新疆贝勒库都克A型花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学及锡成矿

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区是一个重要的锡成矿带,分布有多种类型花岗岩。贝勒库都克岩体位于锡成矿带中部,由黑云母正长花岗岩和黑云母二长花岗岩组成。本文通过精确的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得贝勒库都克含锡黑云母正长花岗岩年龄为283±2Ma,MSWD=0.14(95%置信度),时代属于早二叠世,这与东准噶尔后碰撞深成岩浆活动的范围(330~265Ma)相吻合。岩石地球化学研究表明,贝勒库都克岩体富硅(SiO2=75.25%~76.67%),低铝(Al2O3=11.91%~12.86%),贫镁(MgO=0.02%~0.18%)和钙(CaO=0.39%~0.89%),富碱(Na2O+K2O=8.08%~8.97%),K2O>Na2O,NK/A=0.86~0.95(平均0.92),A/NCK=0.97~1.02,富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素,Ba,Nb,Sr强烈亏损,δEu=0.01~0.11,其FeOt/MgO(12.71~84.51,平均34.55)和10000Ga/A1(2.97~4.20)值大,HFSE元素(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=191.8×10-6~353.3×10-6)含量高,明显不同于典型的I型和S型花岗岩,基本属于典型的铝质A型花岗岩。年代学和地球化学综合研究表明,贝勒库都克铝质A型花岗岩是壳幔混合成因,是准噶尔地区后碰撞幔源岩浆底侵作用导致大陆地壳垂向生长过程的记录者。贝勒库都克铝质A型花岗岩Sn的含量高(6.0×10-6~19.5×10-6,个别为80.0×10-6),铝质A型花岗岩是成矿热液的直接母体,而富Sn的流体相最终形成了贝勒库都克锡矿床,锡矿与铝质A型花岗岩是同期地质事件的产物。     

西准噶尔地区最晚期岩浆侵入活动——来自早二叠世-早三叠世接特布调岩体的证据

西准噶尔地区晚古生代构造运动复杂,岩浆侵入活动强烈,地壳生长显著,处在洋陆构造转换的关键时期。接特布调岩体位于连接西准噶尔地区、天山造山带和准噶尔盆地的重要位置,岩石类型以碱长花岗岩、二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩为主。碱长花岗岩矿物组成以碱性长石(55%～60%)、斜长石(15%～20%)和石英(23%～25%)为主,几乎不含暗色矿物,岩石内部无暗色微粒包体;二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩矿物组成以斜长石(30%～40%和～16%)、碱性长石(30%～40%和～50%)和石英(20%～25%和～18%)为主,含少量黑云母和角闪石,内部存在不同数量和规模的暗色微粒包体。通过高精度锆石U-Pb定年,将接特布调岩体的成岩年龄限定为287～250 Ma,岩体内早三叠世(250.4Ma)二长花岗岩是迄今为止在整个西准噶尔地区发现的最年轻的侵入岩,该期花岗岩的就位标志着西准噶尔地区深成岩浆侵入活动的终结。接特布调岩体整体具有高硅(SiO_2=67.04%～77.01%)、富碱(K_2O=3.45%～4.63%,Na_2O=3.62%～4.18%),贫钙(CaO=0.45%～0.3.05%)、贫镁(MgO=0.16%～1.51%)、低铁(Fe_2O_3=0.99%～4.40%)的特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列,准铝质-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.93～1.03)。球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图具有明显的右倾海鸥型特征,富集轻稀土元素和Rb、Th、K元素,亏损重稀土元素和Eu、Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti元素。碱长花岗岩具有比A性花岗岩低的岩浆结晶温度,属于高分异的I型花岗岩,来源于新生地壳部分熔融;二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩整体具有较高的岩浆结晶温度,属于壳幔混源的I型花岗岩。接特布调地区在早二叠-早三叠世处于高温、低压、地壳减薄的后造山伸展的陆内演化阶段。     

新疆东昆仑木孜塔格地区碎石沟花岗岩锆石 U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征及地质意义

碎石沟花岗岩体位于东昆仑造山带西段木孜塔格地区,是该地区几个主要花岗岩体之一。为了查明该岩体的成因类型、物质来源及形成时代,并在此基础上进一步探讨木孜塔格地区的区域构造演化过程及东昆仑造山带地球动力学背景,对该岩体进行了详细的岩石学、地球化学及锆石U- Pb年代学研究。岩石学特征表明,碎石沟花岗岩主要由灰白色中细粒二长花岗岩组成,在岩体边部可见少量灰白色花岗闪长岩。岩石地球化学研究表明,该岩体具有高硅（SiO2=67.54 %~71.56 %）、高碱（Na2O=3.08%~4.50%、K2O=3.05%~4.20%）、富铝的特点（Al2O3=14.26%~16.58%）,属于准铝质—弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列;稀土元素含量较高（126.31×10-6~160.13×10-6）,总体表现出轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损的右倾式配分模式,具有Eu的弱负异常（δEu=0.68~0.85）;微量元素相对富集Rb、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Hf、Sr等高场强元素,显示出 I 型花岗岩的特征。本次研究获得碎石沟岩体二长花岗岩的锆石U- Pb年龄为208.0±1.1 Ma（MSWD=1.0）,属于晚三叠世岩浆活动产物。结合区域构造演化特征,碎石沟花岗岩来源于下地壳物质部分熔融,并且在形成过程中存在幔源岩浆底侵及壳幔岩浆混合作用,其构造背景为后碰撞环境。     

新疆东昆仑木孜塔格地区碎石沟花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学特征及地质意义

碎石沟花岗岩体位于东昆仑造山带西段木孜塔格地区,是该地区几个主要花岗岩体之一。为了查明该岩体的成因类型、物质来源及形成时代,并在此基础上进一步探讨木孜塔格地区的区域构造演化过程及东昆仑造山带地球动力学背景,对该岩体进行了详细的岩石学、地球化学及锆石U-Pb年代学研究。岩石学特征表明,碎石沟花岗岩主要由灰白色中细粒二长花岗岩组成,在岩体边部可见少量灰白色花岗闪长岩。岩石地球化学研究表明,该岩体具有高硅（SiO2=67.54 %~71.56 %）、高碱（Na2O=3.08%~4.50%、K2O=3.05%~4.20%）、富铝的特点（Al2O3=14.26%~16.58%）,属于准铝质—弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列;稀土元素含量较高（126.31×10-6~160.13×10-6）,总体表现出轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损的右倾式配分模式,具有Eu的弱负异常（δEu=0.68~0.85）;微量元素相对富集Rb、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Hf、Sr等高场强元素,显示出 I 型花岗岩的特征。本次研究获得碎石沟岩体二长花岗岩的锆石U- Pb年龄为208.0±1.1 Ma（MSWD=1.0）,属于晚三叠世岩浆活动产物。结合区域构造演化特征,碎石沟花岗岩来源于下地壳物质部分熔融,并且在形成过程中存在幔源岩浆底侵及壳幔岩浆混合作用,其构造背景为后碰撞环境。     

滇西腾冲—梁河古近纪花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素及地球化学

内容提要：滇西腾冲–梁河地区发育古近纪二长花岗岩和钾长花岗岩,记录了印度–欧亚大陆碰撞的岩浆活动信息。二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为51.4±0.4Ma,其176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282554~0.282592,εHf(t)= -6.65~-5.30,其二阶段模式年龄为1.46~1.55Ga。腾冲–梁河古近纪花岗岩以高SiO2 (68.96%~78.68%)、高K2O (4.56%~6.29%)和高Al2O3(12.40%~16.42%)为特征,K2O/Na2O比值为0.93~7.24,Al2O3>(K2O+Na2O),A/CNK值为0.99~2.31,属于富钾钙碱性偏铝–强过铝质花岗岩;绝大多数样品具有强烈的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*为0.19~0.51),富集Cs、Rb,亏损Sr、P、Ti、Ba、Nb、Ta,具有Pb的正异常。元素地球化学特征指示,其主要源于区域上地壳变质杂砂岩的部分熔融;结合区域地质,认为腾梁地区62~51Ma的花岗岩是对印度–欧亚大陆碰撞高峰期的岩浆响应。     

中国阿尔泰克孜勒花岗岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

克孜勒花岗岩体位于新疆阿尔泰南缘西伯利亚和哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块的结合部位,岩体呈不规则圆形的岩基产出,主要岩石类型为石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、花岗岩、二长花岗岩、黑云母二长花岗岩。黑云母二长花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为289.5±4.3Ma,表明岩体形成于早二叠世。岩体具有高硅(SiO_2=70.05%~75.78%)、高碱(K_2O=3.32%~5.70%,Na_2O=3.07%~4.48%)、富铝(Al_2O_3=12.49%~14.04%)和低MgO(0.01%~0.72%)、CaO(0.36%~1.60%)、TiO_2(0.03%~0.45%)、P_2O_5(0.07%~0.15%)特征,A/CNK=1.08~1.20,高FeO_T/MgO比值(平均44.95);富集Rb、Th、K、La、Ce,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、Ti,铕负异常明显(δEu=0.03~0.36);具有I-A过渡特点的高分异钙碱性花岗岩体。克孜勒花岗岩体可能是区域上"双峰式"岩浆组合中的酸性端元,为典型的后碰撞岩体,是后碰撞拉张背景下幔源岩浆发生底侵作用导致大陆地壳生长过程的产物。     

滇西碧罗雪山花岗岩体地球化学特征及其地质意义

碧罗雪山花岗岩体位于三江成矿带中段的左贡岩浆弧带内,由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩和少量暗色包体组成。花岗岩类SiO_2含量67.10%~74.67%,富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.32~2.67)和低CaO(0.83%~2.6%),铝过饱和指数A/CNK=1.07~1.26,标准矿物中出现刚玉(1.06~3.38)。以上特征表明,该岩体为强过铝质高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩。稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,具弱至中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.38~0.97),相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,富集Cs、Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素。研究表明花岗岩为富含长石的砂屑岩部分熔融形成,形成于挤压环境向伸展环境转换的后碰撞阶段,为临沧花岗岩基的北延部分。     

东准噶尔喀拉萨依高分异A型花岗岩岩石成因及其地质意义

喀拉萨依岩体位于东准噶尔卡拉麦里碱性花岗岩带西端,由钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩组成。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为307.7±3.2Ma~309.6±2.0Ma,岩石高硅(Si O2平均含量为77.25%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=7.50%~9.23%)、低铝(A/CNK=0.922~1.084),贫钙、镁;富集Rb、K、Th等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素和稀土元素,亏损Ba、Sr、Eu。10000Ga/Al值变化于7.00~10.35之间,总体上具碱性A型花岗岩的特征,是该岩带东侧老鸦泉—黄羊山A型花岗岩岩基经高程度分异演化的产物,并非前人认为的S型花岗岩。岩体具正εNd(t)值(3.5~6.0)和年轻的Nd模式年龄(TDM2=520~630Ma),Pb同位素投点位于造山带演化线附近,同位素数据显示岩浆来源于新生造山带下部的年轻地壳。从本次1∶5万区调成果看,卡拉麦里洋盆在晚泥盆世之前已经闭合,从晚泥盆世开始转入碰撞后的拉张环境,在晚石炭世早期进入板内裂谷发展阶段,因此喀拉萨依岩体应是该区板内裂谷阶段而非前人所说的后碰撞阶段的产物。     

内蒙古西乌旗地区晚二叠世-早中三叠世花岗岩年代学和地球化学特征及构造意义

中亚造山带南缘晚古生代与早中生代之交的构造背景一直存在争议。本文以西乌旗罕乌拉地区发育的花岗闪长岩和黑云母二长花岗岩为研究对象,对其开展了野外地质、岩石学、锆石U- Pb同位素年代学、地球化学研究。LA- ICP- MS 锆石U- Pb测年获得花岗闪长岩的结晶年龄为253. 8±1. 2Ma和240. 5±0. 78Ma,黑云母二长花岗岩的结晶年龄为249. 6±1. 7Ma和240. 4±0. 59Ma,反映了晚二叠世晚期-早中三叠世的构造岩浆作用事件。岩石学和地球化学研究表明,花岗闪长岩铝饱和指数A/CNK为 0. 89~1. 13,属于钙碱性I型花岗岩;SiO 2介于65. 97%~70. 56%(＞56%),MgO介于1. 33%~ 1. 70%(＜3%),Al 2 O 3 介于14. 75%~15. 01%(≈15%),Sr介于483. 2×10 -6 ~541. 9×10 -6 (＞400×10 -6 ),Y介于10. 46×10 -6 ~13. 35×10 -6 (＜18×10 -6 ),Yb介于0. 77×10 -6 ~1. 45×10 -6 (＜1. 9×10 -6 ),岩石轻重稀土分馏明显,(La/Yb) N 介于12. 07~33. 05,具Eu轻微负异常( δ Eu=0. 78~0. 89),显示了埃达克质岩石的地球化学特征。黑云母二长花岗岩铝饱和指数A/CNK为1. 05~1. 20,属于过铝质高钾钙碱性系列,具有高SiO 2 (72. 73%~77. 02%)、富碱(K 2 O+Na 2 O=7. 36%~8. 47%),低P 2 O 5 (0. 016%~0. 085%)和CaO(0. 38%~1. 67%),富集Th、U、K、Nd、Hf,亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、P、T和HREE等元素,明显负Eu异常( δ Eu=0. 08~0. 61),高度分异(DI=85. 78~95. 76),P 2 O 5 含量与SiO 2 呈明显的负相关关系,Y含量与Rb呈明显的正相关关系,属于高分异Ⅰ型花岗岩。岩石地球化学特征反映它们为来源于不同深度的加厚地壳部分熔融形成的熔体,经进一步演化及结晶分异后,不同批次上升就位的产物。结合岩体地质学及区域地质资料,本文认为晚二叠世晚期-早中三叠世花岗岩形成于碰撞环境,为晚二叠世末古亚洲洋闭合后,西伯利亚板块和华北板块碰撞事件的岩浆响应。     

阿尔金造山带帕夏拉依档岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

出露于阿尔金造山带帕夏拉依档沟一带的帕夏拉依档岩体主要岩性为二长花岗岩、偶含斑黑云母二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩。二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示其形成年龄460.1±3.9Ma,表明帕夏拉依档岩体形成于中—晚奥陶世。地球化学结果显示,常量元素具有富硅(Si O2=72.08%~72.27%)、富铝(Al2O3=14.10%~14.79%,A/CNK=1.06~1.18)、富钾(K2O=5.55%~6.33%,K2O/Na2O=1.95~2.21),低钛(Ti O2=0.19%~0.23%)、贫铁(TFe O=1.48%~1.79%)、贫镁(Mg O=0.22%~0.28%)的特点,为弱过铝质花岗岩系列,具典型的高钾钙碱性特征。稀土元素总量较高(165.58×10-6~229.86×10-6),轻稀土元素相对富集、重稀土元素亏损,有右倾型特征和明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.11~0.17)。Ba、Sr、Ti等具负异常,Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素具正异常,Rb/Sr比值高(9.05~12.57),显示S型花岗岩特征。结合原岩判别图解,推断其源区物质主要来源于上地壳变泥质沉积岩类。结合区域资料,认为帕夏拉依档岩体形成于挤压体制向拉张体制转换的构造环境,属后碰撞花岗岩类,表明在中—晚奥陶世阿中地块和和柴达木地块间阿尔金造山带已由挤压碰撞阶段转为伸展后碰撞阶段。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。