短基线GPS控制网双差整周模糊度的直接解算方法

短基线GPS控制网双差整周模糊的直接解算方法(DC,D irect Calcu lation算法)可以避开"周跳的探测与修复"和"整周模糊度的搜索固定",是一种新的整周模糊度解算方法。在基线坐标满足一定条件的情况下,可以保证解算的L1,-1和L-3,4双差整周模糊度的浮点解与整数解之间的偏差小于0.5周,由浮点解直接四舍五入,进而可以直接解算L1双差整周模糊度。本文用自编软件解算了实测数据,验证了本文方法的实用性,并可获得与商用软件TGO精度相当的基线。     

基于非周期伪随机序列的可控震源信号调制技术

从便于寻优的角度出发,给出了三元非周期伪随机序列的一种定义,提出了基于非周期伪随机序列的可控震源信号调制方法。该方法与二元m[CD*2]序列调制方法相比,不存在地震数据资源的浪费问题。三元非周期伪随机序列通常比相同长度的二元非周期伪随机序列具有更小的边峰主峰比。地震数值模拟结果表明,将具有较小边峰主峰比的三元非周期伪随机序列调制生成的信号作为地震勘探中可控震源的发射信号,其地震响应剖面的相关噪声要比相同长度的二元非周期伪随机序列调制情形有明显的减弱。     

高密度电法反演分辨率数值模拟与分析

高密度电法在反演过程中,电极距相比电性异常体横向长度过大时,电性异常体在反演中无法得到约束;某电极距下,当电性异常体埋藏深度增加大到一定深度时,在反演中电性异常体也无法得到约束。针对以上两个问题,利用res2dmod正演软件建立模型,再利用res2dinv反演软件对模型进行反演,通过对比分析结果表明:温纳、偶极和微分三种装置分两种情况:如果电极距小于20m模拟条件下,对于埋藏深度为5m且剖面面积不同的电性异常高阻体(异常体电阻率=100Ω·m,围岩电阻率=10Ω·m),横向反演分辨率,温纳装置大于微分和偶极装置;电极距小于12.75m时,微分装置大于偶极装置,电极距大于12.75m时,偶极装置大于微分装置。如果电极距在2m^8m范围内,对于剖面面积为4×4(m2)的电性异常高阻体(异常体电阻率=100Ω·m,围岩电阻率=10Ω·m),其最大约束深度随电极距的增大而先增大后减小;相同电极距下,偶极装置的最大约束深度>微分装置的最大约束深度>温纳装置的最大约束深度。     

鄂尔多斯盆地低信噪比复杂地区检波器组合方法分析

在鄂尔多斯盆地西北部,低信噪比复杂地区存在严重的随机干扰,这导致该区地震资料信噪比很低。在不提高覆盖次数情况下,针对该区造成地震资料信噪比低的严重随机干扰问题,开展检波器组合压制随机干扰的方法研究。研究了随机干扰对动静校正量准确求取的影响,检波器组合对干扰波的压制作用,组内高差和组合基距对地震采集资料高频的影响,对比分析检波器组内距对随机干扰的衰减效果。研究结果表明:在盆地低信噪比复杂地区,野外检波器组合重点压制严重的随机干扰波,提高地震资料信噪比;小于1 m的检波器组内高差对该区地震采集资料110 Hz以下高频成分影响有限,小于13 m组合基距对中、深目的层地震资料70 Hz以内频率影响有限;理论计算和试验资料综合确定的随机干扰半径为1.7~2.0 m,大于随机干扰半径的检波器组合内距能有效压制随机干扰波,其中组内距3 m比较稳定;以上参数确定的检波器组合接收方法压制随机干扰波后,所得到的地震单炮记录相比单点接收、高覆盖次数压制随机干扰波所得到的资料在70 Hz有限频带内更能提高信噪比、频率,而且成本相对低。该结果在鄂尔多斯盆地低信噪比复杂地区地震勘探野外采集中具有指导作用。      

GPS卫星星历对测站及基线精度的影响

通过采用高精度的数据处理软件gamit/globk对观测数据的认真分析处理,对比广播星历与精密星历对测站LC相位残差的影响,认为在相同条件下同一测站相同时间的广播星历轨道误差比采用精密星历时要大1.5～27.2mm,这一差值与测站含有短基线数目及短基线的长度有一定的关系;同时通过采用双频差分技术处理数据后,对于长度在300km以内的基线,采用广播星历时的基线误差在5～8mm之间,采用精密星历时基线误差在3.2～6.8mm之间,基线误差互差在1.2～1.8mm之间。通过实例分析后认为基线长度在300km范围内广播星历与精密星历具有相当的解算效果。较前人[1～6]提出的100km适用基线长度大幅度提高,究其原因主要是选用了高精度的数据处理分析软件,同时采用了较高精度的初始坐标、合适的约束条件、观测数据有效组合和各项误差改正模型。     

斜坡地基附加应力分布规律模型试验及数值模拟

不少山区输电线路的铁塔基础都建在斜坡上,研究斜坡地基内附加应力的分布规律很有必要。采用室内模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了临坡距对斜坡地基附加应力分布及扩散规律的影响。研究成果表明,当临坡距小于安全距离时,地基附加应力随临坡距的增大而增大,并在基础两侧具有显著的非对称性;当临坡距超过安全距离时,附加应力逐渐趋于稳定,基本接近平面地基状态。传统的平面地基附加应力计算方法不适用于斜坡地基,当临坡距在0.3 m时,地基浅层附加应力接近平面地基条件的50%,说明斜坡对地基附加应力的影响十分显著。在小临坡距条件下地基附加应力较小,但对应的地基变形却较大,也说明传统的分层总和法不适于计算斜坡地基变形,否则将影响工程安全。在地基稳定性满足要求的前提下,建议最小临坡距不小于安全距离。     

CryoSat DEM与多种南极DEM的对比分析

南极洲被巨厚冰雪覆盖,地质构造以南极横断山脉为界,总体分为东南极地盾和西南极活动带。数字高程模型(DEM)是研究南极冰盖变化的基础数据之一。通过多期次数字高程模型相比较获得高程的变化信息,是分析南极冰盖厚度变化和物质平衡的重要手段。然而不同类型DEM之间存的平面误差和垂直误差影响分析结果的精度。首先利用配准消除DEM间的水平误差,然后计算并按坡度提取CryoSat DEM与其他DEM的平均高程差和标准差,最后分析高程差的时空变化特征。通过分析发现,DEM之间存在不同的平面误差。其中TanDEM_X DEM与CryoSat DEM的高程平面偏差最小,而ICESat DEM与CryoSat DEM的高程平面偏差最大。在垂直方向上,0°～1°的坡度范围内,CryoSat DEM与TanDEM_X DEM的平均高程差在3.5～5.5 m之间,标准差小于18.0 m; CryoSat DEM和Bamber 1km DEM的平均高程差在-2.5～+1.0 m之间,标准差小于24.2 m; CryoSat DEM与ICESat DEM的平均高程差在-25.0～-1.0 m之间,标准差小于47.2 m; CryoSat DEM与RAMPv2 DEM的平均高程差在1.3～3.2 m之间,标准差小于45.6 m。通过研究发现南极冰盖内部高程增加,但西南极冰盖和东南极冰盖高程均在降低,且西南极降低明显,同时南极边缘地区高程降低明显。本研究为全球变化研究和南极物质平衡研究提供了重要参考。     

可控震源伪随机扫描信号的仿真研究

伪随机序列具有良好的的自相关函数,在地震勘探中具有广阔的应用前景,从提高伪随机扫描信号自相关函数性能出发,着重分析了与伪随机扫描信号自相关函数密切相关的重要参数。通过对仿真结果分析得出了载波频率及本原多项式阶次与其自相关函数之间的联系,并给出了伪随机扫描信号长度及幅值的选择原则。     

塑性混凝土弹性模量室内试验研究

通过4种变形标距的弹性模量试验,研究了塑性混凝土弹性模量的合适测试方法。塑性混凝土棱柱体试件设置300mm、200mm、150mm和100mm共4种测试标距,其中300mm标距下的力和位移数据采用计算机自动采集,其余标距采用人工读数。结果表明,利用自动采集数据模式测得塑性混凝土弹性模量值最稳定,且其值远远小于人工读数模式下的值;一般而言,测试标距小,弹性模量值大,全长标距下弹性模量值最小;利用自动采集数据模式下得到单轴压缩应力应变曲线具有典型初始压缩弯曲段、较长的下降段,而人工读数下几乎不能测出初始压缩弯曲段,而主要表现为较长直线上升段。分析了塑性混凝土利用普通混凝土弹性模量计算公式的不足,提出利用其单轴峰值强度的0.3倍、0.7倍对应的点计算其弹性模量。同时提出室内测试塑性混凝土弹性模量试验时不需预压。     

常用时频分析方法的瞬时Teager主能量储层检测对比研究

地震谱分解技术能够从地震数据中提取丰富的地质信息,当层位中含有储层时,能量衰减就会出现“高频衰减,低频共振”的异常现象,瞬时Teager主能量这一地震属性能增强这种能量衰减异常现象,更有效地突出油气区域。首先利用测试信号对比分析了短时傅里叶变换、小波变换、S变换、Wigner-Ville变换、平滑伪Wigner-Ville变换的时频聚集性;然后利用短时傅里叶变换、小波变换、S变换、Wigner-Ville变换、平滑伪Wigner-Ville变换获得实际数据的时频表示,再利用时频表示计算地震数据的单频瞬时Teager能量和瞬时Teager主能量,并比较了不同时频分析方法的瞬时Teager主能量在储层预测方面的性能。研究结果表明基于平滑伪Wigner-Ville变换的瞬时Teager主能量储层预测效果最好,可以有效地区分储层和岩石层。     

广州市GPS控制网的设计特色和技术突破

通过对广州市GPS控制风的精心设计，科学实施，解决了当前应用GPS控制测量中较多且较难的技术问题，并达到了良好的效果。广州市GPS控制网的设计采用先进规范、分级布网、混连式网形等特色及基线文件的统一转换、方差协方差阵的平衡、超大网平差、多坐标系统的平差等技术突破和达到的实际效果，对大型控制网布测具有一定的指导作用。     

Determination of zero difference GPS differential code biases for satellites and prominent receiver types

The differential code bias (DCB) is the differential hardware (e.g., the satellite or receiver) delay that occurs between two different observations obtained at the same or two different frequencies. There are two approaches used to estimate DCBs for receivers and satellites: the relative and absolute methods. The relative method utilizes a GPS network, while the absolute method determines DCBs from a single station (zero difference). Three receiver types based on the pseudo-range observables were used here to collect the GPS data: Codeless Tracking, Cross Correlation, and Non-Cross Correlation styles. According to its types, GPS receivers have responded to restrictions on the GPS signal structure in different ways. The main goal of the current research is providing a method to determine the DCBs of GPS satellites and dual frequency receivers. The developed mathematical model was based on spherical harmonic function and geometry-free combination of pseudo-range observables (C/A or/and P-code) according to receiver type. A new elevation-dependent weighting function with respect to GPS satellites in our algorithm was applied. The applied weighting function was used to consider the quality variation of satellite DCBs, which is caused by pseudo-range measurement errors. The code of the proposed mathematical model was written using MATLAB and is called “zero difference differential code bias estimation (ZDDCBE)”. This code was tested and evaluated using data from IGS GNSS stations and different types of GPS stations out of IGS network installed in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The estimated values from the ZDDCBE code show a good agreement with the IGS analysis centers with a mean error of estimation for the receiver DCB equal 5.94%. Therefore, the ZDDCBE code can be used to estimate the DCB for any type of receiver regardless if the receiver is from IGS network or not.     

上海三维形变监测GPS试验网的建立

本文结合上海三维形变ＧＰＳ试验网的建立、探讨了应用ＧＰＳ建立高精度控制制的有关问题。结果表明，采用仪器墩强制对中、天线指比、观测时间超过３小时，测得的长度不超过４ｋｍ的基线，有望达到毫米级的精度。     

合肥城市轨道交通一号线GPS控制网的建立

全面介绍合肥城市轨道交通一号线GPS平面控制网的布设方案、外业施测、基线向量解算、控制网平差及精度分析等。     

GPS测量技术在海阳市城区控制中的应用研究

通过海阳市城区D级GPS控制网的布设,探讨了GPS控制网的布网方法和要求,阐述了GPS外业观测的质量控制措施,基线处理方法及其精度检验,讨论了已知控制点的选用方法,以及平差中应注意的问题等。     

Monitoring Koyulhisar landslide using rapid static GPS: a strategy to remove biases from vertical velocities

GPS is frequently used in the monitoring of natural hazards and other geophysical phenomena. Landslide monitoring is one such area in which various GPS methods are tested and various systematic error sources are introduced. In previous studies, one error source introduced on rapid static GPS was the effect of large height differences in GPS positions. In this study, we further investigate how GPS velocities/slip rates are affected by large station height differences when rapid static surveying is used. In order to demonstrate the influences, we used static GPS measurements from the Koyulhisar landslide in central Turkey. Comparison of rapid static GPS solutions with static GPS solutions using BERNESE 5.0 indicates that systematic biases occur in the estimated rapid static GPS deformation rates when the station height difference is large between baseline points. The effect is more significant on the vertical component, whereas it is negligible on the horizontal components. When reducing the height difference between the reference station and the rover stations, rapid static solutions from 15-min sessions show high correlation and similar deformation rates with static positioning solutions.     

Earth tide effects on kinematic/static GPS positioning in Denmark and Greenland

A detailed study of the Earth tide effects on the GPS kinematic/static positioning is presented in this paper by using theoretical Earth tide computation and practical GPS data processing. Tidal effects could reach up to 30 cm in Denmark and Greenland depending on the measuring time and the position of reference station. With a baseline less than 80 km, the difference of the Earth tide effects could reach more than 5 mm. So, in precise applications of GPS positioning, the Earth tide effect has to be taken into account even for a relative small local GPS network. Several examples are given for demonstrating that the Earth tide effects can be viewed by GPS surveying. They are given through static GPS data static processing, static GPS data kinematic processing, and airborne kinematic GPS data processing. In these cases, the Earth tide effects can be subtracted from the GPS results. The determination of tidal parameter through static GPS data kinematic processing has also been tested.     

GPS变形监测平差计算及不确定度分析

全球定位系统（GPS）是一种全天候、高精度的连续定位系统,它以速度快、方法灵活多样、操作简便等优势被广泛应用于工程测量和变形监测中。结合水厂铁矿GPS边坡变形监测实例,对GPS监测网的星历预报、基线向量平差计算、网平差计算、结果及残差不确定度进行了细致分析研究,以验证GPS技术在边坡变形监测中的可靠性和精度。     

Shape Functions for Velocity Interpolation in General Hexahedral Cells

Numerical methods for grids with irregular cells require discrete shape functions to approximate the distribution of quantities across cells. For control-volume mixed finite-element (CVMFE) methods, vector shape functions approximate velocities and vector test functions enforce a discrete form of Darcy's law. In this paper, a new vector shape function is developed for use with irregular, hexahedral cells (trilinear images of cubes). It interpolates velocities and fluxes quadratically, because as shown here, the usual Piola-transformed shape functions, which interpolate linearly, cannot match uniform flow on general hexahedral cells. Truncation-error estimates for the shape function are demonstrated. CVMFE simulations of uniform and non-uniform flow with irregular meshes show first- and second-order convergence of fluxes in the L ² norm in the presence and absence of singularities, respectively.