南海陆缘盆地构造演化与烃源岩特征

受近南北向扩张机制控制,南海陆缘盆地或凹陷多呈NE向带状展布,总体上具有“南三北三”平行排列、外窄内宽的特点。新生代发生的4次重要区域构造运动具有穿时性,共发育3期盆地破裂不整合面,分别是早渐新世与晚渐新世之间、古近纪与新近纪之间、中中新世与晚中新世之间;由东往西,盆地破裂不整合面的时代逐渐变新。受构造运动与海平面升降影响,南海海域发育湖相、海陆过渡相和陆源海相3类烃源岩。由南北两侧向中央海盆,烃源岩类型由湖相逐渐过渡到海陆过渡相与陆源海相;从东向西,盆地主力烃源岩层位逐渐变新,由始新统-渐新统逐渐过渡到渐新统-中新统。南海海域烃源岩的分布规律与盆地破裂不整面存在密切关系:破裂不整合面形成早（早渐新世与晚渐新世之间）的盆地,主力烃源岩形成早（始新统湖相烃源岩）;反之,破裂不整合面形成晚（中中新世与晚中新世之间）的盆地,则烃源岩形成晚（渐新统-中新统海陆过渡相到陆源海相烃源岩）。     

南沙海域新生代盆地类型及演化历史

南沙海域主要的新生代盆地及其类型为:(1)曾母盆地,走滑一周缘前陆型;(2)万安盆地,拉张剪切型;(3)沙巴一文莱盆地,弧前盆地;(4)湄公河盆地,陆内断陷型;(5)西纳土纳盆地,剪切拉张型。这些盆地沉积厚度大多在3000m 以上,最厚大干12000m,含海、陆相沉积,具较好的油气勘探前景。其演化历史最早的始于始新世,最晚的始于渐新世晚期,文中对各盆地演化历史作了对比。     

我国中西部前陆盆地的特殊性和多样性及其天然气勘探

通过对我国中西部前陆盆地构造特征、大地构造背景、地球物理特征的理论研究和典型前陆盆地的详细解析,系统分析了我国中西部前陆盆地的发育特征和特殊性。强调晚二叠世以来大小不一、形态各异的多块体小型克拉通的聚合碰撞作用是导致中西部前陆盆地群形成的基本动力学过程：这些小型克拉通的多块体聚合碰撞造就了中西部前陆盆地的特殊性和多样性。同时,明确提出中西部盆地的基本特点是“两期三类前陆盆地”,即海西一印支期前陆盆地和喜山期前陆盆地,三类指海西一印支期的周缘前陆盆地和弧后前陆盆地、喜山期再生前陆盆地。根据前陆盆地的盆地结构和演化特征,又将中西部的前陆盆地划分为4种组合形式,即叠合型组合、改造型组合、早衰型组合和新生型组合。综合论述了不同时期不同类型前陆盆地构造对天然气聚集的五大控制作用。     

The mid-Cenozoic succession and evolution of the Mut basin,southern Turkey,and its regional significance

The hitherto poorly known Mut basin occupies a position that is critical to our understanding of the later Cenozoic history of south central Turkey. The biostratigraphic and sedimentological study reported here reveals an extended and complex pattern of basin evolution and enables the history of this basin to be compared in detail with that of adjacent south Turkish basins.The oldest basin fill deposits are demonstrated to be Oligocene to earliest Miocene in age and comprise alluvial redbeds, thick lacustrine deposits and thin lagoonal sediments mainly supplied from northern (Tauride) sources This mainly terrestrial megasequence resulted from an early Oligocene phase of crustal extension, leading to rapid “trap-door” subsidence and the formation of narrow E–W trending troughs. This phase was terminated by a minor marine incursion and through reactivation of basement faults during renewed extension in the earliest Miocene.The overlying Miocene succession, thus, rests with local angular discordance upon tilted and gently deformed Oligocene (and older) rocks. Subsequent subaerial erosion created an irregular pre-Burdigalian palaeotopography that strongly influenced the nature, thickness and distribution of the early Miocene basin fill. In palaeotopographic depressions, the Miocene sequence commences with alluvial fan, braidplain and meander belt redbeds formed in river systems that flowed mainly south and southeast. These pass up (and laterally) into more extensive lagoonal and shallow marine mixed clastic/carbonate units yielding late Burdigalian to early Langhian microfaunas, marking the inception of the main Miocene marine transgression in this area. Episodic northwards marine advance led to isolation of the northerly source of siliciclastic detritus and resulted in periodic onlap of mid- to inner-shelf fine-grained carbonates (with thin clastic intercalations) that include isolated coralgal build-ups, calcarenite mounds and sand-waves. At the peak of Miocene transgression (mid-Serravallian), thick reefal limestones were deposited far to the north and also formed on top of basement highs forming the southern and eastern flanks of the basin. Significant influxes of coarse and fine siliciclastics from the north attest to periodic progradational events that are more conspicuous and protracted in the late Serravallian and Tortonian. However, muddy deeper shelf conditions prevailed throughout the middle Miocene in the central part of the basin, while stronger currents and unstable slopes characterise the constricted marine strait in the southeast of the basin near Silifke.In terms of their sequential arrangement, palaeoenvironmental and tectonic evolution the Oligo-Miocene sediments of the Mut basin closely resemble coeval sequences in the adjacent Ecemis–Aktoprak and Karsanti–northern Adana basins and share a similar history, involving complex interplay between regional tectonics and eustasism. Deeper water Oligo-Miocene sequences in the ‘outboard troughs,’ such as the southern Adana basin and the Kyrenia–Misis–Andirin complex, yield more subtle signatures of these tectonic and eustatic events. The differences between these basins are attributable to the influence of regional kinematic elements generated during the reorganisation of plate boundaries in the northeast Mediterranean that followed final suturing of the Arabian and Anatolide plates in the mid-Cenozoic.     

中国中西部前陆盆地的地质特征及油气聚集

中国中西部前陆盆地具有十分丰富的油气资源,近年来油气勘探也取得了很大的成果,但总体上来说其地质情况复杂、研究程度较低。世界上典型的前陆盆地一般位于造山带和稳定的克拉通之间的狭长槽地,而在中国中西部则主要为与古特提斯造山带在新特提斯阶段再活动有关的陆内会聚形成的“再生”前陆盆地,因此与世界典型前陆盆地相比中国中西部前陆盆地具有一定的“特殊性”。根据两期前陆的叠合程度差异造成的盆地几何形态、挠曲沉降、地层层序、沉积充填、构造变形特征的特点,将中国中西部前陆盆地归纳为改造型、新生型、叠加型和早衰型四种组合类型的前陆盆地。中西部不同组合类型前陆盆地具有不同的结构特征,决定了不同组合类型前陆盆地成藏特征和油气勘探潜力上的差异。     

东亚地区盆地类型和盆地群特征

东亚地区区域构造经历了多期复杂的演化过程,印支期东亚大陆的地质格局基本形成,燕山期作为重要的构造变革期,在盆地形成演化过程中发挥着重要的作用。根据东亚地区燕山期以来盆地所受三向应力的作用机制（拉张、挤压）以及这种机制对前期盆地的改造程度,考虑盆地自身的地质演化历史,结合前人对沉积盆地类型划分方案的研究成果,将东亚地区沉积盆地划分为6个类型,即克拉通盆地、陆内挤压挠曲盆地、走滑拉分盆地、裂谷盆地、弧前盆地和弧后盆地;同时将不同盆地在成盆时间上"归位"于燕山期前和燕山期后,在平面分布上"归位"于构造域中,形成盆地群的概念,认为同一构造域内的盆地在盆地类型、盆地沉积层序、盆地演化历史等方面具有相对一致性,而在不同的构造域中盆地类型、盆地演化历史均存在一定差异。盆地群内部盆地的可比性和共性以及盆地群之间盆地的差异性的认识,对研究不同盆地的成因和演化具有重要的理论意义,同时为在东亚地区开展低勘探程度盆地的油气资源潜力评价奠定了盆地类比分析的基础。      

Characteristics of Overpressure Systems and Their Significance in Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan Basins, China

Overpressure systems are widely developed in the central depression and paleo-uplift in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins. They can be divided into three types according to the origin of abnormally high formation pressure in the reservoirs, i.e. the autochthonous, vertically-transmitted and laterally-transmitted types. The autochthonous overpressure system results from rapid disequilibrium sediment loading and compaction. In the allochthonous overpressure system, the increase of fluid pressure in sandstone originates from the invasion of overpressured fluid flowing vertically or laterally through the conduit units. The autochthonous overpressure system occurs in the deep-lying strata of Neogene age in the central depression of the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins. The vertically transmitted overpressure system is developed in the shallow strata of Late Miocene and Pliocene ages in the diapiric zone of the central Yinggehai basin, and the laterally transmitted overpressure system occurs in the Oligo     

Notes on international scientific meetings

The Sivas Tertiary Basin is one of the central Anatolian basins that formed over the collision zone between the Pontides and the Anatolide-Tauride belts. The basin, which is floored by southerly obducted Neotethyan ophiolite sheets onto the Taurides during the Late Cretaceous time interval, occupies a key position in the sedimentary record of the continental collision processes. The central and easternmost parts of the Sivas Basin around the Hafik (Sivas) and Kemah (Erzincan) regions have been studied with respect to tectonostratigraphy, tectonic style, and kinematics.

The tectonic style of the Sivas Basin is characterized mainly by polyphase thrust systems developed along a regional NNW-SSE shortening direction. The general transport directions are oriented toward the south and southeast. However, N-vergent thrust development in the late Oligocene and late Pliocene-Quaternary epochs occurred in the central part of the Sivas Basin where thrust propagation is controlled mainly by a decollement surface at the bottom of an Oligocene gypsum mass in the Hafik Formation. In the eastern part of the basin, thrust propagation is controlled by several decollement surfaces in the basin sequences.

This study demonstrates that the central and eastern parts of the Sivas Basin experienced significant shortening, involving both basin deposits and basement. This contraction has been largely underestimated by previous studies, and the eastward-narrowing geometry of the basin can be related to an increasing amount of contraction toward the east. The age of thick gypsum-rich formations, previously attributed to the late Miocene, is now restricted to the Oligocene by consideration of both the stratigraphic relationships with lower Miocene shallow-marine formations and the geometry of the thrust systems.     

Oil and Gas Accumulation in the Foreland Basins, Central and Western China

<正>Foreland basin represents one of the most important hydrocarbon habitats in central and western China.To distinguish these foreland basins regionally,and according to the need of petroleum exploration and favorable exploration areas,the foreland basins in central and western China can be divided into three structural types:superimposed,retrogressive and reformative foreland basin(or thrust belt),each with distinctive petroleum system characteristics in their petroleum system components(such as the source rock,reservoir rock,caprock,time of oil and gas accumulation,the remolding of oil/gas reservoir after accumulation,and the favorable exploration area,etc.).The superimposed type foreland basins,as exemplified by the Kuqa Depression of the Tarim Basin, characterized by two stages of early and late foreland basin development,typically contain at least two hydrocarbon source beds,one deposited in the early foreland development and another in the later fault-trough lake stage.Hydrocarbon accumulations in this type of foreland basin often occur in multiple stages of the basin development,though most of the highly productive pools were formed during the late stage of hydrocarbon migration and entrapment(Himalayan period).This is in sharp contrast to the retrogressive foreland basins(only developing foreland basin during the Permian to Triassic) such as the western Sichuan Basin,where prolific hydrocarbon source rocks are associated with sediments deposited during the early stages of the foreland basin development.As a result, hydrocarbon accumulations in retrogressive foreland basins occur mainly in the early stage of basin evolution.The reformative foreland basins(only developing foreland basin during the Himalayan period) such as the northern Qaidam Basin,in contrast,contain organic-rich,lacustrine so urce rocks deposited only in fault-trough lake basins occurring prior to the reformative foreland development during the late Cenozoic,with hydrocarbon accumulations taking place relatively late(Himalayan period).Therefore,the ultimate hydrocarbon potentials in the three types of foreland basins are largely determined by the extent of spatial and temporal matching among the thrust belts,hydrocarbon source kitchens,and regional and local caprocks.     

万安盆地中部坳陷——一个巨大的富生烃坳陷

万安盆地位于万安断裂西侧, 是一个大型的走滑拉张盆地.其中部坳陷为富生烃坳陷, 发育有渐新统湖沼相、海湾相泥岩和下中新统浅海相泥岩2套主要烃源岩, 渐新统烃源岩具有良好的生烃潜力, 下中新统烃源岩次之.万安盆地的油气藏主要分布于中部坳陷及其相邻的西北断阶带、北部隆起和中部隆起, 而在北部坳陷、南部坳陷和东部隆起上仅见油气显示.研究表明, 万安盆地这种油气分布特征明显地受中部富生烃坳陷所控制.      

青藏高原新生代构造岩相古地理演化及其对构造隆升的响应

在系统分析青藏高原新生代98个残留盆地类型、形成构造背景、岩石地层序列的基础上, 对青藏高原古新世—始新世、渐新世、中新世及上新世构造岩相古地理演化特征进行了讨论: (1)古新世—始新世: 松潘—甘孜和冈底斯带为大面积构造隆起蚀源区.塔里木东部、柴达木、羌塘、可可西里地区主体表现为大面积的构造压陷湖盆-冲泛平原沉积.高原西部和南部为新特提斯海.(2)渐新世: 冈底斯—喜马拉雅和喀喇昆仑大范围沉积缺失, 指示上述地区大面积隆升.沿雅江自东向西古河形成(大竹卡砾岩).西昆仑和松潘—甘孜地区仍为隆起蚀源区.塔里木、柴达木、羌塘、可可西里地区主体表现为大面积构造压陷湖盆沉积.塔里木西南部为压陷盆地滨浅海沉积.渐新世末塔里木海相沉积结束.(3)中新世: 约23 Ma时高原及周边不整合面广布, 标志高原整体隆升.塔里木、柴达木及西宁—兰州、羌塘、可可西里等地区主体表现为大面积的构造压陷湖盆沉积; 约18~13 Ma高原及周边出现中新世最大湖泊扩张期.约13~10 Ma期间, 藏南南北向断陷盆地形成, 是高原隆升到足够高度开始垮塌的标志.(4)上新世: 除可可西里—羌塘、塔里木、柴达木等少数大型湖盆外, 大部分地区为隆起剥蚀区.由于上新世的持续隆升和强烈的断裂活动, 使大型盆地的基底抬升被分割为小盆地, 湖相沉积显著萎缩, 进入巨砾岩堆积期, 是高原整体隆升的响应.高原从古近纪的东高西低格局, 经历了新近纪全区的不均衡隆升和坳陷, 最终铸就了西高东低的地貌格局, 青藏作为一个统一的高原发生了重大的地貌反转事件.      

中国中西部前陆盆地烃源岩特征与油气资源潜力分析

中国中西部前陆盆地(冲断带)以发育陆相烃源岩为特征。中西部周缘和弧后前陆盆地烃源岩形成于前陆盆地沉积期,包括准噶尔西北缘、准噶尔南缘、塔里木盆地西南缘、吐哈盆地二叠系烃源岩和川西、鄂尔多斯盆地西缘三叠系烃源岩;再生前陆盆地(冲断带)烃源岩主要形成于再生前陆盆地沉积之前的三叠—侏罗系和白垩系、古近系。根据沉积环境可以将烃源岩分为被动大陆边缘海相、残留海—(泻)湖相、湖沼相、内陆坳陷淡水湖相以及内陆坳陷断陷半咸水-咸水湖相烃源岩5种类型,其中湖沼相煤系烃源岩有机质类型为III型,以产气为主,其他烃源岩有机质类型主要为II型,其次为I型,以产油为特征。中国中西部前陆盆地石油潜在资源量为89.17×108t,天然气潜在资源量为101 464×108m3,与国外典型前陆盆地相比,中国前陆盆地具有富气特征。     

中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地原型分析

文中进行了中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地的原型分析 ,着重阐述 3点 :( 1)根据盆地构造特征 ,将中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地划分为 :缓断面伸展断陷盆地、陡断面伸展断陷盆地、克拉通内盆地和克拉通周边盆地 4种类型。 ( 2 )这 4类盆地分布于不同的前侏罗纪构造背景之上。第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类伸展断陷盆地位于印支晚期造山带和印支晚期复活的古生代造山带 ,它们系造山带伸展垮塌作用的产物。第Ⅲ类克拉通内盆地分布于克拉通块体内部 ,它们具有冷的刚性岩石圈 ,其古地温梯度达不到使岩石圈弱化和产生伸展断陷盆地的临界值。第Ⅳ类克拉通周边盆地位于克拉通和造山褶皱带之间 ,这类盆地的古地温梯度刚达到形成伸展断陷盆地临界值 ,在应变速率低的情况下造成不对称的宽阔凹陷。 ( 3)由于这 4类盆地的地温梯度、演化和改造程度不同 ,它们的含油气远景差别很大 ,其中以克拉通周边盆地最有希望。     

中国主要沉积盆地分类

该文主要从沉积盆地的结构上进行盆地分类，共分为三类八型。它们是；地堑-拗陷类，包括一元、二元以及多元结构三型；隆回-拗陷类，包括一元、二元以及多元结构三型，克拉通拗陷类包括间断型和继承型。由于沉积盆地类型不同，其含气优劣程度各异。这种盆地分类具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。     

中国中西部中、新生代前陆盆地与挤压造山带耦合分析

中国中西部主要由中、新生代造山带与中、新生代盆地构成盆山格局 :秦岭造山带与南北两侧四川盆地与鄂尔多斯盆地 ;天山造山带与南北两侧塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地 ;哀牢山造山带与东西两侧楚雄盆地与兰坪思茅盆地等 ,总体上构成盆山耦合。根据挤压造山带类型与前陆盆地类型 ,可以划分出 3种耦合类型 ,即 ( 1)碰撞造山带与周缘前陆盆地 ,( 2 )俯冲造山带与弧后前陆盆地及 ( 3)再生造山带与再生前陆盆地。因此前陆盆地是伴随着造山带的形成与演化而发育 ,造山带断滑系统直接控制前陆盆地结构、沉积层序及构造样式等 ,从而制约前陆盆地油气分布的有序性     

Provenance of Oligocene–Miocene sediments in the Subei area,eastern Altyn Tagh fault and its geological implications: Evidence from detrital zircons LA-ICP-MS U–Pb chronology

Oligocene–Miocene strata in the Subei and Xiaobiegai basins of the Subei area, located in the eastern Altyn Tagh fault (ATF), northern Tibetan Plateau, record important characteristics of the ATF evolution. Detrital zircons laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb ages from two samples, together with paleocurrent directions and clastic composition in the Xishuigou section demonstrate that sediments in the Subei basin originated from the Danghenanshan range along its southern margin. Detrital zircons U–Pb ages from three samples in the Xiaobiegai basin, together with paleocurrent directions and clastic composition, indicate that sediments in the Xiaobiegai basin may partly originate from terranes along the northeastern margin of the basin in addition to the Danghenanshan range. Our results, combined with regional evolution, suggest that the Xiaobiegai and the Subei basins was a combined basin in Oligocene–early Miocene. This basin was folded, tilted, and dislocated at ca. 8 Ma by rapid uplift of the northern Tibetan plateau and rapid strike-slip of the ATF. As a result, the Subei basin became a thrust–fold belt of the Danghenanshan range front, and the Xiaobiegai basin grew into an intermontane basin in the northeastern part of the Danghenanshan range. Thus, the Subei area gradually acquired its present morphotectonic patterns.     

中国中、新生代含油气盆地构造和动力学背景

中国有大约26个含油气盆地。盆地主要有两种类型:(1)伸展盆地;(2)前陆(或挠曲)盆地。第一种伸展盆地主要位于东部,第二种前陆盆地主要位于中部和西北地区。本文讨论了伸展和前陆盆地的以下特征:(1)沉降史;(2)热史;(3)构造样式和运动学。结合深部地球物理和火山岩资料,确定了盆地的地球动力学背景,并且推测盆地形成与西太平洋板俯冲作用和特提斯洋闭合有关。     

孟加拉湾地区大陆边缘盆地勘探概况与油气富集主控因素

孟加拉湾位于印度大陆以东、缅甸-安达曼-苏门答腊以西、孟加拉国南部海上地区,该区存在主动和被动两种不同类型的大陆边缘,并发育众多大陆边缘含油气盆地。根据板块位置和构造特征将其划分为三大类,分别是:被动大陆边缘盆地(马哈纳迪、K-G和高韦里盆地);主动大陆边缘盆地(若开、缅甸中央、马达班、安达曼和北苏门答腊盆地);残留洋盆地(孟加拉盆地)。根据火山岛弧带分布情况进一步将主动大陆边缘盆地划分为:①海沟型——若开盆地;②弧前型——缅甸中央盆地;③弧后型——马达班、安达曼和北苏门答腊盆地。对这些盆地油气勘探情况的统计与分析表明,该区大陆边缘盆地的油气分布主控因素为:烃源岩类型与有机质丰度决定了流体性质与资源强度;大型河流—三角洲形成富油气区;盆地类型、性质及晚期构造活动强度决定区带勘探潜力。     

中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地原型分布

文中进行了中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地的原型分析,着重阐述3点：(1)根据盆地构造特征,将中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地划分为：缓断面伸展断陷盆地、陡断面伸展断陷盆地、克拉通内盆地和克拉通周边盆地4种类型。(2)这4类盆地分布于不同的前侏罗纪构造背景之上。第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类伸展断陷盆地位于印支晚期造山带和印支晚期复活的古生代造山带,它们系造山带伸展垮塌作用的产物。第Ⅲ类克拉通内盆地分布于克拉通块体内部,它们具有冷的刚性岩石圈,其古地温梯度达不到使岩石圈弱化和产生伸展断陷盆地的临界值。第Ⅳ类克拉通周边盆地位于克拉通和造山褶皱带之间,这类盆地的古地温梯度刚达到形成伸展断陷盆地临界值,在应变速率低的情况下造成不对称的宽阔凹陷。(3)由于这4类盆地的地温梯度、演化和改造程度不同,它们的含油气远景差别很大,其中以克拉通周边盆地最有希望。