流域上游基岩与下游冲积平原土壤化学组成的对比

对海河水系流域、鄱阳湖水系流域上游的基岩与下游的冲积平原土壤之间化学组成的对比研究显示,下游冲积物土壤的化学组成明显地受源岩成分、形成过程和形成环境的影响。流域上游基岩的一些特征元素在冲积物土壤中被明显地继承,如海河流域基岩和土壤中的CO2、CaO、MgO、FeO、Sr,鄱阳湖流域基岩和土壤中的W、Sn、Bi、U、Th、Pb、Rb、Tl、As、Sb、Se、Hg、Nb、Ta、Hf、B、Be、Ge、Pt、Pd、Y。受形成过程和形成环境的影响,处于暖温带半湿润季风气候下的海河流域冲积平原土壤以极富集CO2、CaO、Na2O、Cl,显著富集MgO、FeO、Sr,富集P、S为特征;而处于亚热带湿润季风气候下的鄱阳湖流域冲积平原土壤则以显著富集Hg、Se和富集Al2O3、Fe2O3H2O^＋、W、Sn、Bi、Mo、U、Th、Pb、Rb、Cs、Tl、Li、Be、B、Ga、Ge、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、As、Sb、Co、Cr、Ti、V、Zn、Pt、Pd、REE、Y为特征。无论是海河流域还是鄱阳湖流域的冲积平原土壤,均富集As、Sb、Hg、B、Cl、W、Sn、Bi、Pb、Se、Ge、Li、Cs、Cu、Au、Fe2O3、V、Cr、Ni、Zr、Hf、Y。     

变荷载下考虑井阻随时空变化的竖井地基固结解

竖井排水固结法中井阻随时空演变（即由淤堵和弯折所引起的竖井排水能力下降）的现象已引起广泛关注,且变井阻对竖井地基固结速率的影响不容忽略。但目前能同时考虑变荷载及井阻随时间和空间变化的固结解析解还鲜有报道。考虑井阻随时空演变过程,引入实际中广泛采用的单级或多级加载模式,建立了竖井地基固结模型,并应用分离变量法获得固结模型的解析解答。通过与已有的解析解、有限差分解及工程实测值进行对比分析,充分验证了该模型的正确性。通过大量的计算,分析变井阻参数对竖井地基固结性状的影响。结果表明：竖井地基固结速率随竖井最终排水能力的增大而加快,随深度井阻参数及时间井阻参数的增大而减缓,且时间井阻参数的影响更为显著。     

基于DRAINMOD-S模型的滨海盐碱地农田暗管排水模拟

在分析农田暗管排水饱和-非饱和土壤水、盐运移数学模型的基础上,对DRAINMOD-S模型的基本原理和参数输入要求进行了详细描述,利用典型滨海盐碱地区实测土壤、气象、作物等资料,用DRAINMOD模型对不同排水暗管布置方案的地下水埋深进行了长序列模拟,在模拟率定参数的基础上,用DRAINMOD-S模型对0~80 cm土壤层剖面含盐量进行了模拟,结果表明:模型具有良好的水文模拟性能,地下水位及土壤含盐量模拟值与实测值拟合精度较高;可用于预测盐碱地地下水埋深、土壤层剖面中盐分含量,是改良盐碱地农田暗管排水工程设计和水管理的有效工具。     

粤北大宝山矿尾矿铅污染迁移及生态系统环境响应

粤北大宝山铁多金属矿床的开发给环境带来了严重的危害。采选冶产生的废液及固体废弃物堆积的淋滤酸水, 携带浸滤出的大量重金属离子随着酸水排入下游河道, 严重影响矿区及酸水流域的生态环境。将矿床-土壤（含河流底泥）-水体-生命体视为统一的生态环境系统, 从尾砂、水体、河流底泥、土壤以及食用蔬菜等方面探讨整个环境系统对重金属Pb的环境响应。结果表明： 河流水中高Pb含量直接源于尾砂, 并受水体pH值的显著影响; 河流底泥能够大量聚集水体中的Pb, 在高pH值时, 相对稳定存在, 在水体pH值降低时, Pb会被再次从河流底泥中释放出来, 形成河流二次污染; 土壤中Pb含量受土壤pH值和土壤粒度的影响; 食用蔬菜中Pb的高含量受土壤Pb高含量决定, 并受土壤pH值的影响, 通过改善农业灌溉水质, 提高土壤pH值, 可以降低蔬菜重金属Pb含量。     

Soil and landscape studies in Western Aaustralia

The nature of the valley forms, and associated superficial deposits and soils of the South‐West Drainage Division of Western Australia are described. All the major rivers tap interior palaeo‐drainage lines associated with chains of salt lakes; thereafter, downstream, there is a succession of valley forms which are progressively more sharply incised and of steeper gradient. It is shown that this succession is repeated in all major rivers. The main palaeo‐drainage systems are named for the first time, and their catchments delineated. The changes in valley form which occur downstream of the palaeo‐drainage lines are interpreted as stages in rejuvenation of drainage of the epeiro‐genically uplifted Old Plateau of Western Australia. The relationship between the valley forms and patterns of distribution of soils, deeply weathered profiles and superficial deposits is described, and its agricultural, geochemical and hydrological significance briefly discussed.     

粤北大宝山矿酸性排水中铅元素环境地球化学

粤北大宝山铁多金属矿床的开发给环境带来了严重的危害。采选冶产生的酸性排水及固体废弃物堆积的淋滤酸水,携带浸滤出的大量重金属离子流入下游河道,严重影响矿区及酸水流域的生态环境。结果表明,河流水中高Pb含量直接源于尾砂,并受水体pH值的显著影响。河流底泥能够大量聚集水体中的Pb,在水体pH值降低时,相对稳定存在的Pb会被再次从河流底泥中释放出来,形成河流二次污染。土壤中Pb含量受土壤pH值和土壤粒度的影响,食用蔬菜中Pb的高含量由土壤Pb高含量决定,并受土壤pH值的影响,通过改善农业灌溉水质,提高土壤pH值,可以降低蔬菜重金属Pb含量。     

Effects of Soil Composition on Zn Speciation in Drainage Waters from Agricultural Soils

The influence of Zn speciation on Zn transport by drainage from different soils to surface water is examined in a stream catchment in an agricultural area. Drainage waters were collected from two types of soils, a mineral soil (MS) and a soil rich in organic matter (OS) by means of artificial drainage pipes. The speciation of dissolved Zn in the stream and the drainage waters was determined using ligand-exchange and voltammetry. About 50–95% of dissolved Zn is bound in strong complexes, and the free Zn²⁺ ion concentration is in the range of 1–16% of dissolved Zn. A substantial part of Zn is present in weaker organic or inorganic complexes. The simulated Zn speciation using the WHAM VI model is compared to the determined speciation. Free Zn²⁺ concentrations predicted by the WHAM VI model are generally higher than the analytically determined free Zn²⁺, but are mostly within the same order of magnitude. Effects of different soil organic matter content on Zn speciation and transport are discussed. Zn speciation in the drainage at the OS site is influenced by the distribution of organic matter between the solid and solution phase. The abundant organic Zn complexes in solution contribute to facilitate Zn transport from soil into surface waters, through the drainage at the OS site. Drainage from the OS site contributes about twice as much Zn input to the receiving water as the MS soil, as related to specific area. The mineral soil contains much lower organic matter, and a part of Zn bound with inorganic phases can hardly be released by dissolved organic ligands, leading to much higher Zn retention at the MS site.     

不同排水条件下砂-黄土界面的剪切力学特性

为了研究异质土在不同排水条件下的力学机理,进行了一系列环剪试验,对单一黄土、单一砂、砂-黄土组成的异质土在剪切力学特性上的差异及其产生机理进行了比较分析。结果表明：在不同排水条件下,砂-黄土组成的异质土在相互接触剪切的过程中,剪切应力变化形态和抗剪强度与单一黄土、单一砂之间存在显著差异,即砂-黄土组成的异质土在其剪切过程中呈现出了黏性土的剪切力学特征;在相同剪切速率条件下,砂-黄土组成的异质土在不同排水条件下的抗剪强度比单一黄土和单一砂的抗剪强度至少降低了71%和51%。不同排水条件下砂-黄土的剪切力学性质出现了差异,其主要原因与剪切面处砂与黄土之间的相互作用以及剪切面处土体内孔隙水状态有关。     

A simple analytical solution to one‐dimensional consolidation for unsaturated soils

This paper presents a simple analytical solution to Fredlund and Hasan's one‐dimensional (1‐D) consolidation theory for unsaturated soils. The coefficients of permeability and volume change for unsaturated soils are assumed to remain constant throughout the consolidation process. The mathematical expression of the present solution is much simpler compared with the previous available solutions in the literature. Two new variables are introduced to transform the two coupled governing equations of pore‐water and pore‐air pressures into an equivalent set of partial differential equations, which are easily solved with standard mathematical formulas. It is shown that the present analytical solution can be degenerated into that of Terzaghi consolidation for fully saturated condition. The analytical solutions to 1‐D consolidation of an unsaturated soil subjected to instantaneous loading, ramp loading, and exponential loading, for different drainage conditions and initial pore pressure conditions, are summarized in tables for ease of use by practical engineers. In the case studies, the analytical results show good agreement with the available analytical solution in the literature. The consolidation behaviors of unsaturated soils are investigated. The average degree of consolidation at different loading patterns and drainage conditions is presented. The pore‐water pressure isochrones for two different drainage conditions and three initial pore pressure distributions are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of crack formation process in clays during drying and wetting

Clays generally crack upon drying and the cracks gradually close up because of expansion of the clays induced by rainfall infiltration. Based on the concept of air drainage ratio, we introduce an improved simplified consolidation theory for unsaturated soils and apply it to solve the crack formation problem. We present initial conditions, special consideration, and finite-element (FEM) formulations for simulation of cracks under axisymmetric conditions. Similar to finding solutions for sand-well consolidation problems, a prism of clays surrounded by polygonal distributed cracks is simplified as a cylinder. Numerical simulations using the FEM formulations are performed on the processes of crack occurrence, propagation, and closure during drying and wetting. To investigate the influence of air drainage ratio distribution, three different schemes are adopted for computation. It is found that the behaviour of cracks in clays during drying and wetting can be well represented using the approach proposed in the paper. The simplified consolidation theory used in the paper for unsaturated soils is more suitable for crack analysis than the general consolidation theory currently applied.     

排水条件下卸荷土体变形特性的真三轴试验研究

在真三轴仪上模拟基坑开挖周边土体的应力路径,进行了排水与不排水两种卸荷试验,通过对试验结果的对比分析可知,土体在不同排水条件下应力-应变关系有着显著的差异,说明排水条件对土体的变形性状有一定的影响。进一步研究了排水条件下卸荷土体广义剪应力与广义剪应变的关系,证明土体广义剪应力与广义剪应变关系曲线呈明显的非线性,并根据土体实际应力路径定义了中主应力系数,推导出了土体卸荷剪切模量计算公式。     

土体应力-应变关系转型问题分析

通过对土体应力应变试验结果的分析,明确指出了土体普遍存在的应力-应变关系转型现象。提出了按后破坏模量和临界围压两个参数判别土体应力-应变关系转型的方法,对影响土体应力-应变关系转型的因素包括土的类型、围压、初始密度或含水率、排水条件及应力路径等进行了简要分析。最后,对砂土初步提出了一个能反映转型现象的组合应力-应变关系模型的理论框架。     

Heavy metal concentrations in floodplain surface soils, Lahn River, Germany

 Even relatively pristine drainage basins in industrial countries would appear to have received anthropogenic inputs of heavy metals. Investigation of floodplain surface soils in the Lahn River drainage basin, west-central Germany, indicates that the Cu concentration is 1.5 times the pre-industrial level, Pb and Zn contents twice the pre-industrial level; Cd, Co, and Cr concentrations are nearly equal to background metal values. Based on contamination standards developed for the Lahn River, floodplain soils are moderately contaminated with Pb and Zn, slightly contaminated with Cu. Metal contents are uniform across the floodplain, with the exception of a peak immediately adjacent to the Lahn River. Floodplain surface soil metal contents are less in the Lahn River basin than in larger drainage systems of Germany. Although Lahn River metalliferous sediments are presently immobile, they would, if eroded, contribute to downstream heavy metal concentrations. Consequently, metal storage in smaller drainage basins such as the Lahn should be considered in predictions of future metal loads in major river systems, for aggregate small basins could serve as significant metal contributors. Received: 21 August 1995 · Accepted: 23 January 1996     

FEM validation of a double porosity elastic model for consolidation of structurally complex clayey soils

Laboratory consolidation of structured clayey soils is analysed in this paper. The research is carried out by two different methods. The first one treats the soil as an isotropic homogeneous equivalent Double Porosity (DP) medium. The second method rests on the extensive application of the Finite Element Method (FEM) to combinations of different soils, composing 2D or fully 3D ordered structured media that schematically discretize the complex material. Two reference problems, representing typical situations of 1D laboratory consolidation of structured soils, are considered. For each problem, solution is obtained through integration of the equations governing the consolidation of the DP medium as well as via FEM applied to the ordered schemes composed of different materials. The presence of conventional experimental devices to ensure the drainage of the sample is taken into account through appropriate boundary conditions. Comparison of FEM results with theoretical results clearly points out the ability of the DP model to represent consolidation processes of structurally complex soils. Limits of applicability of the DP model may arise when the rate of fluid exchange between the two porous systems is represented through oversimplified relations. Results of computations, obtained having assigned reasonable values to the meso‐structural and to the experimental apparatus parameters, point out that a partially efficient drainage apparatus strongly influences the distribution along the sample and the time evolution of the interstitial water pressure acting in both systems of pores. Data of consolidation tests in a Rowe's cell on samples of artificially fissured clays reported in the literature are compared with the analytical and numerical results showing a significant agreement. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蠕变条件下吹填软土结构强度形成研究

土体的结构性对土的工程力学性质具有决定性的影响。本文以天津滨海吹填软土为土质材料,进行了蠕变作用下土体结构屈服应力形成试验及相应的微观结构分析。试验结果表明:蠕变对土体结构性的影响是一个综合作用的过程,其中排水条件最为关键,在此基础上,围压及偏压都对土体结构屈服应力的增长起作用,并随时间的增长而增长。反之,土体的结构屈服应力变化不大。微观结构分析表明,小偏应力蠕变作用下结构屈服应力的形成实质是其微观结构逐渐稳定的过程。     

固结过程对冻土应力-应变特性的影响

选用四种不同固结方式,并在－５０℃条件下,对冻结砂土样进行三轴压缩试验,试验发现固结过程对冻土的强度与变表有明显影响。经历Ｋ０ＤＣＦ的冻土其强度最大,友坏变形最小,经历ＦＣ的试样强度最小,破坏变形最大;经历ＥＤＣＦ和ＥＵＤＣＦ的产介于中间。     

考虑淤堵效应的疏浚淤泥真空固结沉降计算

疏浚淤泥含水率高、强度极低,真空梯度作用下排水板周围会快速形成致密“土柱”,导致排水固结能力迅速下降,即出现淤堵现象。由疏浚淤泥真空固结室内模型试验获得了出水量变化情况和土体含水率、渗透系数的时空分布情况,确定了排水体周围淤堵区的形成时间与范围,提出了考虑时间效应与淤堵效应的真空度传递模式,同时考虑疏浚淤泥土体压缩和渗透的非线性,建立了考虑淤堵效应的固结分析模型,获得了相应的解析解,通过与已有数据和现场试验结果对比验证了该解答的有效性。利用该解析解,分析了真空度传递模式、淤堵系数λ和淤堵比c对沉降的影响。结果表明,淤堵效应明显减缓了沉降速率,也严重降低了疏浚淤泥的最终沉降量。     

新近吹填淤泥地基负压传递特性及分布模式研究

为深入了解无砂垫层真空预压技术加固新近吹填淤泥地基过程中的负压传递特性和分布模式,依托珠海港高栏港区某新近吹填淤泥地基处理工程开展了现场试验研究,研究结果表明：（1）土工合成材料水平排水垫层中的负压损失程度较严重,至少为16%;整个排水系统内的负压损失程度也较严重,最严重的高达57%。（2）不同深度处土体中的负压传递特性一定程度上受相应位置处淤泥自重沉积规律的影响,粗颗粒含量高的深度位置,其负压衰减程度相应较低;但总体来讲,负压从竖井向土体传递过程中的损失程度很严重,至少67%,这是新近吹填淤泥地基经无砂垫层真空预压技术加固后土体强度增长有限的主要原因。最后,明确给出了该类地基的负压分布模式：水平排水垫层中的负压可考虑为随时间变化的线性衰减模式,而竖向排水体中的负压可考虑为随时间变化的非线性衰减模式。     

分段循环荷载作用下二维非饱和土固结特性分析

基于Dakshanamurthy和Fredlund提出的二维非饱和土固结理论,利用Fourier正弦级数展开、Laplace变换,分别给出了分段循环荷载作用下二维非饱和土固结问题的超孔隙气压力、超孔隙水压力和沉降的半解析解,并应用退化法验证了本文所得半解析解的正确性。然后,结合3种具体的荷载形式,分析了分段循环荷载作用下气相与液相渗透系数之比(k_a/k_w)、水平方向与竖直方向渗透系数之比(k_x/k_z)和荷载特征参数(a)对二维非饱和土固结特性的影响。结果表明:k_a/k_w和k_x/k_z的增大均会加速固结沉降进程;荷载特征参数越大,沉降发展越早,沉降值越小;二维非饱和土固结特性受分段循环荷载作用影响明显。因此,在实际施工过程中改变施工速度和设置径向排水装置可有效控制二维条件下非饱和土体的固结过程,该研究成果可为非饱和土地基的设计和施工提供重要理论依据。