柴达木盆地航磁资料微弱信息增强技术研究及在线性构造识别中的应用

目的利用重磁异常数据微弱信息增强技术识别线性构造的方法,并介绍其实现过程.方法文中提出了一种梯级带滤波增强非线性滤渡技术与Tilt梯度及其水平导数的有效结合,增强放大微弱信息再识别提取线性构造,利用数字图象显示技术成图.结果识别出柴迭木盆地线性构造多条,分析对比柴达木盆地区域地质构造资料及重力解释成果,具有较好的吻合性.为深入研究该地区线性构造、成矿特征、寻找勘探靶区补充了新的证据.结论该方法提取了区域航磁异常资料中的微弱信息,弥补传统方法的不足,对断层边界及异常的边界划定更为准确.梯级带滤波增强技术与Tilt梯度及其水平导数相结合取得良好的解释效果.     

重磁异常解释断裂构造的处理方法及图示技术

利用重磁异常解释断裂是地质构造研究的主要手段之一.重磁异常解释断裂通常是在等值线图或剖面平面图上进行的,而重磁异常在进行等值线网格化成图时会造成微弱信息丢失,这些原因造成重磁异常解释断裂的多解性.本文对重磁异常数据在化极、曲面延拓处理的基础上,采用水平梯度法提取延拓曲面上的重磁异常梯度带,之后对断裂带进行窄化处理,通过图示技术将重磁异常数据转换成灰度值,图像的灰度值以变密度显示,形成彩色的变密度图像,这样就提高了数据图像识别断裂的视觉效果.该方法应用在鄂尔多斯盆地不同层次(时间序列)的断裂研究中,提取和识别重磁异常特征所反映的断裂信息,效果较好.     

基于一阶差分的岩溶管道充电法电位水平梯度异常分离方法

在隐伏岩溶探测中,为实现岩溶管道引起的充电法电位水平梯度局部异常与线性或低缓区域背景场的分离,突出局部微弱异常,本文根据半无限均匀大地中,良导电球体和无限长水平圆柱体充电电位水平梯度及其一次导数剖面曲线分布特征与规律,采用两点平滑法和一阶中心差分法推导出充电电位水平梯度一次导数的近视计算公式,建立了差分滤波函数F xi+1+12()h极小值点与线性或低缓区域背景场特征点的对应关系.在此基础上,提出了线性或低缓区域背景场的线性插值公式和拉格朗日插值公式,以及局部异常与线性或低缓区域背景场划分的作图法和解析法.差分滤波函数F xi+1+12()h对充电法电位水平梯度观测误差、地质噪声具有平滑和低通滤波作用,由此差分滤波函数F xi+1+12()h确定的实测充电法电位水平梯度线性或低缓区域背景场将更为合理,实现了充电法电位水平梯度局部异常与线性或低缓区域背景场的有效分离.利用该局部异常与线性或低缓区域背景场划分方法,实际处理了桂东北越城岭山脉东部岩溶区的洛潭水库实测充电电位水平梯度异常数据,提取了受强大区域背景场掩盖了的岩溶管道产生的微弱异常,突出了岩溶病态水库漏水通道、断裂构造分布等地质信息,为岩溶病态水库的除险加固工程供了有效的处理途径和工程靶区.地质钻探工程和地下水示踪试验均验证了所研发的基于一阶差分的充电法电位水平梯度局部异常与线性或低缓区域背景场分离方法的准确性、有效性和实用性.     

基于GIS的区域重磁空间信息集成研究

根据区域重磁场的特点,利用其水平一导峰谷值线可确定异常体的线性构造,垂向二阶导数可确定异常体的环形构造的基本原理,在计算机上自动完成重磁数据处理及成图;并基于GIS"空间分析"功能对图形进行模式识别;实现区域重磁构造的自动提取与空间信息的自动集成.通过对我国东昆仑1:100万重力资料的实际应用,表明其结果具有实用性,其信息集成技术可用于改造以往计算机成图并借助透明纸叠置的人工重磁资料解释工作模式.     

基于GIS的区域重磁空间信息集成研究

根据区域重磁场的特点，利用其水平一导峰谷值线可确定异常体的线性构造，垂向二阶导数可确定异常体的环形构造的基本原理，在计算机上自动完成重磁数据处理及成图；并基于GIS"空间分析"功能对图形进行模式识别；实现区域重磁构造的自动提取与空间信息的自动集成.通过对我国东昆仑1:100万重力资料的实际应用，表明其结果具有实用性，其信息集成技术可用于改造以往计算机成图并借助透明纸叠置的人工重磁资料解释工作模式.     

Daubechies多尺度小波分析技术及其在漠河盆地断裂带划分中的应用

在位场数据处理及解释中,断裂的提取至关重要,因此,如何更有效提取边界信息,压制数据中的噪声成为解释人员重点研究目标.本文通过讨论用于识别重力断裂构造模型的导数方法与Daubechies小波分析方法在信号分析过程中的异同,证明了这两种方法在断裂识别中的有效性.提出将这两种断裂识别方法相结合进行断裂识别的新方法.通过对漠河盆地高精度重力剖面测线数据使用经典断裂反演方法和Daubechies多尺度小波分析相结合的方法划分出10条断裂构造,并在漠河盆地中依据平面重力异常利用上述方法识别出四组断裂构造,详细分析了由剖面数据及平面数据获得的各个断裂的构造特征.通过在漠河盆地高精度实测数据中的应用,多尺度小波分析与经典方法相结合的断裂构造识别方法可有效的避免单用经典方法时产生的多个离散点的影响及对断裂位置划分的干扰.该方法可明显去除一些不收敛的反演点位,使断裂图的清晰度得到大幅度提高.     

卫星重力资料在柬埔寨磅逊盆地中的应用研究

柬埔寨磅逊盆地位于泰国湾东部,构造上处于古特提斯缝合带东侧,属于中-古生代盆地,早期(石炭-二叠系)为板内克拉通盆地,晚期(晚三叠纪)由于北部抬升逐渐转换为板块边缘,受构造运动的多期改造变成陆内裂谷盆地.长期以来,磅逊盆地石油地质勘探研究程度很低.没有进行过任何油气勘探工作,缺乏地震、钻井资料.为了深入分析评价该区油气勘探潜力,此次研究综合应用新采集的2D地震资料和高精度卫星重力数据(样点分布密度:0.02°×0.02°),根据重力场理论,利用全球重力场模型(EGM96)计算了布格重力异常、重力垂向二阶导数和重力水平总梯度异常.利用地震资料对卫星重力资料进行约束反演、综合解释,预测了盆地基底埋深,分析了构造特征,划分了构造单元,为下一步勘探研究指明了方向.     

华北地块及邻区重力异常特征及地质结构

研究华北地块及邻区重力异常特征、地质结构和断裂构造,对该区地震风险研判和矿产资源远景规划具有重要意义。文章基于小波多尺度分解法、Parker-Oldenburg迭代反演法和重力异常导数法,利用华北地块及邻区布格重力异常数据,获得布格重力异常小波分解逼近场和细节场、莫霍面深度和重力异常导数。结果表明:(1)逼近场和细节场揭示出华北地块可分为西部的鄂尔多斯克拉通块体和东部的华北似环状裂谷盆地两个子单元。(2)莫霍面深度范围在28~52 km之间,呈NNE走向,由西向东逐渐变浅,具有显著的“东西分带”特征。尤为显著的是鄂尔多斯克拉通块体和华北似环状裂谷盆地,块体内部莫霍面变化较平缓,块体边界莫霍面变化剧烈。(3)根据重力异常导数结果识别并校正出研究区13条块体边界及主要断裂带。     

位场总水平导数极值位置空间变化规律研究

通过对位场总水平导数函数性质的研究表明,位场总水平导数不是位函数,因而利用位场总水平导数构造新的边缘识别方法时会出现"奇点",使得计算结果的稳定性下降.对单一边界、双边界、多边界模型重力异常总水平导数和重力异常垂向导数总水平导数极值位置的空间变化规律研究表明,重力异常垂向导数总水平导数和化极磁力异常总水平导数的极值位置相同,与重力异常总水平导数的极值位置空间变化规律相似.利用位场总水平导数极大值位置能够准确识别单一直立边界地质体的边缘位置,但不能准确识别其它任何形体的边缘位置,其识别结果的偏移量大小随地质体的埋深、水平尺寸以及倾斜程度等变化,但能收敛于某一固定值;重力异常垂向导数总水平导数比重力异常总水平导数的峰值更加尖锐、横向识别能力更强,其极大值位置更靠近地质体上顶面边缘位置,但存在"次极大值"的影响.     

Tilt梯度及其水平导数提取重磁源边界位置

探讨了用于探测异常源边界和形状的Tilt梯度及其水平导数的方法及其性质．通过模型试算,论证了Tilt梯度及其水平导数的有效性,并从理论上给予了证明．Tilt梯度及其水平导数的方法及其性质可广泛用于区域重磁异常的构造解释之中。     

Structural Setting of the Northeastern Biga Peninsula (Turkey) from Tilt Derivatives of Gravity Gradient Tensors and Magnitude of Horizontal Gravity Components

The tilt derivatives (or angles) are determined using the gravity gradient tensors (GGT) from two horizontal components (Gx, Gy) and vertical component (Gz), and the magnitude of the horizontal components (MHC). We show that the tilt derivatives from GGT and MHC are highly suitable for mapping linear geological structures or edges of target geology. The results obtained from theoretical data, with and without random noise, have been analyzed in this study. The tilt derivatives from GGT and MHC allow imaging the horizontal boundaries of gravity sources with a high resolution and show an improvement performance as edge detectors since they are ultra sensitive for detecting source boundaries. The tilt derivatives from GGT and MHC over the northeast of the Biga Peninsula in northwestern, Turkey are interpreted to image the edges of geological structures. Tilt derivatives provide a quick method which works well to obtain a detailed structural image of the complex area, with the most precision. The results indicate that the most predominant structural trends are in a NE-SW direction. Therefore, a good correspondence is recognized between structures well known by surface geology and many other lineaments which are unknown or only partially known.     

Gravity and magnetic investigation on the distribution of volcanic rocks in the Qinggelidi area,north‐eastern Junggar Basin (north‐west China)

A detailed investigation on the location of magmatic intrusions in the Carboniferous strata of the Qinggelidi area, north‐eastern Junggar Basin, is presented based on the interpretation of gravity and magnetic data constrained by petrophysical data, seismics and surface geology. The wavelet multi‐resolution analysis based on the discrete wavelet transform is adopted to the regional‐residual separation of gravity and magnetic anomalies. A power spectrum analysis is applied to estimate the source depths corresponding to different scales. A comparative analysis on the characteristics of local gravity and magnetic anomalies improved our understanding of volcanic rock distribution in the Carboniferous strata. Generally speaking, in total 75 anomalies are recognized, among which 23 are inferred to be the responses of basalts, diabases and andesites with high density and strong magnetization. Twelve anomalies are assumed to be caused by andesites, rhyolites and volcanic breccias with medium‐low density and high magnetization. There are still five anomalies that are believed to be generated by volcanic tuffs with low density and weak magnetization. Lastly, four cross‐sections in 3D gravity and magnetic modelling are displayed to provide a more thorough image of volcanic rocks in our study area.     

Structural Investigations of Afghanistan Deduced from Remote Sensing and Potential Field Data

This study integrates potential gravity and magnetic field data with remotely sensed images and geological data in an effort to understand the subsurface major geological structures in Afghanistan. Integrated analysis of Landsat SRTM data was applied for extraction of geological lineaments. The potential field data were analyzed using gradient interpretation techniques, such as analytic signal (AS), tilt derivative (TDR), horizontal gradient of the tilt derivative (HG-TDR), Euler Deconvolution (ED) and power spectrum methods, and results were correlated with known geological structures.The analysis of remote sensing data and potential field data reveals the regional geological structural characteristics of Afghanistan. The power spectrum analysis of magnetic and gravity data suggests shallow basement rocks at around 1 to 1.5 km depth. The results of TDR of potential field data are in agreement with the location of the major regional fault structures and also the location of the basins and swells, except in the Helmand region (SW Afghanistan) where many high potential field anomalies are observed and attributed to batholiths and near-surface volcanic rocks intrusions.A high-resolution airborne geophysical survey in the data sparse region of eastern Afghanistan is recommended in order to have a complete image of the potential field anomalies.     

Gravity and magnetic field characteristics and hydrocarbon prospects of the Tobago Basin

The Tobago Basin, which is located offshore northern Venezuela with a southern margin close to Trinidad and Tobago, has an area of approximately 59,600 km². The Tobago Basin has relatively favourable hydrocarbon prospects, and to date, exploration work has mainly concentrated on small areas of the southwestern portion of the basin. To conduct a comprehensive study of the structural framework of the basin and the characteristics of the basement in order to identify prospective zones for hydrocarbon exploration, shipborne‐measured and satellite‐measured gravity data, shipborne‐measured magnetic data, and aeromagnetic survey data were analysed. A regularisation filtering method was used to separate and obtain regional and residual gravity and magnetic anomalies. Directional gradients of gravity and magnetic anomalies and the total horizontal gradient and vertical second derivative of gravity anomalies were employed to extract information about fault structures. Regression analysis methods were used to determine the basement depth. The geological significance of the gravity and magnetic fields was examined, the structural framework of the basin was assessed, the basement depth was estimated, and favourable hydrocarbon exploration prospects within the basin were identified. The results show that the Tobago Basin contains complex structures consisting mainly of two groups of faults trending in northeasterly and northwesterly directions and that the major northeasterly trending faults control the main structural configuration and depositional system within the basin. The basement of the Tobago Basin has deep rises and falls. It can be divided into the following four secondary tectonic units: the western sub‐basin, the central uplift area, the southern sub‐basin, and the northeastern sub‐basin. The central uplift area and northeastern sub‐basin are most likely to have developed hydrocarbon accumulations and should be targeted for further exploration.     

青藏高原东北缘重力异常多尺度横向构造分析

本文研究了青藏高原东北缘地区布格重力异常特征,采用优化滤波法和归一化总水平梯度垂直导数法对研究区重力异常进行多尺度分离和横向构造分析.分离出的多尺度重力异常特征表明:1) 青藏高原东北缘地区大致以东经106°线为界,有一条醒目的重力异常梯级带,即贺兰山-六盘山-川滇南北构造带的北段,其东西两侧布格重力异常特征在形态和走向上截然不同,意味着两侧密度结构和构造特征存在明显差异. 2) 鄂尔多斯地块内部定边以北,重力异常高带走向由北东向转为近南北向,推测定边附近存在一个密度或构造界面,其两侧物质组成和构造特征具有差异,对比大尺度重力异常和中尺度重力异常,表明异常特征的这种差异主要是由上地幔深部结构引起的. 3) 青藏高原东北部各块体深部边界位置与地表构造分布不同,反映出该区构造复杂,深浅构造差异大. 4) 由于印度-欧亚板块碰撞及随后印度板块持续向北的挤压作用,造成青藏高原东北缘中、下地壳物质在巨大的北东向推挤力和鄂尔多斯刚性块体阻挡的共同作用下,沿着相对软弱的秦岭造山带方向蠕动.依据多尺度重力异常及其横向构造特征,综合推断出研究区内五条断裂带,即秦岭地轴北缘断裂带、海原-六盘山断裂带、香山-天景山断裂带、烟筒山断裂带和青铜峡-固原断裂带,并分析了它们在地壳深部的可能展布特征.     

川滇地区重力场动态变化及其强震危险含义

基于川滇地区2011—2014年的重力复测资料,系统分析了区域重力场时-空动态变化及其与2012年云南彝良MS5.7、2013年四川芦山MS7.0、2014年云南鲁甸MS6.5和四川康定MS6.3地震发生的关系.结合GPS、水准观测成果和区域地质构造动力环境,进一步研究了区域重力场变化的时空分布特征及其机理,讨论了近期区域重力场动态变化的强震危险含义.结果表明:1重力变化与川滇地区断裂构造活动存在密切空间联系,重力变化较好地反映了伴随活动断层的物质迁移和构造变形引起的地表重力变化效应.2重力资料对测区内2012年以来发生的4次MS5.7以上强震均有较好反映,地震前震中区及其附近观测到明显的区域性重力异常及重力变化高梯度带,可能是地震孕育过程中观测到的重力前兆信息.3区域重力场动态演化大体反映了青藏高原物质东流的动态效应,龙门山断裂带地壳受挤压隆起、面压缩率和重力上升变化的特征最为显著.4重力场的空间分布及其随时间变化与地壳垂直与水平运动及地质构造活动等观测结果有一定的对应关系,强震易发生在重力变化四象限分布中心地带或正、负异常区过渡的高梯度带上,研究区的一些重力异常部位仍存在中-长期大震危险背景.     

鄂尔多斯—中秦岭—四川东部的重力异常场与深部地壳结构

本文基于在跨越鄂尔多斯盆地、中秦岭造山带与渭河盆地、四川盆地东部长达1010km的综合地球物理探测剖面,实地采集的最新高精度重力位场数据,分析了不同构造单元的重力位场特征,构建了该剖面区域的地壳密度结构模型.进而通过分析地壳内部不同密度界面的横向差异特征及分区,确定了该剖面区域内的断裂分布,提出了鄂尔多斯盆地—中秦岭造山带—四川盆地的"盆-山-盆"型构造体系的新认识.     

Structural interpretation of the Erzurum Basin,eastern Turkey,using curvature gravity gradient tensor and gravity inversion of basement relief

The Erzurum Basin has received more attention in petroleum potential research because of its particularity in geographic and tectonic position. There remains debate on the basement structure of the basin since igneous rocks and faults make the structure and stratigraphy more complicated. We utilize gravity data to understand the structure of the Erzurum Basin. This study describes an edge enhancement technique based on the eigenvalues and determinant obtained from the curvature gravity gradient tensor (CGGT). The main goal of this technique is to delineate structural boundaries in complex geology and tectonic environment using CGGT. The results obtained from theoretical data, with and without Gaussian random noise, have been analyzed in determining the locations of the edges of the vertical-sided prism models. The zero contours of the smallest eigenvalue delineate the spatial location of the edges of the anomalous sources. In addition, 3-D gravity inversion of Bouguer anomalies has been used with purpose to estimate the structure of the substrata to allow modeling of the basement undulation in the Erzurum basin. For this reason, the Parker–Oldenburg algorithm helped to investigate this undulation and to evidence the main linear features. This algorithm reveals presence of basement depths between 3.45 and 9.06 km in the region bounded by NE–SW and E–W trending lineaments. We have also compared the smallest eigenvalue zero contours with the HGM images and Tilt derivative (TDR) of Bouguer anomaly map of the study area. All techniques have agreed closely in detecting the horizontal locations of geological features in the subsurface with good precision.     

Evidence for a new regional NW–SE fault and crustal structure in Tunisia derived from gravity data

A new Tunisian gravity map interpretation based on the Gaussian filtered residual anomaly, total horizontal gradient, and Moho discontinuity morphology established from gravity data exhibit a new regional northwest–southeast fault extending from Eastern Kairouan to Ghardimaou (Algeria–Tunisia Boundary). It presents a horizontal gradient maximum lineament that terminates the north–south Jurassic structures in the Kairouan plain. Further, this interpretation reveals other known fault systems and crustal structures in Tunisia. The new regional northwest–southeast fault constitutes with the north–south axis and Gafsa–Jefara faults the deepest faults coinciding with the Moho flexures, which had an important role in their initiation. They constitute the border intra‐continental crust faults of the Mesozoic rift. The newly recognized deep fault has critical implications for mineral and petroleum perspectives.