A study on Pb isotopic characteristics of raw bauxite in western Guangxi, China

The Pb isotopic composition of ores is one of the important approaches to trace the ore sources.It has not yet been applied to research on bauxite ore so far.The current research on bauxite deposits in western Guangxi,China,seldom focuses on raw bauxite and studies on raw bauxite are mostly at macro-level.This study is the first to apply Pb isotope data to tracing bauxite ore sources.The Pb isotopic compositions of ore and rock samples from the Nadou and Taiping mining districts are projected on the Doe and Zartman plumbotectonic models and the results showed that the ore resources are different for the two mines.     

河南省新安县郁山隐伏铝土矿成因分析

[摘 要]通过对河南省新安县郁山铝土矿床成矿时代、成矿物源、成矿环境、控矿因素等分析,认为郁山铝土矿床成矿时代为早二叠世,成矿物源主要为古陆铝硅酸岩风化物,少量为豫西中奥陶统马家沟组碳酸盐岩风化产物,成矿环境为渑池泻湖东北边缘的潮坪-沼泽环境,由长期的沉积间断、特定的岩相古地理特征、构造变形和表生风化作用共同控制矿床的形成。认为郁山铝土矿床的形成经历了“三期五阶段冶:“三期冶包括铝土矿体就位、埋藏、改造保存三个成矿时期;具体可划分为“五阶段冶,包括物源准备和搬运、同生、成岩、后生、风化和表生五个成矿阶段。提出了郁山铝土矿矿床为“古陆风化+碎屑和化学沉积冶的成矿模式。其主要成矿机制为机械和化学分异。     

贵州主要铝土矿矿集区成矿特征对比研究

贵州铝土矿资源丰富,是中国第二大铝土矿资源基地,其铝土矿资源量约占全国总量的17％;主要分布在修文—清镇、凯里—黄平、遵义—瓮安和正安—道真4个矿集区.对贵州4个铝土矿矿集区成矿特征的研究表明,铝土矿的含矿层位主要有3个（下石炭统、上石炭统和中二叠统）,含矿层位在空间分布上具有由南向北、由西向东逐渐变新的特点;下伏地层提供了成矿物质和聚矿空间;矿床类型为古风化壳再沉积型,含矿岩段均为铝质岩段,开采矿物为—水硬铝石;矿石自然类型以土状,碎屑状和致密状为主,矿石工业类型以低铁低硫型矿石为主;3个矿集区铝土矿的化学组分和矿物组分相似,只是在含量上有所差别;铝土矿中的伴生有用元素较多,尤以Ga元素为代表,具有较大的经济价值.     

Russia's Silver Resources: A Post-Soviet Assessment

The current status of silver production in Russia (and areas in other former Soviet republics) is discussed with particular attention to mine output, deposit geology, byproducts, economics of production, and potential export markets. In Russia and elsewhere in the former Soviet Union, most silver is found and recovered in subordinate or trace amounts in deposits mined primarily for other commodities (especially gold and various base metals). Kazakhstan and Russia are the major mine producers of silver in the region, although in Russia potential demand is forecast to exceed output by as much as 25% by 1994. This potential shortfall, coupled with the approaching depletion of rich deposits in the Urals and northern East Siberia, has prompted the Russian government to formulate a plan for revitalizing the silver industry by opening new deposits and installing new processing capacity. A major objective of the plan, which attempts to reduce imports of silver concentrate and metal products, is increased foreign investment via international tenders. However, given the recent history of weak world silver markets, and an abundance of competing investment opportunities for global capital, it appears that Russia may have to consider incurring the costs of opening new silver deposits or relying more on imports.     

豫西北地区铝土矿地质特征及找矿方向

豫西北地区铝土矿均为一水硬铝石型沉积矿床,赋存于中石炭统本溪组.铝土矿含矿岩系的物源主要来自碳酸盐岩的红土风化壳,矿层厚度、矿石结构构造及矿体产状的变化均受古岩溶地貌控制,含矿岩系应属滨海-湖沼相沉积;溶斗型铝土矿小而富,主要分布在豫北地区;层状、似层状铝土矿规模大、品位高,主要分布于豫西地区;豫西的新安、渑池、三门峡、陕县一带和豫北的沁阳、博爱北部是下一步铝土矿的找矿重点区.     

Provenance of iron,bauxite and clay deposits of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation in southern margin of North China Craton: An example from Da'an bauxite and clay deposit of Sanmenxia area,Henan Province

During the Middle Ordovician to Late Carboniferous period,the North China Craton(NCC)was exposed and experienced prolonged weathering that resulted in the formation of large-scale iron,clay and bauxite deposits. The source of ore-forming material has always been a research focus,in particular,whether the sources of the iron ore and the Fe-bearing clay at the bottom of Benxi Formation are the same as the upper bauxite and clay deposit is still unclear. In this study,the Da'an bauxite and clay deposit at the southern margin of the NCC was chosen to carry out a detailed analysis of the micro-region mineral composition and elemental geochemical characteristics for further exploring the sources of iron,bauxite and clay deposits. The composition of the ore-bearing rocks in the Da'an bauxite deposit from the bottom to top includes Fe-bearing clay(locally iron ore),bauxite,and bauxitic clay;locally,in karstic uplift,bauxitic clay layer is directly overlying on the Fe-bearing clay. The Fe-bearing clay is dominated by siderite,pyrite,and illite in the karstic depression,and hematite,illite,and kaolinite in the uplift. Bauxite is mainly composed of diaspore,illite,and anatase,while bauxitic clay is mainly composed of illite. Mineral microanalysis revealed the development of large amounts of moissanite and small amounts of natural silica,silicalite,and chromite at the bottom of bauxitic clay layer. Regional comparison and correlation reveal that the ophiolite in the Shangdan suture zone and Erlangping Group in the North Qinling orogenic belt(NQOB)likely provides source materials for bauxite and clay deposits. The obvious differences in immobile element ratios (e.g., Zr/TiO₂,Hf/TiO₂,Nb/TiO₂,Ta/TiO₂)between the bottom Fe-bearing clay layer and the upper bauxite and clay layer in Da'an deposit,revealing that they are from different sources. The bottom Fe-bearing clay and iron ore layers are the products of in-situ weathering of underlying carbonates,while the top bauxite and clay are allochthonous. The regional uplift of the NQOB during the Late Carboniferous period provided important ore-forming materials for the formation of the NCC bauxite and clay deposits.     

华北克拉通南缘石炭系本溪组铁-铝黏土矿物质来源: 以河南三门峡大安铝黏土矿床为例*

华北克拉通在中奥陶世至晚石炭世期间一直出露地表,经历了长期的风化作用,形成大规模的铁-铝黏土矿,其成矿物源一直是研究的热点,尤其是本溪组底部铁矿和铁质黏土矿与上部铝黏土矿是否为同一来源尚未查清。本研究选取克拉通南缘大安铝黏土矿床作为研究对象,展开微区矿物及元素地球化学组成分析,进一步探讨铁-铝黏土矿物质来源。大安矿床内含矿岩系自下而上包括铁质黏土岩、铝土矿、铝质黏土矿;局部喀斯特高地缺失铝土矿,铝质黏土矿直接覆盖于铁质黏土岩之上。铁质黏土岩在洼地以菱铁矿、黄铁矿和伊利石为主,在隆起区以赤铁矿、伊利石和高岭石为主。铝土矿以硬水铝石、伊利石和锐钛矿为主;铝质黏土矿主要矿物为伊利石。矿物微区分析在黏土矿底部发现大量的碳化硅和少量自然硅、硅铁矿、铬铁矿;区域对比揭示北秦岭造山带内商丹缝合带和二郎坪群中的蛇绿岩为铝黏土矿形成提供了成矿物质。本溪组底部铁质黏土与上部铝黏土矿稳定元素比率(例如Zr/TiO₂、Hf/TiO₂、Nb/TiO₂、Ta/TiO₂)存在明显差异,揭示二者为不同来源: 底部铁质黏土岩和铁矿层为底板碳酸盐岩原地风化的产物;而上部铝黏土矿是异地搬运物,北秦岭造山带在晚石炭世的整体抬升为华北铝黏土矿形成提供了重要的成矿物质。     

贵州务川－正安－道真地区铝土矿产出地质特征

贵州务川－正安－道真地区铝土矿,目前共发现2个超大型矿床、9个大型矿床、14个中型矿床,估算各级资源储量7×10⁸余t,是贵州乃至全国重要铝土矿产出地。本区含矿岩系与上覆中二叠统梁山组之间有明显的沉积间断;区内含矿岩系岩石类型主要由粘土岩类、铝质岩类和铁质岩类组合而成;矿体赋存在上石炭统大竹园组的中上部,与铝土岩和粘土岩共生,矿体产状与岩层产状一致,矿体形态以层状、似层状为主;矿石自然类型有灰白、浅灰色碎屑状至土状铝土矿,灰、深灰色致密状铝土矿和灰色豆鲕状铝土矿3种;矿石结构有碎屑结构、豆鲕结构、泥晶结构、粉晶结构和碎屑—豆粒复合结构等5种类型,矿石构造有块状和半土状两种构造。通过含矿岩系含矿岩系时代特征、岩石类型、剖面类型、厚度变化及底板灰岩变化、矿体产出形态、矿石的结构、构造等特征阐述,总结了贵州务川-正安-道真地区铝土矿的产出特征。     

陕西省渭北铝土矿地质特征及找矿前景分析

渭北铝土矿带是陕西省两大铝土矿带之一。矿床产于下古生界碳酸盐岩不整合面上,为岩溶型铝土矿。矿体形态有似层状、透镜状和漏斗状,空间展布严格受基底古岩溶地形的控制。矿石类型属于一水硬铝石型铝矿,主要呈碎屑状、豆鲕状和泥状结构,致密块状和层状构造。矿石主要化学成分有:Al2O3、SiO2、Fe2O3、TiO2,Al2O3平均含量为55.05%～64.97%,SiO2平均含量为12.44%～15.16%,A/S平均为3.63～5.22。矿床受沉积间断、古气候、古纬度和古地形等因素控制。与我国主要铝土矿成矿区——河南、山西相类比,渭北地区具有相似的成矿地质和古气候条件,找矿前景较好,但以低品位矿石为主。     

云南红舍克铝土矿成矿地质特征和找矿前景研究

简述了云南红舍克铝土矿矿床的矿区地质概况,着重阐述了该矿区沉积型、堆积型铝土矿矿床地质特征、控矿因素及其作用。研究认为,在红舍克矿区外围的龙潭组含矿层及其附近的第四系堆积层分布范围内,是寻找沉积型、堆积型铝土矿的有利地段,并具有扩大铝土矿的找矿远景和资源量的潜力。     

广西龙州—扶绥地区堆积型铝土矿床地质特征及勘查技术创新

龙州—扶绥地区柳桥—山圩和水口—金龙2处堆积型铝土矿大型矿床,其矿石自然类型为一水硬铝土矿,工业类型属高铁低硫铝土矿。在龙州—扶绥地区新发现了产于容县组与都安组平行不整合面上的铁铝层或铝土矿层。运用ENVI等多种方法提取多种遥感找矿信息,应用多元信息找矿技术圈定找矿远景区,并对地质取样方法进行了创新。     

Perspectives in reconnaissance for coastal-marine placers on southern and western continental shores of Okhotsk Sea

The resource base for the Russian tin industry is surveyed district by district, with emphasis on deposit geology and mineralogy, world and domestic market conditions, production linkages between mines and processing facilities, and exploration activity. Current Russian output is less than one-half the former Soviet total of the mid-1980s, a reflection of difficult economic conditions, divergent interests of mine producers and the management of the Novosibirsk tin smelter, and declining ore tenor at certain major deposits. Major deposits now are found exclusively in Russia's Far East economic region, often in remote and climatically inhospitable locations. Unlike most other major producing countries, the bulk of Russia's output comes from lode deposits rather than placers. A concluding section outlines factors expected to affect future tin demand in Russia and describes efforts to identify potentially promising nontraditional tin ore deposits.     

贵州铝土矿中伴生元素综合利用前景

矿产资源是一种有限的不可再生的资源，其综合利用将成为今后某些金属的重要来源。贵州铝土矿床多富含镓、钪、稀土元素等稀有伴生有用元素，且矿石冶炼后的残渣．赤泥中更加富集这些元素，具有巨大潜在经济价值，本文认为通过对铝土矿中这些伴生元素的赋存状态、分布规律、控制因素和规模的系统研究，并结合合理的工业技术，不仅可为我国稀有金属元素提供战略基地，同时也能为铝工业注入新的活力，增加新的产业及经济增长点。     

新疆乌什北山铝土矿成矿特征与找矿远景研究

铝土矿床（点）,位于南天山石炭纪被动大陆边缘,其中阿依里河是铝土矿成矿中心,区域上矿体沿地层走向在北东、南西地区均有稳定的延伸。以阿依里河铝土矿矿床为例,阐述了新疆乌什北山一带铝土矿成矿地质条件、含矿层位、矿床地质特征。工业铝土矿体主要产在中石炭统灰岩内的3个侵蚀面上,矿体以似层状、透镜状为主,其形态及规模受侵蚀面及古地形的控制。笔者分析了铝土矿矿床成因类型、矿石类型,总结了矿区的成矿规律和铝土矿找矿标志,乌什北山一带有形成大中型铝土矿成矿的地质条件,具有寻找大型铝土矿的找矿远景和潜力,认为滚滚铁列克至英阿特一带中石炭统分布的狭长地带是重要的找矿靶区。     

河南陕县瓦碴坡铝土矿床地质特征及成因探讨

矿床产于下古生界碳酸盐岩不整合面上,严格受沉积间断面的控制。矿区及外围是由3个矿带、30余个矿体组成的大型铝土矿床,是河南省内主要富铝（黏）土矿成矿带之一。矿床受潮湿热带气候中形成的红土化与成矿密切相关;侵蚀面上形成大小不等的洼地及溶斗是铝土矿的定位空间,海湾泻湖相沉积环境是铝土矿床形成的有利条件。研究表明,矿床属于海相成因的短距离搬运-机械沉积为主的铝土矿类型,认为此区具有较好的铝土矿成矿前景。     

中国铝土矿沉积中的碎屑锆石记录: 对铝土矿物源模式与矿床分类的启示*

通过收集、整理和分析来自中国20个铝土矿床/矿点的3439个碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄数据以及297个来自铝土矿沉积下伏碎屑岩基底的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄数据,对近年来中国铝土矿床的碎屑锆石年代学研究进展进行了综述。对现代热带地区红土剖面中锆石矿物稳定性评估认为在强化学风化条件下锆石颗粒仍然能保持化学与物理的稳定性,因此锆石是铝土矿沉积中良好的物源指示物。对中国铝土矿沉积物源研究表明,即使是形成在碳酸盐岩基底上的铝土矿,其中仍有大量硅铝酸盐沉积物风化产物的加入。此前的铝土矿床分类体系,多依照基岩岩性与矿体形态结构特征进行分类,在使用时可能会造成分类的模糊性与不确定性。中国铝土矿沉积中广泛存在指示准原地及异地成因的碎屑锆石组分,使用原地/异地指标也无法进行有效区分。基于以上原因,建议在考虑铝土矿分类方案时,除考虑铝土矿的风化产物属性外,还应对其作为沉积物/沉积岩的属性加以考量,新的铝土矿床分类方案是当前铝土矿研究中亟待解决的问题。此外,铝土矿的碎屑锆石年代学研究虽然为铝土矿物源研究提供了重要约束,但仍然需要结合区域地质背景及地球化学研究来提供更全面的铝土矿物源信息。     

Detrital zircon records in bauxite deposits of China: Implication for the provenance model and ore deposits classification of bauxite

Based on 3439 detrital zircon U-Pb datapoints collected from the bauxite deposits of China and 297 detrital zircon U-Pb datapoints from underlying clastic rocks,this study reviews the recent progress in the detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of bauxite deposits in China. Stability assessment of zircon grains in modern tropical weathering profiles proves the chemical and physical stability during the and intense weathering and bauxitization,which makes zircon become a good provenance indicator. Sedimentary provenance study of bauxite deposits in China indicates that even the bauxite deposit developed on the carbonate rocks,there was still considerable input of the weathering aluminosilicate materials. Previous classifications of bauxite deposit are mainly based on the lithology of basement rock and features of ore body,applications of these classifications will cause ambiguities and uncertainties. For widespread parautochthonous and allochthonous detrital zircon grains within Chinese bauxite deposits,parautochthonous and allochthonous criterion is invalid in classification of Chinese bauxite deposits. Here we suggest that the bauxite study requires a new classification of ore deposit,which should consider the weathering process of bauxite deposits as well as the position of bauxite deposit in the sedimentological framework. Although detrital zircon study provides important constrains for the provenance of bauxite deposits,combination of regional geological background and the geochemical characteristics are still essential for the comprehensive cognition of source materials.     

河南省的铝土矿

河南省的铝土矿赋存于石炭系本溪组中,按成矿物质来源可分为原地型和异地型两种类型.成矿物质来源主要与古风化壳的地形形态有关.矿床规模、矿体形态、矿石质量主要受奥陶纪-石炭纪之间的侵蚀间断时间、侵蚀间断面形态及距古陆的距离控制.滨海-湖-沼泽相是铝土矿形成的有利环境.陕县-新安一带是寻找隐伏型铝土矿的有利地区.     

Ferruginous Microspherules in Bauxite at Maochang, Guizhou Province, China： Products of Microbe-Pyrite Interaction？

The Maochang bauxite in Guizhou Province is one of the important aluminum ore deposits in southwestern China. Ferruginous spherules, measuring about a few microns across, were found in the transitional layer of the deposit. The EDS and XRD results show that the microspherules are composed mostly of iron （hydr）oxide minerals （goethite） with only weak presence of aluminum and silicon. Occasionally, some pyrite micrograins with dissolved surface are found associated with goethite within the spherules. It is thus suggested that microspherules are linked to pyrite oxidization. It is also thought that microbial activities contribute not only to pyrite oxidization, but also to ball-like assemblage of the iron （hydr）oxides. The mechanism of the formation of ferruginous microspherules is also believed to be important in studying geomicrobiology of bauxite.     

广西红土型高铁三水铝土矿资源潜力预测

在对区域成矿特征与典型矿床研究的基础上,系统总结了广西红土型高铁三水铝土矿的成矿地质特征,深入分析了红土型高铁三水铝土矿成矿的控制因素。进而运用基于GIS的“矿床模型综合地质信息预测方法”对广西红土型高铁三水铝土矿进行了综合定位和定量预测,共圈定了42个最小预测区,估算未查明预测资源量7.67×108t。该成果对广西红土型高铁三水铝土矿进一步勘查开发具有重要的指导意义。