南极冰鱼科鱼类摄食生态学研究进展

南极冰鱼科鱼类多为南大洋优势鱼种,在南极海洋生态系统的物质循环与能量流动中起着重要的作用,其中一些也是该海域主要的商业捕捞对象。目前,对于其中具有较高商业价值的鱼种,尤其是裘氏鳄头冰鱼(Champsocephalus gunnari)、威氏棘冰鱼(Chaenodraco wilsoni)以及南乔治亚拟冰鱼(Pseudochaenichthys georgianus)等已有较多的研究,这些研究集中在年龄与生长、分布等方面,关于南极冰鱼科鱼类营养动力学的研究较为零散,且多集中在少数几种南极冰鱼种类上,这限制了从整体上理解南极冰鱼科鱼类在南大洋生态系统功能中发挥的作用。为此,本文总结了国内外对南极冰鱼食物组成、摄食机制、摄食差异性的研究工作,并对今后开展南极冰鱼摄食生态学研究工作提出了展望。相关结果可为国内外学者开展相关研究提供基础信息,并进一步为开展该科鱼类摄食生态学研究提供科学思路。     

博氏南冰耳石外型特征参数及其对体长变化预测的研究

博氏南冰(Pagothenia borchgrevinki)为南极典型的喜冰性鱼种,通常贴近海冰底下生活。博氏南冰耳石形态参数与鱼体外型存在相关性,为了研究其耳石外型特征参数及预测体长,基于体长(SL)范围4.50—17.80 cm和体重(WW)范围1.31—80.79 g的博氏南冰样本,本研究对其耳石形态进行了测量与分析,并利用随机森林模型结合耳石外型特征参数预测了该鱼种的体长。结果表明,博氏南冰耳石长(OL)和耳石宽(OW)分别为0.992—2.814 mm和0.744—1.797 mm,耳石重量范围为0.000 08—0.004 48 g。耳石具有明显的基叶和翼叶,耳石边缘较光滑,无明显缺刻。耳石各形态参数值随着体长的增加,其绝对尺寸不断增加,而相对尺寸逐渐减少,其形态结构的比例基本不变。耳石长(OL)、背长(DL)、背宽(DW)、翼叶长(ARL)、基叶长(RL)、周长(P)与鱼体体长(SL)之间均呈对数关系;耳石宽(OW)与体长(SL)呈乘幂关系;面积(S)与鱼体体长(SL)呈线性关系;耳石长(OL)、背长(DL)、翼叶长(ARL)、周长(P)与鱼体体重(WW)均呈对数关系;耳石宽(OW)、背宽(DW)、基叶长(RL)、面积(S)与鱼体重(WW)均呈乘幂关系;耳石长(OL)与耳石重量(WO)呈乘幂关系;耳石宽(OW)与耳石重量(WO)呈线性关系。耳石宽、背宽和面积对鱼体体长的贡献率较大,且利用随机森林预测鱼体体长的整体效果较好,准确率为93.91%。本研究可为南极鱼类耳石形态研究提供参考,并可根据捕食者胃食物中的残留耳石外型特征预测被食鱼类的体长,为开展摄食生态学研究提供基础资料。     

南设得兰群岛、比斯科群岛及其附近浮游多毛类动物初步报告

本文报导了我国首次南极洲和南大洋考察队,在南设得兰群岛和比斯科群岛及其附近系列的浮游多毛类动物8种,隶5属4科,有4种是南设得兰群岛首次报告,两种为南极特有种,对每种的分类异名、形态及地理分布均有描述.     

斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川学研究进展与我国北极冰川监测系统建设

北极斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川大多数属于亚极地型(sub-polar)或多热型(polythermal)。Austre Br(?)ggerbreen和Midre Lovénbreen冰川(＜10km~2)长时间系列物质平衡研究显示,自小冰期结束以来几乎所有的观测年中夏季消融比冬季积累更大,导致冰体稳定地减小;而面积更大、海拔高度更高的冰川如Kongsvegen冰川(105km~2)则更加接近稳定态的平衡。斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川流动速率一般较低,但跃动相当频繁,控制跃动型冰川空间分布的因素包括冰川长度、基底岩性和多热场。可通过冰川水文特征、钻孔温度测量和无线电回波探测获取斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川热场的信息。斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川的低流速和多热性结构对冰川上的排水系统相当重要,整个群岛淡水径流的四个主要来源分别是冰川消融、雪融化、夏季降雨和冰崩解,经验回归方法和模式方法用于计算淡水径流量。因夏季融水渗浸作用、采样分辨率低和化学成分分析有限,早期斯瓦尔巴群岛冰芯的准确定年受到严重影响,但最近的研究显示,来自斯瓦尔巴群岛冰帽的冰芯数据仍然能够提供重要的气候和环境信息。通过我国北极黄河站2005年度科学考察,我们已初步建立了Austre Lovénbreen冰川和Pedersenbreen冰川监测系统,并计划在Austre Lovénbreen冰川进行钻孔温度测量、冰川气象要素观测、冰川前缘水文观测以及冰川厚度和内部结构测量,重点开展斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川基本特征和发育条件、冰川表面能量和物质平衡、冰川波动与气候变化关系、淡水径流年际和季节性变化和气/雪/冰界面过程等方面的研究。     

基于RTK-GPS技术的干热河谷冲沟沟头形态特征

采用高精度实时动态差分GPS(以下简称RTK-GPS)技术对干热河谷冲沟进行野外调查,获取36个不同活跃度类型沟头的形态参数,研究不同活跃度类型之间沟头的形态特征差异,并分析集水区、沟床植被盖度与形态特征之间的关系。结果表明:1.沟头不同活跃度类型之间,其跌坎高差、沟床比降差异最为显著,可作为沟头活跃度类型野外判别的主要参考指标;沟壁坡度、宽-深比等的差异较为显著,亦可在一定程度上表征沟头活跃程度。2.沟床植被盖度与各形态特征参数的相关性显著,表明沟床植被盖度可作为形态参数的综合替代性指标。同一活跃度类型的沟头,其跌坎高差、沟床比降等与沟床植被盖度呈极显著负相关关系,说明随着沟床植被盖度的增加(或减小),跌坎高差、沟床比降均呈减小(或增加)趋势。3.集水区植被盖度与各形态特征参数的关系不显著,表明干热河谷集水区植被盖度对沟头发育的贡献有限。     

南极南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中有色溶解有机物的分布特征及来源分析

在南极南设得兰群岛附近海域采集了6个表层沉积物样品,测定了提取液中溶解有机物(DOM)的有机碳含量、紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱,并对有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的分子量信息及各荧光组分的成分和来源进行了分析。结果表明,南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中DOM提取液的溶解有机碳(DOC)及沉积物有机碳(SOC)的含量呈现由近岸向开阔海域递减的趋势,紫外-可见吸收光谱中的吸收系数(a)也表现出了相似的性质,光谱斜率比(SR)表明近岸沉积物CDOM老化程度较强。通过对三维荧光光谱的分析可知,南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中的CDOM包含3种荧光组分,即类色氨酸、海洋类腐殖质和陆源类腐殖质,表现出较强的自生源特征,整个研究海域CDOM来源以内源为主,受陆生植物和土壤有机质的外源输入影响较小。通过CDOM各参数的相关性分析发现,沉积物DOM提取液的DOC含量与SOC含量以及吸收系数和腐殖化指数(HIX)等参数相互之间都呈显著正相关,相关系数(r)均在0.88以上,显著性水平P0.01。     

南极洲纳尔逊冰帽的某些动力学特征*

纳尔逊冰帽是南设得兰群岛的一个小冰帽,受海洋性气候影响冰帽上降水丰富,冰温较高。冰帽表面运动速度完全由冰帽表面形态和冰帽底床形态所控制,其中E剖面更为复杂。冰帽驱动应力基本小于100kPa.由V/Z～Za曲线得到在V/7为0.6～3×10^-9范围内的流动参数:n约为1;B≈4.3×10¹⁰dynescm^-2sec.这表明在低应力区,冰体流动更接近牛顿流体。     

2014年夏季北极东北航道冰情分析

使用2003—2014年6—9月份的AMSR-E和AMSR-2海冰密集度数据计算了北极海冰范围, 并获得海冰空间分布图。通过分析得出, 2014年北极夏季海冰范围在数值上与2003—2013年的多年平均值很接近, 在空间分布上与多年中值范围相比主要表现为两个方面的不同：(1)2014年夏季拉普捷夫海及其以北海域海冰明显少于多年中值范围, 9月份冰区最北边界超过了85°N;(2)巴伦支海北部斯瓦尔巴群岛至法兰士约瑟夫地群岛区域海冰范围明显多于多年中值范围, 而且海冰范围在8月份不减反增, 冰区边界较7月份往南扩张了约0.8个纬度。2014年夏季在拉普捷夫海以南风为主, 而在巴伦支海以北风为主。南风将俄罗斯大陆上温暖的空气吹向高纬地区, 造成高纬地区温度偏高, 促进拉普捷夫海海冰融化, 并使海冰往北退缩。北风将北冰洋上的冷空气吹向低纬地区, 造成巴伦支海的气温偏低, 不利于海冰的融化, 同时北风使海冰往南漂移扩散, 造成巴伦支海北部海冰范围在2014年偏多。2014年北地群岛航线开通时间范围大约在8月上旬到10月上旬, 时长约两个月。新西伯利亚群岛及附近海域的开通时间稍早于北地群岛, 但关闭时间比北地群岛晚, 所以 2014年东北航道全线开通的时间主要受制于北地群岛附近海冰变化。     

黑龙江省大龙湖大银鱼形态性状因子主成分和通径分析北大核心CSCD

2020年12月,在黑龙江省大庆市杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县大龙湖,采集了大银鱼(Protosalanx chinensis)样本,对4个群组的大银鱼的11个形态性状因子之间的关系进行了研究,旨在了解大、小种群分化后的大银鱼生长特点。研究结果表明,大银鱼形态性状因子之间都两两显著相关(p<0.05或p<0.01);大银鱼形态性状因子的主成分分析结果显示,第一主成分主要为增长因子和躯干因子,小群组雄性大银鱼形态性状因子的第二主成分主要为增重因子和头部因子,小群组雌性大银鱼形态性状因子的第二主成分主要为头部因子和增长因子,大群组雄性和雌性大银鱼形态性状因子的第二主成分都主要为头部因子;通径分析结果显示,保留的小群组雄性大银鱼的形态性状因子为全长、体高、体宽和尾柄高,保留的小群组雌性大银鱼的形态性状因子为头长、全长、体高和体宽,保留的大群组雄性大银鱼的形态性状因子为躯干长、尾柄长、体高和体宽,保留的大群组雌性大银鱼的形态性状因子为体长、体高和体宽;除了小群组雄性大银鱼外,小群组雌性大银鱼、大群组雌性和雄性大银鱼的体宽和体高对其体质量的共同决定系数都最大,表明大银鱼的体宽和体高是影响其体质量的关键形态性状因子。因此,在人工增殖选育大银鱼亲本时,应该重点关注大银鱼的体宽和体高。     

北极海冰薄冰厚度遥感反演模型的船测验证

利用美国科考船Sikuliaq在2015年10月至11月初在北极波弗特海区域获得的512处船测海冰数据,分别对三种不同雪厚参数的MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)热力学反演冰厚模型、德国汉堡大学和不莱梅大学发布的SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission)海冰厚度产品进行精度验证。结果表明,将船测雪厚作为反演模型中的雪厚参数,得到薄冰厚度与船测薄冰厚度的平均偏差为0.02m,均方根误差为0.12 m,两者均为三种模型中最低而被认为是最优模型。不考虑雪厚的裸冰冰厚模型得到的薄冰厚度与船测薄冰厚度的相关系数为0.72,相关性最高但只适用于冰上无雪盖的情况。以经验雪厚关系推算出的雪厚参数加入反演模型中,得到的冰厚结果在研究验证中精度最不理想。另外,两种SMOS产品与船测冰厚的相关性与均方根误差结果优于MODIS反演结果,且不莱梅大学的SMOS冰厚产品精度更优。因此研究认为现有的MODIS薄冰厚度反演算法的反演精度有待提高,暂不适合作为评定其他薄冰厚度产品精度的标准,只能作为比较数据。     

SOIL AND VEGETATION PATTERNS IN BARRIER-ISLAND DUNE ENVIRONMENTS

Plant species distributions often have been attributed to landform characteristics or their associated geomorphic processes. This complicates interpretation of vegetation patterns in that geomorphic processes shape, and are shaped by, landforms. To characterize the biogeographic impacts of this interaction, I used principal components analysis (PCA) to examine hypotheses regarding the structure of variation among soil properties in active barrier-island dune systems. Dune soils and vegetation were sampled on two well-recognized barrier-island morphologies. On low-profile, wave-dominated microtidal barrier islands (South Core Banks, North Carolina) frequent overwash exerts a greater control on the distribution of soil properties. On mixed-energy mesotidal barrier islands (Sapelo Island, Georgia), overwash is less frequent, and the distribution of soil properties is shaped by a complex dune topography. Nontrivial principal components on both islands captured an equivalent amount of variance in the soil data. However, there were inter-island differences in the dimensionality of these nontrivial principal components, and differences in the distribution of variance and factor loadings. Suites of topography-modifying species, unique to each island, were uniform in the strength of their individual correlation with local edaphic variability. I posit that soil variance structure is a useful criterion to distinguish the relative influence on vegetation patterns of soil properties expressed through landforms (Sapelo Island) versus sediment transport processes (South Core Banks). [Key words: dune vegetation, barrier islands, principal components analysis (PCA), overwash.]     

2016年夏秋季南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡威氏棘冰鱼脂肪酸组成及其食性指示研究

作为20世纪70年代末期底拖网渔业的主要捕捞对象以及近年来南极磷虾渔业的兼捕对象之一,威氏棘冰鱼(Chaenodraco wilsoni)在海洋捕食者与饵料生物之间的能量流动中起着重要的传递作用,而目前针对该鱼种的营养特性及其食性的研究却十分有限。为此,本研究分析了布兰斯菲尔德海峡威氏棘冰鱼肌肉组织中脂肪酸的含量及其组成,并进一步探讨特征脂肪酸对食性的指示。结果表明,体长范围为4.8—30.7 cm、质量范围为0.3—250.5 g的威氏棘冰鱼肌肉样本中共检测出29种脂肪酸,其中含量较高的脂肪酸包括C16:0,C18:0,C18:1n9c,C20:5n3(EPA)以及C22:6n3(DHA),各类脂肪酸类型含量由高至低依次为多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),饱和脂肪酸(SFA)以及单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)。威氏棘冰鱼多种特征脂肪酸含量与体长之间不具显著的相关关系,表明其摄食并不随着个体的生长而发生较大的变化。秋冬季威氏棘冰鱼呈现杂食性特性,主要摄食以硅藻为食的生物,如南极磷虾(Euphausia superba); 同时对底栖生物和海底碎屑也有一定的摄食,并会摄食一定量的桡足类生物。)     

DISCRIMINANT PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

When the number of variables exceeds the number of samples, one method of multivariate discriminationis to use principal components analysis to reduce the dimensionality and then to perform canonicalvariates analysis (PC-CVA). This paper proposes an alternative approach in which discriminant analysisis carried out by a weighted principal component analysis of the group means (DPCA). This method doesnot require prior data reduction and produces discriminant factors that are orthogonal in the original dataspace. The theory and performance of the two methods are compared. Although the individual factors ofDPCA are found to be less discriminating than PC-CVA, the overall discrimination, calculated bymultivariate analysis of variance, and the predictive value, estimated by the leaving-one-out error rate,are broadly comparable.     

THE ROLE OF PERIMETER SHAPE IN ESTIMATING ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM SMALL SIERRA NEVADA BASINS

Perimeter shape of drainage basins is evaluated as a control of annual runoff depth from small Sierra Nevada basins underlain by granitic rocks. In contrast to three perimeter shape ratios, none of which contributes a statistical explanation of annual runoff depth, three terms of a Fourier expansion of the basin perimeter substantially improve the estimating model. When added to annual precipitation, the first, third, and seventh Fourier amplitudes increase statistical explanation by 15 percent and prediction accuracy by 10 percent. These improvements are much greater than corresponding gains atributable to other morphological variables. [Key words: basin runoff, basin shape, Sierra Nevada.]     

北冰洋加拿大海盆南缘的管水母类及其分布

本文分析了 1 999年夏季我国首次北极科学考察楚科奇海及邻近的北冰洋加拿大海盆南缘海域管水母类的种类组成、丰度和垂直分布。仅在加拿大海盆南缘出现 2种管水母 ,而楚科奇海未发现管水母类。对柔弱五角水母和北极单板水母多营养体期 (无性 )和单营养体期 (有性 )的主要形态特征作了较完整的记述和作图 ,并讨论了它们的形态类型及生态习性。加拿大海盆南缘海域北极单板水母的丰度 (平均 42× 1 0 - 3 个 m3 )大于柔弱五角水母 (2 4× 1 0 - 3 个 m3 )。这 2种管水母均仅出现在水深 1 0 0～ 80 0m ,而且最大丰度也都在 3 0 0— 2 0 0m层 ,即刚好聚集于强盐度跃层中和跃层下面     

沙拐枣属植物果实性状的数值分类研究

筛选出我国沙拐枣属(calligonum L.)植物15种,测定了果实刺/翅毛排数、刺/翅毛质地、扭曲方向、扭曲程度等11项指标。应用主成分分析法对15种沙拐枣属植物果实性状的各项指标进行了分析,结果表明,第一主成分贡献率为29.704%,其中沟槽深度、肋棱突起程度、刺毛稀疏度是影响沙拐枣果实性状的主要因素;第二主成分贡献率为25.598%,主要包括了基部加宽度、果组。对沙拐枣果实性状指标进行PCA排序可将其划分为4类:第一类包括翅/刺毛排数、刺毛稀疏度、肋棱宽度;第二类包括果组、果实扭曲方向、扭曲程度;第三类包括刺毛/翅质地、刺毛/翅粗硬、沟槽深度、肋棱突起程度;第四类包括果实基部是否加宽。通过第一、第二和第三主成分分析体现了沙拐枣果实趋向于沟槽浅、肋棱浅,而果实刺毛密度趋向于增加。     

Underground ecology in a Patagonian steppe: Root traits permit identification of graminoid species and classification into functional types

There is limited knowledge about root morphological differences at the species level. Consequently, plant ecological groups are largely defined on aboveground traits. Our hypothesis was that roots of graminoid species differ in morphological and functional attributes. In field and greenhouse studies, we measured morphological and functional root traits of eight dominant graminoids. Multivariate analyses of root traits arranged species into two groups. Species were unequivocally classified by either discriminant analysis or a taxonomic key. Traits that contributed most to identification were diameter, colour, and branching. Species from one group had large root diameters, more branching, and lower tensile strength, specific length, rate of new root generation, and RGR than the other group. The grouping by root traits matched previous classifications: one group had been described as more xerophytic, less preferred by livestock, and more delayed in phenology than the second group. Our study shows that (1) a set of root morphological traits may be reliably used to recognize species, and (2) root traits reflect the major ecological grouping of species, even when they all belong to the same growth form. For Patagonia and similar sites, our work will open the way to more detailed, specific-level studies on community underground organization.     

Focal mechanisms of recent earthquakes in the Southern Korean Peninsula

We evaluate the stress field in and around the southern Korean Peninsula with focal mechanism solutions, using the data collected from 71 earthquakes ( M_L = 1.9–5.2) between 1999 and 2004. For this, the hypocentres were relocated and well-constrained fault plane solutions were obtained from the data set of 1270 clear P -wave polarities and 46 SH / P amplitude ratios. The focal mechanism solutions indicate that the prevailing faulting types in South Korea are strike-slip-dominant-oblique-slip faultings with minor reverse-slip component. The maximum principal stresses (σ₁) estimated from fault-slip inversion analysis of the focal mechanism solutions show a similar orientation with E–W trend (269°–275°) and low-angle plunge (10°–25°) for all tectonic provinces in South Korea, consistent with the E–W trending maximum horizontal stress (σ_Hmax) of the Amurian microplate reported from in situ stress measurements and earthquake focal mechanisms. The directions of the intermediate (σ₂) and minimum (σ₃) principal stresses of the Gyeongsang Basin are, however, about 90 deg off from those of the other tectonic provinces on a common σ₂–σ₃ plane, suggesting a permutation of σ₂ and σ₃. Our results incorporated with those from the kinematic studies of the Quaternary faults imply that NNW- to NE-striking faults (dextral strike-slip or oblique-slip with a reverse-slip component) are highly likely to generate earthquakes in South Korea.     

Tardigrada from the Husvik area, South Georgia, sub-Antarctic

Eleven species of tardigrades in South Georgia, of which two are new to science, were found in samples collected at fifteen localities. The highest number of species was found in moss from a scree field. Twenty species of tardigrades are presently known from South Georgia, but the island remains insufficiently investigated. The species composition is similar to that of southern South America. The high number of cosmopolitan species makes the geographical distribution pattern of the South Georgian tardigrades more similar to that of macrolichens than to that of insects and vascular plants.