的分类和命名是定量描述古代深海或远洋沉积作用的基础,也是探索其沉积环境演变的重要依据.     

柴达木盆地西部新生界陆相湖盆碳酸盐岩沉积环境与沉积模式

利用野外露头、岩心、测井录井和分析化验资料,对柴达木盆地西部(简称"柴西地区")新生界干柴沟组湖相碳酸盐岩进行了研究,划分了其沉积微相类型,研究了其分布规律,分析其形成环境和控制因素,并建立了相应沉积模式。该区湖相碳酸盐岩在垂向上与碎屑岩频繁互层,湖相碳酸盐岩包括颗粒灰岩、藻灰岩、泥晶灰岩和混积岩4大类11种,划分出了灰泥坪、颗粒滩、藻丘(礁)、浅湖湾以及(半)深湖泥灰岩相等5种沉积微相。通过分析不同碳酸盐岩及其微相时空展布特征,认为其发育主要受控于湖盆构造运动、湖平面变化、陆源碎屑注入、古气候与古水介质条件、古地貌与古水深环境,并在此基础上建立了柴西湖相碳酸盐岩的沉积模式。研究认为柴达木盆地西部干柴沟组沉积时期,湖盆为典型咸化湖盆,构造活动相对稳定,湖平面上升达到峰值。碳酸盐岩主要发育在湖侵期,高频湖平面变化形成了碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩频繁互层。在枯水期,盆地坡折处发育碎屑岩滩坝或三角洲前缘沉积;在湖侵期,盆地坡折处发育了鲕粒滩及藻灰岩,盆地洼陷区发育泥灰岩或灰质泥岩。     

柴达木盆地西部新生界陆相湖盆碳酸盐岩沉积环境与沉积模式*

利用野外露头、岩心、测井录井和分析化验资料,对柴达木盆地西部(简称“柴西地区”)新生界干柴沟组湖相碳酸盐岩进行了研究,划分了其沉积微相类型,研究了其分布规律,分析其形成环境和控制因素,并建立了相应沉积模式。该区湖相碳酸盐岩在垂向上与碎屑岩频繁互层,湖相碳酸盐岩包括颗粒灰岩、藻灰岩、泥晶灰岩和混积岩4大类11种,划分出了灰泥坪、颗粒滩、藻丘(礁)、浅湖湾以及(半)深湖泥灰岩相等5种沉积微相。通过分析不同碳酸盐岩及其微相时空展布特征,认为其发育主要受控于湖盆构造运动、湖平面变化、陆源碎屑注入、古气候与古水介质条件、古地貌与古水深环境,并在此基础上建立了柴西湖相碳酸盐岩的沉积模式。研究认为柴达木盆地西部干柴沟组沉积时期,湖盆为典型咸化湖盆,构造活动相对稳定,湖平面上升达到峰值。碳酸盐岩主要发育在湖侵期,高频湖平面变化形成了碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩频繁互层。在枯水期,盆地坡折处发育碎屑岩滩坝或三角洲前缘沉积;在湖侵期,盆地坡折处发育了鲕粒滩及藻灰岩,盆地洼陷区发育泥灰岩或灰质泥岩。     

冀中坳陷束鹿凹陷古近系沙河街组三段泥灰岩成因探讨

冀中坳陷束鹿凹陷中部古近系沙河街组三段下部（简称沙三下）泥灰岩属一类特殊的岩石类型组合，既非典型的碳酸盐岩，又非经典的碎屑岩。在进行了详细的岩心、薄片观察和各种分析化验资料的综合分析基础上，认识到研究区岩石为混积岩类，将混积岩（广义的）、混合沉积的概念和体系引入沉积物类型和岩相的划分中，为泥灰岩的科学定名提供了依据。据此对混积岩的类型进行了细致的划分，共划分出3大类型：结构混合、互层混合和夹层混合。每一类可以再细分为多种，其中结构混合包括①陆源组分为主的混积岩，②以内源组分为主的混积岩。互层混合成因的混积岩是最重要的岩石类型，本区所谓的纹层状泥晶灰岩大部分属于这一沉积类型，主要由灰质泥岩或泥灰岩与泥晶灰岩组成明暗相间的条带，有时含丰富的有机质。互层出现的形式是多种多样的，依据其岩石中原地组分和异地组分的含量不同，可进一步划分为4种类型。夹层混合沉积，表现为巨厚的碳酸盐岩质砾岩层夹前两类混积岩。构造、气候及物源等是控制混积岩形成的主要因素。     

黄骅坳陷古近系沙河街组一段下部湖泊碳酸盐沉积相及其对油气分布的控制作用?

黄骅坳陷王徐庄油田古近系沙河街组一段下部厚40-50m，由碳酸盐岩与泥页岩互层组成，为湖泊中的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩混积台地沉积。碳酸盐岩主要为石灰岩，其中包括亮晶颗粒石灰岩、泥晶颗粒石灰岩和泥晶石灰岩。颗粒主要为腹足类，也有鲕粒和内碎屑。根据沉积特征，混积台地可进一步划分为亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩、泥晶颗粒石灰岩滩和滩间等三种相。亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩为高能持续动荡环境，水深在正常浪基面之上，以亮晶颗粒石灰岩沉积为主；泥晶颗粒石灰岩滩为间歇动荡环境，水深在正常浪基面附近，以泥晶颗粒石灰岩沉积为主；滩间为安静低能环境，水深在正常浪基面之下，以泥晶石灰岩和页岩沉积为主。滩主要分布在台地边缘。同生断层的活动控制了台地的形成及滩的展布。亮晶颗粒滩是最好的储集相带，泥晶颗粒滩次之，滩间最差。油气分布主要受沉积相控制，高产井并不是位于构造高部位的滩间，而是位于低部位的亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩。     

混积岩的分类和成因

对在混合作用的特征者了系统的阐述和讨论,混积岩是陆源碎屑和碳酸盐颗粒及灰泥混合在一起的沉积岩,属曲型陆源碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩之间的过渡类型,据其成分可分为４类,陆源碎屑和碳酸盐颗粒,灰泥的混合作用从成因上分为５种类型,副件突变沉积混合,相缘渐变沉积混合,原地沉积混合,侵蚀再沉积混合,岩溶穿插再沉积混合。     

扫描电镜下灰泥灰岩的鉴别及其沉积环境意义的探讨

灰泥灰岩是碳酸盐岩地层中常见的一种岩类,习惯上也称泥晶灰岩或微晶、隐晶灰岩,而灰泥是碳酸盐岩中重要的组成之一,由于其结晶细小,在光学显微镜下很难揭示其组分、结构等微观特征。长期以来多停留于岩石颜色、厚度、构造等宏观特征的描述,是碳酸盐岩研究中的薄弱环节。但各种沉积模式和各种沉积环境中却都有灰泥灰岩,有必要深入研究它对指示沉积环境的作用。本文采集不同时代,不同沉积环境的灰泥灰岩样品及其他同粒级的非碳酸盐岩样品共118个,进行偏光显微镜鉴定,薄片染色,盐酸不溶残渣分析,并侧重扫描电镜观察与照像。     

菌藻对碳酸盐颗粒的泥晶化作用研究─以滇西保山地区下石炭统研究为例

碳酸盐颗粒泥晶化由真菌类和藻类的穿孔所引起，颗粒泥晶化可划分为四个阶段６种类型，泥晶套和泥晶铸型分别代表泥晶化的成长、成熟阶段。丰富的泥晶化颗粒为浅滩标志；泥晶化的深度与沉积速度成反比；泥晶化均匀程度与颗粒翻转次数成正比；颗粒泥晶化类型组合与风暴沉积有关；暴露环境出现溶蚀孔洞或负鲕。菌藻的泥晶化作用可加速海水及成岩压实作用对颗粒的破碎和细化并产生内碎屑和灰泥；鲕粒泥晶化后转变为辐射鲕和假鲕。     

Single-particle crushing behaviour of carbonate sands studied by X-ray microtomography and a combined finite–discrete element method

This paper investigates the particle breakage behaviour of a carbonate sand based on single-particle compression experiments with in situ X-ray microtomography scanning (μCT) and a combined finite–discrete element method (FDEM). Specifically, X-ray μCT is applied to extract the information on grain morphology and intra-particle pores of carbonate sand particles to establish an FDEM model. The model is first calibrated by comparing the simulation results of two carbonate sand grains with the corresponding single-particle compression experiment results and then applied to model the stress evolution, cracking propagation and failure of other carbonate sand particles under single-particle compression. To study the influence of intra-particle pores, FDEM modelling of carbonate sands with completely filled intra-particle pores is also performed. The particle strength of carbonate sands both with and without pore filling is found to follow a Weibull distribution, with that of the sand with pore filling being considerably higher. This behaviour is associated with lower stress concentration, resulting in later crack development in the pore-filled sand than in the sand without pore filling. The cracks are found to usually pass through the intra-particle pores. Consequently, a larger proportion of particles fail in the fragmentation mode in the sand without pore filling.

     

沾化凹陷泥岩裂缝油气藏研究

沾化凹陷泥岩裂缝油气藏具有以下特征：（1）储层为暗色、厚层富含有机质的生油岩；（2）泥岩油气显示段具有高压异常；（3）主要分布于深凹陷区缓斜坡上，泥质岩油气显示段主要集中在断层带附近。泥岩裂缝性储集层的形成主要与异常高孔隙流体压力、局部构造变形及断裂作用有关，被非裂缝性泥岩所封闭形成自生自储的泥岩裂缝油气藏。     

THE CARBONATE FRACTION OF BEACH AND DUNE SANDS

The sand size carbonate fractions of beach and dune sands from the southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast were investigated from the standpoint of mineralogy, roundness and size distribution. The carbonate fractions of beach-dune sands used in this study range in abundance from less than 1% to over 40% and average about 10%. Calcium carbonate is least abundant in Georgia beaches and increases slightly to the north and greatly to the south. The size distribution of the carbonate fraction is similar to that of the non-carbonate fraction since both have been distributed by the same processes. The variable flat shape of calcareous fragments causes the carbonate fraction to be usually coarser and more poorly sorted than the acid insoluble residues of the samples. No regional relationship between roundness and wave energies was found in sand size materials although field observations indicate high energies strikingly round gravel sized calcareous fragments. There is some tendency for angularity to increase with decreasing grain size in the sand sizes as with quartz grains. The mineralogy of beach sand carbonate fractions is characterized by the almost total absence of high My calcite. Aragonite is the dominant mineral.     

Circumgranular bassanite in a gypsum crust from eastern Algeria – a potential palaeosurface indicator

Detrital sand grains are surrounded by thin bassanite coatings in the upper part of a coarse-crystalline gypsum crust from the Algerian Sahara. The bassanite developed by topotactic replacement of the surrounding gypsum in the absence of a liquid phase. Heating experiments using a gypsum crystal with sand inclusions produced similar patterns and textures. In one experiment, bassanite developed around quartz and carbonate grains but not along the sides of the heated gypsum crystal. This is the result of differences in heat capacity between gypsum, quartz and calcite. Bassanite formation in the crust from Algeria was not controlled by differences in thermal properties. Instead, the bassanite apparently formed under conditions of thermal equilibrium. The occurrence of bassanite as circumgranular coatings in the crust is interpreted as being related to the availability of submicroscopic space along the contact between the gypsum cement and the enclosed sand grains. The presence of coatings of this type, or derived relict features, is a potential criterion for the recognition of palaeosurfaces.     

Siliciclastic grain breakage and displacement due to carbonate crystal growth: an example from the Lueders Formation (Permian) of north-central Texas, U.S.A.

The Lueders Formation (mid-Permian) in Baylor County, Texas, is an intercalated suite of fluvial siliciclastic, shallow marine siliciclastic, and shallow marine carbonate strata. There are at least two generations of carbonate cements (probably originally composed of calcite) in the fluvial sandstones where fractured grains are observed. These cements represent the initial stages of caliche formation. Cementation is envisioned as a two step process. In the first step, calcite cements form from supersaturated fluids in a freshwater, vadose environment as a meniscus cement at grain contacts. Areas of cement formation are restricted to these sites because fluid distribution is restricted to these sites. Stresses generated by the growth of cements at grain contacts are transmitted through and concentrated at quartz/quartz grain point-contacts until the stress is sufficient to fracture quartz grains, even though the ultimate strength of calcite is less than that of quartz, per unit area. This process occurs too rapidly to be accommodated by pressure solution. In the second phase of cementation, cement nucleation is no longer restricted by vadose conditions. In this phase, calcite growth can no longer result in quartz grain breakage; rather, the quartz grains are dispersed in poikilotopic calcite cement.     

含碳酸盐混合砂的三轴剪切试验研究

含碳酸盐混合砂作为一种特殊的岩土材料主要分布于热带沿海地区,独特的成因和组构使得其具有不同于陆源砂的岩土工程特性。针对取自我国南海的珊瑚砂与取自长江流域石英砂按不同质量百分比配制而成的混合砂,开展不同围压下的三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究不同碳酸钙含量混合砂的剪切特性。结果表明：（1）混合砂峰值强度随有效围压和碳酸钙含量的增加呈近似线性增长;（2）围压及碳酸含量是影响混合砂剪胀特性的主要参数,随着碳酸盐含量的增加,胀缩转换点及其对应的轴向应变量增大;（3）随着碳酸盐含量的增加,混合砂的黏聚力呈线性增加趋势,峰值内摩擦角?f缓慢增长;（4）混合砂的相对破碎率Br随碳酸钙含量及围压的增加而增加。     

陕北晋西砂黄土的胶结物与胶结作用研究

在野外调查的基础上,采用SEM、XRD、土壤物理和土壤化学等方法,对陕北晋西12个县市的48个马兰黄土样品进 行了全分散法粒度组成测定、聚集体分析以及黄土胶结物组成的测试分析。结果表明,砂黄土中的粘土矿物和超细碳酸盐、 游离氧化物和有机质等胶结物质主要是以聚集体包膜的形式存在于碎屑颗粒表面,并构成砂黄土骨架间的结构联结,具有弱 胶结特性。砂黄土中粘土矿物和有机质为非水稳性胶结物质,仅在干燥状态具有较弱的胶结作用;黄土中的CaCO3呈粗颗粒 骨架和细分散超细碳酸钙两种形式存在,并分别起着骨架作用和胶结作用,超细碳酸钙为不可逆的胶结材料,在聚集体形成、 保存以及聚集体与碎屑颗粒之间的联结方面发挥着重要作用;非晶质游离氧化物(SiO2、Fe2O3、Al2O3)含量虽低,但由于他们 是以薄膜形式分布在颗粒表面,在黄土胶结作用中也是不可忽视的,并与上述各种胶结物共同起作用。通过统计分析认为, 凝聚系数可以较好地反映黄土的胶结程度,成为联系黄土胶结特性与黄土物理力学性质之间的桥梁。黄土胶结物组成及其 胶结机理的研究不仅有助于深化砂黄土工程特性的认识,而且对揭示黄土高原表生地球化学环境具有重要意义。     

贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳物源判别的新证据:石英颗粒形态、表面结构特征

利用扫描电镜分析了黔北、黔东、黔中4个剖面土样中的石英颗粒形态和表面特征,发现土样中的石英有3种类型:碳酸盐岩中的原生碎屑石英,呈次圆状或圆状,表面有被长时间、长距离水搬运的痕迹,无风成特征;燧石团块石英,具有新鲜的表面,呈不规则的尖棱状、次棱角状,表面基本无搬运痕迹;晶形较完整的次生石英,呈棱角状,晶形较完整,晶面有微生长晶体,无搬运特征。这些信息指示,3种石英均具有原位特征,前两种石英是直接对基岩的继承,第三种石英是风化壳剖面的次生产物,该结果为碳酸盐岩风化壳的物源及原位特征的确认提供了新证据。     

基于南水模型的钙质砂应力−应变关系模拟

钙质砂是一种海洋生物成因的特殊岩土材料,具有颗粒性状不规则、易破碎的特点,表现出与石英砂不同的力学性质。为模拟钙质砂在不同应力水平下的应力?应变关系,首先分析南水模型的不足：即无法描述应力不变情况下应变无限增长的特点和不能描述钙质砂的剪胀性;然后通过在切线模量中引入应力比与峰值应力比的比值,合理考虑了颗粒破碎的影响;提出了切线模量和切线体积比与应力比间的函数关系式,使得改进后的模型能较好地描述应变?体变关系。同时,将孔隙压力系数引入到孔隙压力表达式中,较好地模拟了三轴不排水剪切试验结果。与现有的模型相比,改进后的模型表达式简单易懂,参数获取更为方便。     

Index test for the degradation potential of carbonate sands during hydraulic transportation

Carbonate sands undergo degradation when transported hydraulically from a dredging vessel to the reclamation site. Risks involved in the production of fines during hydraulic transport are a deterioration of the mechanical properties of the fill in certain areas of the reclamation area where these fines concentrate. In order to assess sand degradation in the concrete and road construction industry, the Micro-Deval test for fine aggregates was developed in France and Canada. During Micro-Deval testing, aggregates degrade when tumbled in a rotating steel drum with water and steel balls. In the Canadian standard, the steel charge is lower than in the French standard and balls have the diameter of the smallest balls used in the French test. During testing, the quantity of fines produced is measured. This makes the Micro-Deval test an option for assessing the degradation of sand during hydraulic transportation of slurries in the dredging industry. Three sands are tested: two shelly carbonate sands and one quartzic river sand for comparison. The carbonate sands were sampled on reclaimed land and had been subjected to hydraulic transportation in pipeline before artificial deposition. Due to differences in particle shape, the carbonate sands and the quartz sand have a different number of contacts with the steel charge in the drum of the Micro-Deval and are not exposed to the same degradation forces during testing. It was found that the quartzic sand suffers relatively much degradation as compared to the carbonate sands, despite its greater hardness and resistance to crushability. The French test appears to create turbulence that promotes floatation of the curved shells of the carbonate sands instead of shell grinding at the bottom of the drum by contact with the steel balls. Microscopic observations of sand samples before and after testing showed that the French Micro-Deval test is too destructive. The test leads to the fragmentation by impact of the quartz sands and the destruction of certain particle types that had survived hydraulic transportation. With respect to the Canadian test, microscopic examination of sand grains before and after testing shows there is still much fragmentation of quartz grains. A lower rotational speed combined with a limited steel charge made of uniform balls of a smaller diameter, reduces turbulence, shell floatability and last but not the least, impact forces. It produces the desired result: a high Micro-Deval loss for the carbonate sands in comparison to that for the quartz sands and a very limited fragmentation of the quartz grains. Once the slurry reaches its destination, the grain size distribution of the fines fraction will influence the mechanical behaviour of mixed sands. A procedure is proposed to measure the particle size distribution of the fines fraction produced during Micro-Deval testing.Field validation is needed to validate preliminary laboratory results.