Ordovician lithotectonic complexes in allochthons of the southern Urals

Ordovician complexes of the convergent margins of lithospheric plates are established in the Paleozoides of the southern Urals. Several types of Ordovician sections that make up allochthons and characterize different geodynamic settings are thoroughly studied and dated on the basis of conodont biostratigraphy. The geochemistry and petrology of volcanic rocks bear information on the evolution of the Paleoural ocean and the convergent relationships of plates from the end of the Llanvirnian. The suprasubduction volcanic activity in the Late Ordovician gave way to within-plate volcanism of extension zones, the development of which continued into the Early Silurian.     

基于激光U-Pb定年的埋藏白云岩形成过程——以塔里木盆地永安坝剖面下奥陶统蓬莱坝组为例

埋藏白云石化作用是形成厚层块状白云岩的主要机制之一,但其形成过程一直存在争议。本文以塔里木盆地永安坝剖面蓬莱坝组为例进行解剖,在露头和薄片岩石学研究的基础上,利用激光U-Pb定年和同位素分析,剖析了蓬莱坝组白云岩形成时期及演化过程,取得三个方面的认识：（1）蓬莱坝组发育四种类型白云岩：藻纹层白云岩、自形-半自形细中晶白云岩、雾心亮边自形中晶白云岩和他形粗晶白云岩,不同类型白云岩垂向互层发育;（2）U-Pb定年结果显示蓬莱坝组受三期云化作用改造,分别为准同生期云化作用、晚奥陶世到志留纪浅埋藏云化作用（464±12Ma到433±22Ma）及泥盆纪埋藏云化作用（382±29Ma）,浅埋藏云化作用会对准同生白云石造成重结晶,而埋藏云化作用表现为白云石次生加大,存在寒武系云化流体卷入,影响U-Pb定年;（3）规模白云岩的发育为沉积环境和构造埋藏演化史共同作用的结果,提出塔中北斜坡和塔北南缘为规模白云岩发育区,这对本区油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

四川盆地奥陶系岩相古地理与勘探潜力

在前人研究基础上,依托露头和钻井资料,以沉积相分析为核心,结合四川盆地构造演化,采用单因素分析多因素综合法,以"组"为单元编制了奥陶纪岩相古地理图。奥陶纪四川盆地及邻区总体呈现西高东低的古地理格局,自西向东发育滨岸相、混积潮坪相、局限台地相、开阔台地相和斜坡相—盆地相。从岩相古地理视角对成藏条件的分析表明:奥陶系五峰组沉积期四川盆地主体属于局限海环境,发育了一套优质烃源岩,此外,与奥陶系临近的上覆志留系龙马溪组和下伏寒武系筇竹寺组烃源岩在有断层沟通的情况下可提供有效气源;奥陶系碳酸盐岩总体致密,白云石化、表生溶蚀和裂缝的存在是储层形成的关键因素,对应发育了桐梓组—红花园组颗粒滩白云岩储层、岩溶储层和宝塔组裂缝储层等三类储层;奥陶系发育下部(下生上储)和上部(上生下储)两套成藏组合,具有较好的勘探潜力。     

Carbonate petrology of an Upper Ordovician—Silurian section at the Lone Mountain,Eureka County,Nevada

This preliminary petrographic study of a Paleozoic carbonate section (Upper Ordovician to Silurian) in the Lone Mountain district in east-central Nevada provides new information on its microfacies and dolomitization. The occurrence of diversified microfacies in rocks from this section reveals the complex nature of their depositional history, as well as the subsequent diagenesis. Most microfacies from these rocks fall into two general groups: (1) dolomite facies which predominates in the Hanson Creek Formation (Upper Ordovician to Lowest Silurian) and the Lone Mountain Unit 1; and (2) dolomitized limestone facies which is common in the Lone Mountain Formation (Upper Silurian).The dolomite in the mid-Paleozoic carbonate section of the Lone Mountain is overwhelmingly diagenetic in origin. The early diagenetic dolomite is characterized by its homogeneous texture, uniform medium-to-coarse grain size and poorly preserved fossil impressions. The fossil content in this type of dolomite indicates its original calcareous nature. On the other hand, the late-diagenetic dolomite is characterized by its heterogeneous texture, non-uniform grain-size, detrital-quartz content and the presence of partly or incompletely altered fossil structures.     

上扬子区下古生界层序地层格架的初步研究

上扬子区下古生界在贵州及其邻区发育较为完整。在震旦纪与寒武纪之交的台地淹没事件之后,寒武系形成一个从深水盆地相黑色页岩系到大套台地碳酸盐的沉积序列,其中下寒武统包含5个三级层序而可以进一步归为一个二级层序,中上寒武统构成一个二级层序而且可以进一步划分为7个三级层序。奥陶纪艾家山世末期的都匀运动、奥陶纪末期的与冈瓦纳大陆冰期相响应的全球海平面下降事件以及志留纪末期广西运动的共同作用,造成扬子地台大幅度的古地理变迁以及残留不全的奥陶系和志留系。详尽追踪和对比的结果可以将奥陶系划分为8个三级层序且可以进一步归为一个二级层序,在残留不全的的志留系中可以划分出7个三级层序并可以进一步归为一个二级层序。层序地层格架的建立,可以大致解读许多有趣的地质现象,如寒武纪碳酸盐台地的生长过程,奥陶纪与志留纪之交的“浅海静水”型黑色页岩系的发育特点,志留纪由北而南的海侵所造成的复杂的志留系展布特征等等;同时也意味着许多有待于进一步研究的问题,早寒武世数次快速海侵事件与生物事件的关系,奥陶系顶部特殊的“观音桥灰岩”的成因,奥陶系红花园组海绵生物礁的基本沉积模式等等。     

东秦岭中部奥陶系-志留系界线地层及腕足动物群

东秦岭中部晚奥陶世和早志留世地层分布较广,化石较丰富,尤其是腕足类,分为寺岗组、石燕河组、刘家坡组和张湾组。曾庆銮等(1993)根据腕足类及其群落的更替,把石燕河组和刘家坡组归於早志留世,因而引起较大争论。本文据岩性将寺岗组和石燕河组分别改称为石燕河组下段和上段,并据腕足类化石认为石燕河组和刘家坡组应归於晚奥陶世、张湾组为早志留世;另据上述地层生物群落的特征及群落的更替,认为从石燕河组到刘家坡组,以及刘家坡组至张湾组恰好反映了全球冰期引起的晚奥陶世海退和早志留世冰期结束引起的海侵,故本区奥陶系-志留系界线宜划在刘家坡组和张湾组之间。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马五_5亚段白云岩地球化学特征及成因模式

依据岩心、薄片以及实验分析资料,表明鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马五_5亚段白云岩碳同位素分布区间与泥晶灰岩的分布区间类似,均介于-1.40‰~0.14‰,分布在同期海水值区间内;氧同位素组成介于-7.51‰~-5.98‰,较泥晶灰岩的偏正,但整体均较同期海水值偏负;稀土元素的配分模式与泥晶灰岩的相似,具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的特征;锶同位素也和泥晶灰岩的分布范围大致相当,且具有少数正常、多数偏正的特征。综合古气候、古沉积格局和海平面升降变化的特征,认为:(1)马五_5亚段白云岩主要由渗透回流白云石化作用形成,部分由蒸发泵白云石化作用形成;(2)白云岩空间分布受海平面升降变化与沉积古地貌背景的共同控制,古地貌较高的中央古隆起—靖西台坪和靖东隆起带这两个区域上白云岩在相对海退期更为发育;(3)白云石的岩石结构组分之间的差异性与其形成的沉积背景有关,粉晶白云岩在中央古隆起—靖西台坪和靖东隆起带上均广泛发育,颗粒白云岩和含硬石膏结核粉晶白云岩仅零星分布在中央古隆起—靖西台坪带上,而白云石化不彻底的灰质粉晶白云岩和白云质泥晶灰岩主要分布在洼地中心和边缘地带。     

Ordovician system

Rocks in the Brungle‐Darbalara area of the Tumut Trough form two distinct domains: basement (mainly Bullawyarra Schist), of Cambrian‐Ordovician age, and an Ordovician ‐ Early Silurian sedimentary and volcanic cover sequence. These two domains are separated by a sharp discontinuity that marks an abrupt change in rock type, structure, metamorphic grade and deformation style. Cover sequences have undergone only one major penetrative deformation during the Late Silurian, involving sub‐greenschist facies metamorphism and upright folding. In contrast, the basement also underwent at least two older deformations at greenschist facies and contains distinct high‐strain zones subconcordant with the basement‐cover contact. The high‐strain zones, characterized by a ubiquitous south‐southeast trending mineral lineation, record a discontinuous history of ductile followed by brittle behaviour, consistent with an extensional origin.

The structural and metamorphic discontinuity separating basement from Silurian cover is characterized by widespread cataclasis and alteration and is interpreted as a major detachment fault associated with lithospheric extension and the development of the Tumut Trough in the Early Silurian. During the main period of movement on the detachment, which took place prior to intrusion of the Blacks Flat Diorite into the Bullawyarra Schist, mafic and serpentinized ultramafic rocks either were tectonically emplaced or intruded into the high strain zones. This preceded and accompanied extensional faulting of the cover and deposition of Silurian trough sediments and volcanics which unconformably overlie and onlap older units.

The development of the Tumut Trough, in the Brungle‐Darbalara area, bears many similarities with that of Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes. Such a model is consistent with environments suggested for the trough by previous workers. The south‐southeast extension direction parallels the trough‐bounding faults and implies an overall strike‐slip tectonic setting.     

重庆綦江观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性新认识*

重庆綦江观音桥剖面是上奥陶统观音桥层(组)的建层(组)剖面。该剖面上奥陶统和下志留统地层连续,在前人研究中被广泛提及。观音桥层是奥陶系顶部层位,含较多特征明显的赫南特贝化石,可能反映了赫南特冰期海平面下降。在前人相关文献中均提及观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性为灰岩,但本次研究发现,对观音桥层岩石滴稀盐酸时一般起泡较微弱,显微薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光测试均显示观音桥层白云石含量通常大于50%,呈微晶—粉晶结构,自形晶—半自形晶,方解石含量常小于15%,因此所观察到的观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性是(灰质)白云岩。进一步分析表明: 在阴极发光下白云石不发光,方解石呈现较强的红色光; 扫描电镜测试显示白云石多为含铁白云石; 显微薄片显示白云岩中少量白云石发生去云化作用,被方解石交代; 碳、氧同位素测试显示白云石碳同位素较腕足类化石及方解石脉偏负,腕足类化石碳、氧同位素与同期海水不一致。上述分析表明观音桥层碳酸盐岩经历了较强的成岩作用影响,推测观音桥层白云石化主要发生于成岩期。这一认识与80多年来关于綦江观音桥剖面观音桥层岩性的认识不一致,对白云岩的识别有助于更深刻认识奥陶纪—志留纪界限地质事件及环境变化。     

扬子地台东南缘上奥陶统五峰组斑脱岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

扬子板块东南缘思南地区上奥陶统顶部—下志留统底部地层中普遍发育一层斑脱岩。选取思南县罗湾沱上奥陶统五峰组剖面进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得其年龄加权平均值为449±11Ma,限定了该区域奥陶系—志留系地层沉积年龄,为扬子板块东南缘思南地区奥陶系—志留系界线附近的火山喷发事件、地层年代学研究提供了较可靠的证据。449±11Ma的年龄与扬子板块北西大巴山一带的年龄数据高度吻合,但略晚于华北克拉通西南缘奥陶系顶部斑脱岩的年龄(449.0～465.8Ma)。其所代表的火山活动可能与华夏板块向扬子板块俯冲有关。晚奥陶世—早志留世晚期,多期次的火山喷发事件影响了当时的海洋化学条件、生态圈环境,造成中—晚奥陶世以来的生物灭绝事件及冰川启动。     

塔里木盆地寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集特征与白云岩成因探讨*

塔里木盆地油气资源丰富,在寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩中发育有优质储集层。在野外地质观察、岩心观察与分析、常规薄片和铸体薄片观察鉴定基础上,详细研究了塔里木盆地寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩的储集特征,划分了储集空间类型,并对不同储集空间形成与演化做了初步分析。碳酸盐岩储集层的储集空间可分为孔、洞、缝3大类,进一步又划分为粒内孔、粒间孔、晶间孔、铸模孔、生物格架孔、孔洞、洞穴、构造缝、压实压溶缝和溶蚀缝10小类。溶洞与裂缝为最有效的储集空间。碳酸盐岩的原始储集空间经历了多期成岩作用改造,另外后期构造活动也提供了大量裂隙通道,有效储集空间绝大部分为次生成因,溶蚀作用很大程度上改善了储集性能。碳酸盐岩储集层分为裂缝—孔隙型、裂缝—孔洞型和裂缝型,其中裂缝—孔洞型为最有效的储集层。在寒武系和下奥陶统发育了不同成因的白云岩：寒武系白云岩主要形成于蒸发潮坪/潟湖有关的潮上和潮间带,属于准同生期产物;下奥陶统白云岩主要属于回流渗透/混合水白云岩化产物,另外在下奥陶统礁滩石灰岩部分白云岩化,属于交代白云岩化产物。在盆地深部奥陶系中同时发育有交代成因白云岩,属于晚期埋藏白云岩化产物。     

塔里木盆地中央隆起中部中下奥陶统白云石类型及形成机理

根据岩心及薄片观察,按照矿物晶体的大小、形状以及自形程度的差异,将塔里木盆地中央隆起中部中下奥陶统碳酸盐岩地层中的白云石分为6种类型,包括泥微晶白云石、粉—细晶自形—半自形漂浮状白云石、粉—细晶半自行—他形白云石、粉—细晶自形(环带)白云石、细—粗晶他形白云石、粗晶鞍形白云石。综合不同类型白云石的结构特征、碳氧锶同位素值、阴极发光等特征,认为中下奥陶统白云石主要由三种成岩作用形成:泥微晶白云石主要是在准同生期由回流白云石化形成;大部分粉—粗晶白云石是在埋藏期由埋藏白云石化形成,其中浅埋藏期是大规模白云石化的阶段;粗晶鞍形白云石主要由与高温热液活动相关的热液白云石化形成。     

山东青州尧王山地区寒武系-奥陶系界线及地层划分

鲁西地区的晚寒武世——早奥陶世地层，由于发生了较强烈的白云岩化作用，地层中的沉积构造和生物化石几乎消失殆尽，地层划分对比很困难，甚至寒武系与奥陶系的界线也难以确定。调查发现，青州尧王山地区该时期的地层发育齐全，白云岩化程度较弱，牙形石化石丰富，可与国际层型剖面对比，是鲁西地区完善地层划分和确定寒武系与奥陶系界线的理想地区。     

江西德安夏家铺S_1/O_1~1呈假整合剖面的发现

<正> 江西北部的奥陶系研究程度较高,但存在扬子地层区(介壳相)与江南地层区(笔石相)之过渡带的地层划分对比及与志留系的接触关系。我们在德安夏家铺于过渡带内采     

塔里木盆地塔中北坡走滑断裂特征与奥陶系油气勘探

通过二维、三维地震资料解释与构造解析,明确了塔里木盆地塔中北坡发育多条北东向、北东东向走滑断裂带,在平面和剖面上识别出了6种走滑断裂活动的标志。研究表明,塔中北坡走滑断裂在剖面上呈直立断层、花状构造,北东向走滑断裂下部表现为明显挤压隆升,而上部则表现为继承性张扭负花状构造,具有"下拱上掉"的特征,表明了断裂的多期走滑活动。总体上可划分为中奥陶世末—志留纪压扭走滑断层、晚泥盆世—早石炭世张扭走滑断层和晚二叠世末逆冲断层三期,它们在空间上相互叠置。研究认为走滑断裂的变形强度控制了奥陶系裂缝及缝洞型储层发育范围,走滑断裂的分段性对优质缝洞型储层发育具有较强的控制作用。提出了在变形强度大的裂缝发育区、走滑断裂拉张部位的断洼区,以及受后期张扭走滑断裂叠加改造的断槽部位的串珠状地震反射异常体发育区,是下步寻找天然气规模储量的有利勘探方向。     

扬子区奥陶纪、志留纪四射珊瑚分类、生物地层与生物古地理新认识

对扬子区中奥陶世至晚志留世四射珊瑚已发表的属种进行全面清理和厘定。现统计扬子区中奥陶世至晚志留世四射珊瑚约有117个属,其中以晚奥陶世和早志留世珊瑚属数最多。117个属中至少有30个属最早出现在扬子区中、晚奥陶世和早志留世地层。因此,扬子区被认为是奥陶纪、志留纪四射珊瑚起源中心之一。完善和修订扬子区中奥陶世至晚志留世四射珊瑚组合序列,使地层时代划分上均与国际通行标准(统、阶)接轨。尤其对扬子区早志留世Rhuddanian晚期,Aeronian早、晚期以及Telychian早、晚期四射珊瑚组合的重新建立和细分。最新资料表明晚奥陶世观音桥四射珊瑚动物群不但有更多的北欧同期的珊瑚分子,而且还产有北美标准属种Salvadorea,Brachyelasmasubregulare等说明两者也存在一定的联系。扬子区早志留世(Llandovery)的众多四射珊瑚属均为世界广布的,但也有许多地方性属(约有22个,占总数的23·4%)。就珊瑚生物古地理关系,它与同期的西伯利亚、哈萨克斯坦和澳大利亚珊瑚群较密切。     

西藏奥陶纪和志留纪海相红层的分布与时代

本文对曾经考察过的西藏自治区主要研究剖面(即:聂拉木、定日、定结和申扎剖面)重新研究,参照国内已知的西藏奥陶纪和志留纪地层资料,对西藏地区奥陶系和志留系的海相红层进行系统研究。在西藏奥陶—志留系中,识别出11层海相红层。其中,在奥陶纪地层中识别出6层海相红层,在志留纪地层中识别出5层海相红层。已识别出的11层海相红层中,除奥陶纪青泥洞组海相红层(XORB1)属于深水大洋红层外,其它10层海相红层均属于浅水-半深水的陆棚红层。依据海相红层及其上下层位所含化石,本文初步讨论了各海相红层的大致时代,并与我国主要地区的同期海相红层进行了对比。     

塔里木盆地巴什托普构造带志留系、奥陶系油气藏预测

巴什托普构造带已经发现了石炭系的生物碎屑灰岩油藏,其烃源岩为寒武系—奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩层。推测油气运移必经之路上的志留系圈闭和奥陶系圈闭中可能存在油气藏。对巴什托普构造带石炭系以下志留系和奥陶系的分析表明,志留系下砂岩段与其上覆的红色泥岩段可以构成一个有利的储盖组合,下奥陶统石灰岩段有可能形成石灰岩岩溶并与其上覆志留系巨厚的暗色泥岩段组成一套储盖组合。在巴什托普构造带,在与油源沟通良好、构造圈闭有利的位置上,应该可以形成工业性油气藏。     

Dolomite-rock textures and secondary porosity development in Ellenburger Group carbonates (Lower Ordovician), west Texas and southeastern New Mexico

Pervasive early- to late-stage dolomitization of Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group carbonates in the deep Permian Basin of west Texas and southeastern New Mexico is recorded in core samples having present-day burial depths of 1.5–7.0 km. Seven dolomite-rock textures are recognized and classified according to crystal-size distribution and crystal-boundary shape. Unimodal and polymodal planar-s (subhedral) mosaic dolomite is the most widespread type, and it replaced allochems and matrix or occurs as void-filling cement. Planar-e (euhedral) dolomite crystals line pore spaces and/or fractures, or form mosaics of medium to coarse euhedral crystals. This kind of occurrence relates to significant intercrystalline porosity. Non-planar-a (anhedral) dolomite replaced a precursor limestone/dolostone only in zones that are characterized by original high porosity and permeability. Non-planar dolomite cement (saddle dolomite) is the latest generation and is responsible for occlusion of fractures and pore space. Dolomitization is closely associated with the development of secondary porosity; dolomitization pre-and post-dates dissolution and corrosion and no secondary porosity generation is present in the associated limestones. The most common porosity types are non-fabric selective moldic and vuggy porosity and intercrystalline porosity. Up to 12% effective porosity is recorded in the deep (6477 m) Delaware basin. These porous zones are characterized by late-diagenetic coarse-crystalline dolomite, whereas the non-porous intervals are composed of dense mosaics of early-diagenetic dolomites. The distribution of dolomite rock textures indicates that porous zones were preserved as limestone until late in the diagenetic history, and were then subjected to late-stage dolomitization in a deep burial environment, resulting in coarse-crystalline porous dolomites. In addition to karst horizons at the top of the Ellenburger Group, exploration for Ellenburger Group reservoirs should consider the presence of such porous zones within other Ellenburger Group dolomites.     

从弧后盆地到前陆盆地——北祁连造山带奥陶纪—泥盆纪的沉积盆地与构造演化

北祁连加里东期造山带是在新元古代Rodinia联合大陆(Pangea-850)基础上裂解,经由寒武纪裂谷盆地、奥陶纪初期成熟洋盆、奥陶纪中晚期北祁连活动大陆边缘、志留纪—早、中泥盆世碰撞造山而形成的。奥陶纪中、晚期,北祁连、走廊地区中、上奥陶统发育洋壳-岛弧-弧后火山岩,形成典型的沟-弧-盆体系的沉积。志留纪—早、中泥盆世是北祁连-走廊沉积盆地的转换时期。除天祝、古浪、景泰及肃南等局部地区发育下志留统钙碱性系列火山岩以外,全区志留系均以碎屑岩沉积为主。志留系底部多见一套砾岩层。下—中志留统为典型复理石相的浊流沉积。上志留统变为滨浅海相磨拉石沉积。早、中泥盆世雪山群为典型的陆相粗碎屑磨拉石沉积。从空间分布上看,志留系—泥盆系在走廊—北祁连地区也有自北向南厚度加大、粒度变粗的特征,古流以由南向北、来自造山带的古流为特征。北祁连-河西走廊奥陶纪弧后盆地火山岩—志留系复理石-海相磨拉石—中、下泥盆统陆相磨拉石的充填序列以及空间分布特点,反映为典型的弧后盆地向前陆盆地转化的沉积序列。