滇中昆阳群火成碳酸岩的发现及其意义

在武定西矿带发现的已大理岩化的滇中昆阳群（Pt2k)火成碳酸岩富含钠长石、更长石、金云母、黑云母等硅酸盐矿物，发育火成结构构造，如斑状结构、隐晶结构，流纹构造、带状构造、气孔、杏仁构造等，与沉积围岩相比，岩石高Si、Al、Fe、Mg、Mn、P，富K2O Na2O，低钙，轻稀土富集，富含Nb、Zr、Hr、U、Th、Sr、Ba、稀土等不相容元素，与粗面质、粗安质等碱性硅酸盐岩共生。（铁）白云石（＞５０％）内，含有粗面南、碳酸质熔融包裹体；流体包裹体均一温度可达４５０℃以上。其发现证明滇中元古代曾有碳酸质岩浆活动。     

白云鄂博碳酸岩的方解石-白云石地质温度计

利用方解石-白云石地质温度计对白云鄂博地区碳酸岩的平衡温度进行了测定。出露于东矿下盘的白云岩质火山岩和出露于尖山的方解石-白云石型火山岩获得了较高的温度,分别为681℃和648℃。这些样品中的方解石呈二十微米左右晶形较完整的小片,被稍大粒度的白云石颗粒包裹,未受交代作用影响,推测这种碳酸岩在快速冷却的情况下保存下了其岩浆侵位时的成分特点,从而指示出接近碳酸岩浆侵位时的温度。但本区多数碳酸岩的平衡温度在400～500℃之间,有下列三种情况:(1)具有自形-半自形中粗粒粒状变晶结构的碳酸岩最后的平衡温度为415～496℃;(2)产自东矿的其余样品(火山岩),所测最后平衡温度为431～485℃,在测温的微区范围内可见极细粒白云石方解石与稀土等矿物共生的现象;(3)为交代重结晶结构的碳酸岩明显受到后期热液流体的交代,在流体的作用下共生方解石和白云石在成分上达到新的平衡,平衡温度为432～507℃。本文所分析的样品多数结果(371～507℃)与用白云石(方解石)和磁铁矿氧同位素温度计对白云鄂博碳酸岩的计算结果(360～546℃)十分一致。虽然有研究者对方解石-白云石温度计用于火成碳酸岩表示过质疑,但本文资料表明火成碳酸岩最后的平衡温度是可以运用方解石-白云石温度计法来计算的。     

陵东狮子山铜矿床地质特征及成岩成矿机理研究

铜陵东狮子山铜矿为一夕卡岩矿床,但与常见的夕卡岩矿床明显不同. 在产状方面,夕卡岩与围岩(大理岩)界线截然,围岩出现重结晶褪色边,夕卡岩边缘有淬火边,与夕卡岩相接触的辉石二长闪长岩出现烘烤褪色边,夕卡岩中出现辉石二长闪长岩角砾;在矿物组成上,具特殊的钾长石+方解石+石英囊状体,其内矿物边界规则,无分带现象,夕卡岩矿物无被交代现象;在结构构造方面出现特征的海绵陨铁结构、豆状构造、流动构造等;在地球化学方面,夕卡岩岩石的微量元素、稀土元素特征与辉石二长闪长岩相似,其中呈填隙状方解石的化学组成、同位素组成显示深源特征;夕卡岩矿物中出现熔融包裹体,均一温度高于920℃;矿体特征与寄主夕卡岩的各方面特征十分相似.这些特征显示该矿床可能是一种高温高密度粘稠的夕卡岩岩浆熔(流)体冷凝结晶演化过程的产物.     

碳酸岩流体及其稀土成矿作用

火成碳酸岩熔浆可侵入到大陆和洋壳构造环境 ,多数大陆构造环境下的碳酸岩在时间和空间上与地壳减薄事件有关 ,高温下它具有极强的搬运碱金属、大离子亲石元素和高场强元素的能力。碳酸岩中可能出现的原生包裹体有两相水溶液 (气 +液 )包裹体、含子矿物多相水溶液包裹体、含CO2 包裹体和CO2 +盐水溶液混合多相包裹体以及硅酸盐玻璃质熔融包裹体等。碳酸岩型稀土矿床中赋存的流体包裹体类型也可分为气液相、含碳水溶液相和气液固多相包裹体 ,包裹体中稀土子矿物的出现是该类矿床最显著的特征。富碱碳酸岩流体中REE ,Sr ,Th和Fe等都具有极高的溶解度 ,水岩反应和流体不混溶是造成成矿热液中REE及Fe等沉淀成矿的关键因素 ,REE的迁移沉淀可延续到低温、低盐度的成矿晚阶段     

碳酸岩岩浆作用过程的包裹体研究

碳酸岩是一种富含碳酸盐矿物(方解石，白云石，铁白云石等＞50％以上)的火成岩。通常以侵入的方式，与超基性岩和碱性岩共生，位于环状侵人体的中心部位；或以喷出的方式，与碱性岩等构成环状杂岩体。碳酸岩在喷出或侵入过程中，与上部地壳围岩发生以富含碱质(钠或钾)为主的蚀变作用，形成特征性的蚀变岩石——霓长岩。通过对碳酸岩中的包裹体研究，可以获得包括成岩成矿时的温度、压力、密度、流体组分、流体演化等大量信息。碳酸岩矿物中包裹体的研究已取得很大进展，并为了解碳酸岩岩浆演化性质和特征提供了许多重要的信息：(1)碳酸岩可以形成于流体和熔体两种介质条件下；(2)碳酸岩矿物中包裹体富含CO2；(3)在碳酸岩的起源和演化过程中伴随有岩浆的不混溶作用发生；(4)碳酸岩岩浆具有的较低的粘度和密度。为了保证对从碳酸岩中获得的包裹体资料的合理解释，在研究过程中必须结合碳酸岩产出的大地构造背景、典型岩石组合、典型蚀变岩石(霓长岩)、赋存的矿产特征等方面的资料。虽然目前在包裹体研究方面尚有许多不足，但作为自然界唯一能够保存有原始成岩成矿流体的地质样品，包裹体的研究具有其他方法不可替代的作用。     

铜陵东狮子山铜矿床地质特征及成岩成矿机理研究

铜陵东狮子山铜矿为一夕卡岩矿床,但与常见的夕卡岩矿床明显不同。在产状方面,夕卡岩与围岩（大理岩）界线截然,围岩出现重结晶褪色边,夕卡岩边缘有淬火边,与夕卡岩相接触的辉石二长闪长岩出现烘烤褪色边,夕卡岩中出现辉石二长闪长岩角砾;在矿物组成上,具特殊的钾长石＋方解石＋石英囊状体,其内矿物边界规则,无分带现象,夕卡岩矿物无被交代现象;在结构构造方面出现特征的海绵陨铁结构、豆状构造、流动构造等;在地球化学方面,夕卡岩岩石的微量元素、稀土元素特征与辉石二长闪长岩相似,其中呈填隙状方解石的化学组成、同位素组成显示深源特征;夕卡岩矿物中出现熔融包裹体,均一温度高于９２０℃;矿体特征与寄主夕卡岩的各方面特征十分相似。这些特征显示该矿床可能是一种高温高密度粘稠的夕卡岩岩浆熔（流）体冷凝结晶演化过程的产物。     

矽卡岩岩浆对中国北方某些矽卡岩型矿床形成的制约——来自包裹体激光拉曼分析证据

本文将报道中国北方主要矽卡岩型矿床矿物熔融包裹体和流体-熔融包裹体的激光拉曼分析结果。研究目的是确认这些矿化矽卡岩矿物是否含熔融包裹体和流体-熔融包裹体,获取有关它们相态特征和相组成以及它们的分布状况(是局部的、偶然性的,还是广泛的)的信息。文章对邯邢铁矿、蒙库铁矿和杨家杖子钼矿等9个矿床12块标本中石榴石、辉石和方解石或白云石中23个包裹体进行了共聚焦激光拉曼光谱仪分析。拉曼分析结果表明,所研究的矽卡岩矿物均含熔融包裹体和/或流体-熔融包裹体,它们是岩浆矽卡岩的直接证据。结合本文激光拉曼分析结果、地质背景和其他地区岩浆矽卡岩矿物包裹体测温学研究,对所研究矽卡岩的形成机制和岩浆矽卡岩对中国北方某些矽卡岩型矿床的制约进行了讨论。认为含有熔融包裹体和/或流体-熔融包裹体的矿化矽卡岩系岩浆成因,其分布范围广泛,规模不小。中国北方某些矽卡岩型矿床的时空分布和规模受控于该地区分布的岩浆矽卡岩。希望本文有助于拓宽矽卡岩型矿床成矿规律研究和深部找矿勘探的思路。     

马坑铁钼铅锌多金属矿成矿流体演化及矿床成因类型

马坑铁矿是福建省一个大型铁钼铅锌多金属矿床,赋存于莒舟-大洋花岗岩外接触带上石炭统经畲组-下二叠统栖霞 组大理岩与下石炭统林地组石英砂岩之间,矿化阶段经历了从无水矽卡岩阶段（钙铁榴石-透辉石） →含水矽卡岩-磁铁矿 阶段（绿帘石-阳起石-绿泥石-钙铁辉石） →硫化物阶段（石英-方解石-萤石-黄铁矿-闪锌矿） →碳酸盐岩阶段（石英-方 解石） 演变,而本文对含水矽卡岩-磁铁矿阶段和硫化物阶段中的钙铁辉石、萤石、石英及方解石中流体包裹体所进行岩 相学观察和显微测温研究表明,早期含水矽卡岩-磁铁矿阶段包裹体类型主要有含NaCl子晶三相包裹体和富液相两相包裹 体,少量富气相两相包裹体;而晚期硫化物阶段包裹体类型主要为富液相两相包裹体。含水矽卡岩-磁铁矿阶段流体出现 流体沸腾作用,流体温度范围为448~596℃,两端员组分流体盐度分别为26.5~48.4 wt % NaCl equiv.和2.4~6.9 wt % NaCl equiv.;硫化物阶段流体呈现出混合趋势,流体温度和盐度分别为182~343℃和1.9~20.1 wt % NaCl equiv.。流体包裹体的均 一温度和盐度的研究结果表明含水矽卡岩-磁铁矿阶段流体主要来自岩浆水,而硫化物阶段流体以岩浆水为主,并有大气 降水加入。由于马坑铁矿化形成于含水矽卡岩阶段,铅锌矿化则形成于硫化物阶段,流体沸腾是导致马坑铁矿床形成的主 要因素,而流体混合则是引起马坑铁矿床铅锌矿化的主要因素。综合地质与地球化学研究,马坑铁矿床应属于与莒舟-大 洋花岗岩有关的矽卡岩型铁矿床。     

川西北双鱼石地区栖霞组储层成藏期次及流体演化

以岩心观察描述为基础,结合偏光显微镜薄片、阴极发光及流体包裹体等分析手段,探讨了川西北双鱼石构造栖霞组储层成岩和成藏期次及流体演化.结果表明,川西北双鱼石构造栖霞组上部储层整体为亮晶云质灰岩,可将其成岩矿物充填划分为四期,依次为早期微细晶方解石、重结晶的方解石、围岩孔洞中共生的石英钠长石和沥青、裂缝中充填的白云石和方解石.结合不同成岩阶段流体包裹体特征与埋藏史分析表明,二叠到中三叠纪研究区整体沉降接受沉积,埋深加大并受峨眉地裂伴随的热液作用影响,形成重结晶方解石,早中三叠-中侏罗纪下寒武统烃源岩达到生油高峰,使得第一期原油充注到栖霞组储层,随后二叠系中下部烃源岩在早侏罗-早白垩世达到生油高峰,即第二期原油充注.富硅热流体的充注形成石英和钠长石,同时由于埋深和热流体的改造,部分原油裂解生成沥青,古气藏开始逐步成藏.燕山晚期到喜山期龙门山地区在中生代中晚期经历了持续的逆冲构造变形,在构造裂缝充填白云石和方解石.裂缝充填方解石脉中捕获含甲烷包裹体和沥青包裹体,即古气藏随之调整,整体呈现早成藏晚调整的特点.     

东天山卡拉塔格西二区铁铜矿床地质地球化学特征及成因

西二区铁铜矿床是东天山卡拉塔格地区近年来新发现的矿床,但其矿床成因类型尚不明确.通过开展系统的电子探针、流体包裹体及H、O同位素研究,结果表明矿体赋存于大南湖组火山岩-火山碎屑岩中,受断裂控制,矿体呈似层状、透镜状.矿石结构主要为粒状结构和交代结构,矿石构造以块状构造和条带状构造为主.金属矿物主要为磁铁矿,脉石矿物主要为石榴子石、绿帘石、绿泥石、方解石等.成矿过程可划分为干矽卡岩、磁铁矿、石英-硫化物、碳酸盐这4个阶段.电子探针表明矿床早期形成钙铁榴石,磁铁矿阶段形成富铁矿石和富铁绿帘石.流体包裹体研究表明,从早到晚,成矿温度和盐度逐渐降低.H-O同位素表明成矿流体以岩浆水为主,演化至大气降水.由此可知西二区铁铜矿床属于矽卡岩型铁铜矿床.      

The Kirkland-Larder Lake stratiform carbonatite

The auriferous zone long known as the Larder Lake Break and more recently as the Larder Lake Exhalite is here interpreted as an exhalative kimberlitic carbonatite on the basis of its K, Ba, Sr, Mg, Fe, Cr, Ni and Co contents, and by comparison with similar younger rocks. Gold is believed to have been deposited syngenetically with this stratiform carbonatite and to be genetically related to late Archean tectonic, volcanic, petrochemical, sedimentary and exhalative processes. Rocks of the Timiskaming Series which host the carbonatite appear to represent a post-uplift graben assemblage of sedimentary and alkalic igneous rocks analagous to modern alkalic-carbonatitic complexes located in rifted upwarps. Preliminary data seems to indicate that carbonatite in general has a higher gold abundance than any other rock type, including iron formations and ultramafic rocks. Ferromagnesian carbonatites, the least common variety, may be worthy untested targets for gold exploration programs, particularly if some pyrite or other sulphide mineral is present.     

Age of carbonatite magmatism in Transbaikalia

The paper reports Ar-Ar, Rb-Sr, and U-Pb (SHRIMP II) geochronologic data on carbonatites in Transbaikalia, related metasomatically altered rocks, and comagmatic silicate alkaline rocks. Metamorphic processes at two carbonatite occurrences were dated at 550–559 Ma (U-Pb and Rb-Sr methods). Geochronologic data make it possible to distinguish two major epochs when carbonatite were formed: Late Mesozoic in southwestern Transbaikalia and Late Riphean-Vendian in northern Transbaikalia. Small carbonatite occurrences are also known in the Vitim and Baikal alkaline provinces, which were formed in the Middle-Late Paleozoic. The Late Mesozoic carbonatite-forming epoch is definitely correlated with the development of the Western Transbaikalia rift structure and the Late Riphean-Vendian epoch, with the breakup of Laurasia in the Late Riphean.     

Calculated silica activities in carbonatite liquids

Carbonatite magmas precipitate silicates, in addition to the abundant carbonates, oxides, and phosphates. Calculated silica activities for equilibria involving silicates and a silica component in magmatic liquids predict specific assemblages for silicate and oxide phases in carbonatites. These assemblages provide tests of alternative sources (carbonatite magma, coeval silicate magma, or older rock) for silicate minerals in carbonatites. Quartz, feldspars, and orthopyroxene are unlikely to be primary magmatic phases in carbonatites, because the silica activity in carbonatite magmas is too low to stabilize these minerals. Zircon and titanite should be unstable relative to baddeleyite and perovskite, respectively, but they do occur in carbonatites. Liquids dominated by carbonate are strongly nonideal with respect to dissolved silica. Consequently, activity coefficients for a silica component in carbonatite liquids are >>1, so that small mole fractions of SiO₂ translate into silica activities sufficient to stabilize phlogopite, clinopyroxene, amphibole, monticellite, and forsterite, among other silicates. Examination of silicate mineral assemblages in carbonatites in the light of silica activity indicates that many carbonatites are contaminated by solid silicate phases from external sources but these xenocrysts can be discriminated from magmatic minerals.     

The phlogopites from the Jacupiranga carbonatite intrusions

Summary Electron microprobe analyses of phlogopites from five carbonatite intrusions (C₁ oldest, to C₅ youngest) constituting the carbonatite plug in the Jacupiranga complex support previous conclusions based on magnetite analyses that C₂ to C₅ represent a trend of differentiation, and that C₁ has different chemical characteristics. All analyzed grains are zoned but no systematic zoning trends occur. The FeO/(FeO + MgO) ratio is very low (0.065 to 1.2), MgO is high (22.5 to 28.2%), TiO₂ is very low (up to 0.44w%), BaO may be very high (up to 10.3 w%), and Na₂O may be as high as 2.77 w%. With decreasing age from C₂ to C₅, MgO increases. Phlogopites from a banded reaction rock between carbonatite and jacupirangite are similar to, but not related to the phlogopites of the adjacent carbonatite. Compared with other carbonatite micas, the MgO-rich, TiO₂-poor Jacupiranga phlogopites present one of the less evolved compositions, similar to those in mantle peridotites. Carbonatite micas are generally lower in TiO₂ than BaO-rich micas from other rocks.

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Die Phlogopite der Karbonatitintrusionen von Jacupiranga und ihre petrogenetische Bedeutung

Zusammenfassung Mikrosondenanalysen von Phlogopiten aus fünf verschiedenen Karbonatitintrusionen (C₁ am ältesten, C₅ am jüngsten) des Jacupiranga-Komplexes unterstützen die früheren Schlüsse aus Magnetitanalysen, daß C₂ bis C₅ durch eine kontinuierliche magmatische Differentiation voneinander abgeleitet werden können, während C₁ andere geochemische Charakteristika aufweist. Alle analysierten Phlogopite sind zoniert, jedoch ohne jede systematische Tendenz in der Zonierung. Das FeO/(FeO + MgO)-Verhältnis ist sehr niedrig (0.065 bis 0.12), TiO₂ ist niedrig (unter 0.44 Gew.-%), BaO kann mit bis zu 10.3 Gew.-% sehr hoch sein, und Na₂O kann 2.77 Gew.% erreichen. Mit abnehmendem Alter von C₂ nach C₅ steigt der Gehalt an MgO an, während BaO abnimmt. Phlogopite aus einem gebänderten Reaktionsgestein zwischen Karbonatit und Jacupirangit sind ähnlich zusammengesetzt wie die benachbarten Karbonatite, mit diesen jedoch nicht verwandt. Verglichen mit Glimmern anderer Karbonatitvorkommen zählen jene von Jacupiranga zu den am wenigsten entwickelten auf Grund ihrer hohen MgO-Gehalte bei gleichzeitiger TiO₂-Armut. Sie weisen eine ähnliche Zusammensetzung wie Glimmer aus Mantelperidotiten auf. Bei gleichen BaO-Gehalten sind Glimmer aus anderen Karbonatiten generell ärmer an TiO₂.

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With 7 figures     

Ijolite versus carbonatite as sources of fenitization

Ijolite-carbonatite complexes are ubiquitously surrounded of an aureole of metasomatically altered rocks. The process of alteration is termed fenitization and is generally caused by peralkaline fluids emanating from cooling alkaline, i.e. ijolite and carbonatite magmas. Ijolites and carbonatites normally occur together and attempts to determine the source of the fenitizing fluids may therefore lead to controversial, if not erroneous, conclusions.
Mineralogical and chemical data of fenites from Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania), Fen (Norway), and Alnö (Sweden) are reviewed in the present paper in order to reveal the main factors controlling the fenitization around ijolite and carbonatite. Despite the overall alkaline nature of the process, variables such as XCO₂ of the fluid, activity gradients of SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and CaO, FeO/MgO ratio, f O₂ and temperature gradients may differ, producing distinctive patterns of fenitization around the two magmatic sources. The ijolitic-type fluid has low XCO₂, high activities of alkalies, SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, and low activity of CaO. The f O₂ evolves along the hm-mt buffer conditions and the temperature falls gradually with distance from the magmatic source. The carbonatitic-type fluid has high XCO₂, high activities of alkalies and CaO, and low activities of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. Temperatures and f O₂ are initially high, but decrease sharply with distance from the source. Moreover, the CO₂-rich fluid may complex and transport the REE.     

First carbonatite hosted REE deposit from India

Based on geological mapping and grid channel geochemical sampling, a carbonatite plug hosted REE deposit has been discovered at Kamthai, Barmer district, Rajasthan. The main REE minerals hosted by carbonatite plug are bastanesite (La), basnaesite (Ce), synchysite (Ce), carbocernaite (Ce), cerianite (Ce), ancylite and parisite. The highest value of LREE is 17.31%, whereas, mean works out 3.33% and weighted average is 2.97%. The carbonatite plug covers 19475 sq. meters and the resources have been estimated upto 84 m depth under Proved, Probable and Possible categories. The total resource estimation for carbonatite plug and other carbonate sills, dykes and veins is 4.91 million tons, making this as truly world class deposit. The TMC of individual LREO (lower rare earth oxide) calculated for carbonatite plug only are La=52196 tonnes, Ce =66026 tonnes, Nd = 13663 tonnes, Pr = 5415 tonnes, Sm = 920 tonnes and Eu = 207 tonnes. Besides these REE, the Kamthai resource will produce 551 tonnes of Ga, 44 tonnes of Ge and 1,12,830 tonnes of SrO during its mining life.     

碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中REE富集与分异的研究进展及碳酸岩中的矿物学分带

稀土元素(REE)作为"三稀资源"之一,是中国重要的战略性矿产资源,碳酸岩型稀土矿床是世界稀土的主要来源.成矿碳酸岩的岩浆演化以及稀土元素的富集和分异机理一直是碳酸岩型稀土矿床研究的热点和难点,国内外学者对碳酸岩的岩浆起源、岩浆演化过程中稀土元素富集与分异的机理进行了大量的研究与探讨,但仍存在较多的争议,限制了碳酸岩型稀土元素成矿理论的发展及国内外碳酸岩型稀土矿床的找矿勘查工作.文章重点对稀土成矿碳酸岩的起源、岩浆演化过程及在此过程中REE的富集与分异行为进行了详细的文献调研和评述,同时,基于笔者在冕宁牦牛坪稀土矿床前期的研究工作和最新发现,认为碳酸岩中普遍存在矿物学分带,它是岩浆演化过程的最佳记录,是不同成分矿物结晶分异作用的体现.对牦牛坪稀土矿床碳酸岩的矿物学分带特征及其中的熔体、熔流体和流体包裹体进行了初步描述与探讨,以期为研究碳酸岩的岩浆演化、岩浆-流体转化过程及稀土元素的富集与分异机理提供新的思路,促使对稀土碳酸岩矿物学分带及其对REE富集与分异的研究引起更多的关注和重视.