大城市郊区乡村转型与重构的典型模式分析——以天津东丽区华明镇为例

城市和乡村是连续统一体,乡村地域系统在城市化和工业化的带动下不断发生着转型与重构。探索乡村转型发展路径,总结成功经验模式,对促进乡村可持续发展乃至实现乡村振兴具有重要意义。城市郊区地处城乡交错带,相比农村腹地,乡村转型具有独特优势。本研究以华明镇为例,详细阐述了以城镇化整理路径实现乡村转型发展的典型模式。研究发现,华明镇乡村转型以“三整合”为标志,通过实施宅基地换房,建设现代农业产业园和工业园区,改革集体经济,创新金融服务,整合社区服务组织,实现了生产要素的优化配置,促进了村庄“人-地-业”协调发展。但是,以城镇化整理为主导的乡村转型模式,会造成传统乡村聚落的消失,需要强大的财政支持与政策体系支撑,仅适应于非农化水平较高的乡村地区,应审慎对待,不能盲目推进。     

制造业重构背景下的中国经济地理研究转向

改革开放诱发了以市场化、全球化和分权化为特征的首轮制造业重构,劳动密集型制造业快速发展,尤其在中国沿海地区形成大量外向型产业集聚,并由此构成“旧”经济地理格局。进入21世纪,“旧”经济地理格局的弊端凸显,加上外部变化的冲击,催动了以“向上走”、“向西走”和“走出去”为主的第二轮产业重构,全球化、区域化和地方化的共同作用形成了“新”经济地理格局。制造业地理格局的剧变使得中国经济地理相关研究亦发生巨大转向,重心逐渐从关注市场化、全球化和分权化过渡到产业升级、转移和去地方化等要点。中国相关研究不仅验证西方经典理论,同时对改进西方理论亦有重大贡献,尤其在对制度政策、国内市场、中国企业的能动性在产业重构中的作用等方面极大弥补了经典经济地理学的缺陷。本文最后还就经典理论的整合和研究方法的普适性对相关研究进行了展望。     

典型村域乡村重构的过程及其驱动因素

乡村重构是实施推进乡村振兴战略的重要手段,一个完整的乡村重构过程通常由初始期、发展期、趋稳期、稳成期等不同阶段组成。本文在构建乡村重构过程分析的理论框架基础上,探索引入乡村发展指数、乡村重构强度指数和乡村重构贡献率的概念,选取大都市郊区和平原农区典型村域开展乡村重构过程的定量研究和驱动因素的对比分析。研究表明：① 20世纪90年代以来,伴随产业结构由传统农业向工业采矿业、旅游服务业转型,黄山店村社会经济形态和地域空间结构发生了剧烈重构,乡村重构过程依次经历了初始阶段、发展阶段,目前处于趋稳阶段;杨桥村产业发展经历了传统农业主导、农业兼业化生产阶段,自2000年以来开始出现社会经济重构迹象,近年来在地方政府推动下生活空间发生重构,但经济形态尚未发生明显改观,目前村域整体上仍处于低水平发展阶段。② 黄山店村快速的乡村重构是市场需求牵引、政府宏观政策引导等外源性因素及资源环境、区位条件、行为主体、经济基础、文化特质等内源性因素综合作用的结果;杨桥村的重构历程主要受城镇化、工业化、技术进步等社会经济发展进程以及“新农村建设”“增减挂钩”等外源性政策因素主导,缺乏内生发展动力是导致其重构速度相对缓慢的根源。     

论乡村重构

快速城镇化进程驱动中国乡村地域发生巨大变化。乡村重构,即为适应乡村内部要素和外部调控的变化,通过优化配置和有效管理影响乡村发展的物质和非物质要素,重构乡村社会经济形态和优化地域空间格局,以实现乡村地域系统内部结构优化、功能提升以及城乡地域系统之间结构协调、功能互补的过程。本文在界定乡村重构的概念内涵,构建基于“要素—结构—功能”演变助推乡村重构的理论框架基础上,从空间重构、经济重构、社会重构视角探讨了乡村重构的实现路径,并着眼于服务当前国家重大战略需求和解决城乡转型发展进程中乡村地域系统面临的现实困境,提出了未来中国乡村重构研究需重点关注的内容。最后,就现有旨在促进乡村社会经济发展的重大引导性战略和政府干预性政策及其在实践操作中引发的一系列问题,展开批判性分析和讨论。     

Rural restructuring in China: Theory,approaches and research prospect

Rural restructuring is a process of reshaping socio-economic morphology and spatial pattern in rural territory in response to the changes of elements both in kernel system and external system of rural development, by optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements in the two systems. It aims at ultimately optimizing the structure and promoting the function within rural territorial system as well as realizing the coordination of structure and complementation of function between urban and rural territorial system. This paper establishes a theoretical framework of rural restructuring through elaborating the concept and connotations as well as analyzing the mechanism pushing forward rural restructuring based on the evolution of “elements-structure-function”, and probes the approaches from the three aspects of spatial restructuring, economic restructuring and social restructuring. Besides, the authors argue that the study of rural restructuring in China in the future needs to focus on the aspects of long-term and multi-scale process and pattern, mechanism, regional models, rural planning technology system and standard, policy and institutional innovations concerning rural restructuring as well as the impacts of globalization on rural restructuring, in order to serve the current national strategic demands and cope with the changes of rural development elements in the process of urban-rural development transformation.     

Geographical Dimensions of Environmental Restructuring in New Zealand*

During the 1980s, New Zealand underwent a period of dramatic economic, social, and administrative restructuring. The reform extended to the administrative arrangements for environmental management. A geographic restructuring model is used in this paper to establish the context in which the reforms were carried out. A combination of economic, environmental, and social influences operating at different geographic scales can be identified. These influences are subsequently illustrated through reference to three aspects of the restructuring that have distinct geographical dimensions: the definition of human-environment relations, the spatial definition of planning regions, and the implications of spatial differentiation for resource management policy and practice.     

地方创业与集群转型：一个理论整合的视角

在辨析地方创业概念和内涵的基础上,分析地方创业在集群发展不同阶段的作用和方式,并借鉴演化经济地理中最新的复杂理论,重点辨析在集群非线性发展过程中地方创业主体与集群结构的反馈过程,其中通过整合经济地理学中制度和关系转向的研究进展,提出必须特别关注在集群转型阶段地方创业主体的能动性,把地方创业过程看作创业家与集群内其他主体之间关系网络的制度-权力实践过程,这个实践过程的目的是为了使得新产业的技术范式和组织范式获得社会合理性,从而提高集群弹性,并促进集群转型和更新。     

Patterns of Growth and Change: Depicting the Impacts of Restructuring in Idaho

Geographers and other social scientists investigating the impact of economic and demographic restructuring have tended to focus on urban metropolitan areas. There has been much less exploration of the local impacts of such change in largely nonmetropolitan locales. Many of these nonmetropolitan regions, however, are some of the fastest growing in the U.S. This article addresses this issue by examining, at the county level, economic and population trends in the state of Idaho. Generally recognized for its agricultural outputs (such as potatoes), Idaho experienced a population growth rate of 18.1 percent during the 1990s, making it one of the fastest growing states in the U.S. However, population growth and the associated changes in the local economy were unevenly distributed across the state. This article develops a typology of growth and change, indicating patterns of growth related to two predominant trends: high–tech footloose capital investment and amenity– and tourism–related residential development. Implications of this analysis for future research are discussed.     

乡村发展与重构格局特征及振兴路径——以广西为例

乡村重构是实施推进乡村振兴战略的重要手段,系统开展典型地区乡村发展与重构的格局特征及问题识别研究,是新阶段面向乡村振兴战略需求科学施策的基础。以广西为案例地,基于熵值法支持下的TOPSIS模型,分时段综合评价全区乡村发展水平和乡村重构强度的格局特征,识别乡村发展与重构的问题区域,探讨实现乡村振兴的调控路径。结果表明：研究期内广西乡村发展水平快速提升,乡村地域正在由相对均质走向异质发展态势;各研究时段经济、社会、空间重构强度均值逐渐增大,经济重构愈发加快,空间重构后来居上但仍相对滞后;经济—社会—空间重构耦合度和协调度均值逐渐提升,但当前协调水平仍然不高。基于上述研究,识别出乡村发展与重构存在若干问题的7类计37个县域,问题区域的形成折射着地理环境影响的痕迹,是社会经济要素变化背景下地形地貌、区位条件、资源条件、经济基础、行为主体、区域政策多种因素综合作用的结果。乡村地域的健康发展有赖于经济—社会—空间的协调耦合,乡村振兴的实现既需要从宏观层面统筹谋划乡村重构的区域路径,还需要针对问题区域及其关键领域研制促进乡村社会经济发展和空间优化的调控措施。     

无锡城市制造业企业区位调整与苏南模式重组

苏南地域广阔,区域和城市发展路径多样。较多研究关注全球化背景下国家和省级开发区发展带来的苏南模式创新,但是城市化对苏南模式重组影响同样值得关注。基于企业数据的空间分析以及企业访谈和问卷调查资料,从制造业企业进入和退出的角度,考察无锡市南长区在从乡镇企业典型发育地区(郊区)转变为城区过程中的产业升级和空间格局调整过程。研究表明:南长区制造业经历了产权重组、结构重组和空间重组三个过程,呈现出中小高新技术企业为主、空间上高度集中等城市化特征。政府表现出明显的"企业化"倾向,与传统苏南模式中直接介入企业经营不同,地方政府通过规划调控以及开发区建设、税收等金融刺激政策和措施影响企业区位行为,从而推动城市产业结构的转型升级和空间再集聚。     

乡村聚落空间重构的理论解析

快速城镇化进程中中国传统乡村聚落空间面临剧烈分化和重组。在阐释乡村聚落空间重构的概念内涵基础上,基于宏观和中微观层面、客体和主体系统探讨了乡村聚落空间重构的机理,并提出了乡村聚落空间重构过程中需关注的要点。结论如下:① 乡村聚落空间重构即为适应城乡发展要素的变化,行为主体采取经济、技术、政策等手段调整村镇空间等级体系及干预单体聚落内部土地资源配置,以协调乡村地域人地关系的过程,具有重构内容复合性、重构目标多元性和重构过程复杂性的特点。② 乡村聚落空间重构折射着现代社会生产方式、经济结构、社会结构、制度演化、技术发展等宏观环境的变迁,并根植于所在乡村地域自然-经济-社会等客体系统的约束框架之内,凝聚着利益行为主体间的博弈、对抗、竞争与合作关系。③ 乡村聚落空间重构应正确处理人口-土地-产业关系,充分重视聚落的文化和生态价值,有效发挥政策和制度的支撑作用,以促进新时期乡村地域系统的全面振兴。     

高速铁路对中国城市空间相互作用强度的影响

高速铁路作为一种新型的交通方式,其快速发展将会带来交通运输史上一次重大的飞跃,且其对区域空间结构、人口流动、经济联系和土地利用等的影响也越来越成为人们关注的焦点。在中国区域经济一体化进程不断加快的背景下,研究高速铁路对城市空间相互作用强度的影响,对加强区域间经济联系、促进区域经济发展和地域空间组织模式的重构具有重要意义。本文基于GIS网络分析工具,构建时间成本矩阵,研究中国333个地级行政单元和4个直辖市对外经济联系总量和城市对间经济联系强度的空间分布特征,构建无高铁、高铁现状和规划高铁三种情景,并对三种情景进行模拟与探讨。结果显示：① 城市空间相互作用呈现出明显的地带性和“廊道效应”,反映了高速交通在重塑区域空间结构中的作用;② 高速铁路建设提升了城市对外经济联系强度总量,且逐渐从追求“效率”转向“公平性”;③ 高速铁路建设缩小了全国城市对外经济联系总量的差异,但却扩大了城市对间经济联系强度的差异;④ 三大城市群成为城市对外经济总量绝对获益量最大的地区,而其毗邻的中小城市成为提升速率最大的城市。     

Contested geographical imaginings of reunification: A case study of urban change in Leipzig

Geopolitics and city restructuring are typically regarded as separate scales and processes: the international and national versus the local. The local politics of urban change in an east German city in the period after reunification question this divide. The ‘pathways’ approach to post-socialist transitions is utilized to illustrate how reunification is contested as much in neighbourhood restructuring and actions in response to incoming capital and the dominance of western legalpolitical norms as it is in national or international discourses and practices. Assumed divisions between East and West, professional and lay, and local and national are questioned.     

中国农村空间商品化与乡村重构及其研究展望

基于已有文献,采用定量与定性相结合的分析方法讨论农村空间商品化与乡村重构之间的关联。借助CiteSpaceⅤ软件可视化分析发现乡村重构研究热点趋于多样化、分散化。“乡村旅游”作为乡村重构的实现路径之一,同时也是农村空间商品化的重点研究对象。梳理二者的研究框架,得出农村空间商品化研究从属于乡村重构研究框架,且突出概括农村经济重构过程。农村空间商品化是乡村重构实现的有效途径,乡村重构得益于农村空间商品化的推动等结论。     

The changing patterns of cropland conversion to built-up land in China from 1987 to 2010

Over the past few decades, built-up land in China has increasingly expanded with rapid urbanization, industrialization and rural settlements construction. The expansions encroached upon a large amount of cropland, placing great challenges on national food security. Although the impacts of urban expansion on cropland have been intensively illustrated, few attentions have been paid to differentiating the effects of growing urban areas, rural settlements, and industrial/transportation land. To fill this gap and offer comprehensive implications on framing policies for cropland protection, this study investigates and compares the spatio- temporal patterns of cropland conversion to urban areas, rural settlements, and industrial/ transportation land from 1987 to 2010, based on land use maps interpreted from remote sensing imagery. Five indicators were developed to analyze the impacts of built-up land expansion on cropland in China. We find that 42,822 km² of cropland were converted into built-up land in China, accounting for 43.8% of total cropland loss during 1987–2010. Urban growth showed a greater impact on cropland loss than the expansion of rural settlements and the expansion of industrial/transportation land after 2000. The contribution of rural settlement expansion decreased; however, rural settlement saw the highest percentage of traditional cropland loss which is generally in high quality. The contribution of industrial/transportation land expansion increased dramatically and was mainly distributed in major food production regions. These changes were closely related to the economic restructuring, urban-rural transformation and government policies in China. Future cropland conservation should focus on not only finding a reasonable urbanization mode, but also solving the “hollowing village” problem and balancing the industrial transformations.     

城际合作园区转型的制度空间重构机制——以锡沂高新区为例

立足制度空间视角,基于长三角城际合作园区发展总体规律,从微观实证深入,探讨其3次转型中制度重构与空间重构的互动关系,发现在产业转移、新城扩张与产业转型阶段,城际合作园区形成嵌入、扩张、重构3类典型制度空间模式,空间转型与制度空间重构处于相互影响、交织演进的动态过程;构建转型逻辑框架并指出,制度组织是主体网络的结构化再现,制度规则是其调控要素活动的手段,制度组织与制度规则共同作用推动空间重构;结果表明,“制度?空间”的交替演进、制度主体网络的周期波动、行动者策略选择的差异分层是园区转型发展的主线与基本规律。     

Metropolitics in Motion: The Dynamics of Transportation and State Reterritorialization in the Chicago and Toronto City-Regions

Abstract

The global economic crisis exposed the instability of financialized urban governance at precisely the moment when governing coalitions have launched ambitious, expensive plans to reimagine urban transportation infrastructure, driven by the imperatives of restoring accumulation amid intensifying economic and regional competition. In Chicago and Toronto, processes of urban restructuring and state reterritorialization disclose contradictory tendencies in the city-regions’ modes of urbanization. Tracing the contingent path-dependencies of transportation crises highlights tensions between, and within, preexisting metropolitan dynamics and an ascendant neoliberal city-regionalism. The mobilization of collective regional agency appears necessary to overcome the inertia of divisive metropolitan politics, yet the specific political–economic contexts of the case city-regions significantly condition the structural capacity of actors producing, and the potential articulation of, emergent city-regional governance.     

Restructuring the export-oriented industrialization in the Pearl River Delta, China: Institutional evolution and emerging tension

The rise of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) as a promising workshop of the “world factory” in China has attributed to the export-oriented industrialization driven by foreign direct investment, particularly Overseas Chinese investment from Hong Kong and Taiwan initiated in the late 1970s. The export-oriented industrialization has embedded in the flexible institutions favourable for foreign investors and local authorities, via the salient entry mode, i.e. processing with supplied materials (lailiaojiagong). Since the mid-2000s, the export-oriented industrialization has undergone dramatic restructuring to cope with the changing business environment at global, national and regional and firm levels. Drawing upon the evolutionary and institutional perspectives in geographical political economy approach, this study argues that the prevailed institutions conducive for the export-oriented processing have evolved into institutional inertia and territorial embeddedness as obstacles for the on-going restructuring, particularly the market reorientation from export to domestic sale. Moreover, difficulties of restructuring through the state-designated relocation have been heightened by the resistance from below and emerging state-firm tension. The institutional evolution of the export-oriented industrialization in the PRD has enriched the literature on industrial restructuring in the context of dynamic global-local interactions, but also provided fundamental implications for formulating well-coordinated restructuring strategies among various institutions and concerned actors.     

超越“演化”:老工业区重构研究进展与范式反思

老工业区重构是经济地理学的重要研究议题。在全球化步伐放缓和全球制造业下行的宏观背景下,老工业区已愈来愈成为各国发展战略制定的核心对象。对近十年有关老工业区重构的中外文献进行细致梳理,指出了当下研究存在范式应用多元化的趋势,但这些范式在概念使用、尺度聚焦、时空侧重和机制解释上存在显著差异,缺乏相互融合和优势互补,面临现实应用瓶颈。特别是,长期用于解释老工业区重构的演化经济地理学,因其忽视多尺度-多主体-多分析单元的能动性作用而难以有效解释重构过程、机制、结果及其背后的地理性。本文将转型研究中的多层次视角同演化范式相结合,提供了一种具备上下因果辩证解释力的多尺度分析框架,能有效解释老工业区重构问题。在此基础上,探讨了未来研究方向。     

全球重构中尺度重组及其地域性管制实践研究

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