南海中尺度涡对深层流调控作用的个例研究

南海深层环流作为印太海域热盐环流的重要组成部分,研究其时间变异特征对于深入认识印太海域大洋环流具有重要意义。中尺度涡作为南海极为活跃的动力过程,有观测显示其影响深度可超过2000m。结合海表面高度计资料与潜标观测资料,识别南海区域中尺度涡,并分析了中尺度涡对深层流场以及温度场的影响。针对三个中尺度涡的潜标实测结果表明:在涡旋经过时,海洋深层流动有明显的变异,表现在速度、温度方面,速度增加量能达到5.5cm/s,温度变异可达到0.02℃。涡旋经过时,海洋上层、深层流向呈相反态势,第一斜压模动能显著增强。     

《海洋科学进展》编辑委员会

封面说明封面图片展示了印尼贯穿流海域复杂的海洋和大气环流特征.自西太平洋起源的印尼贯穿流和贯穿流南海分支分别经印尼海和南海流入印度洋,为大洋传送带提供了唯一的热带海洋通道;同时,大气赤道沃克环流的上升支也发生在该海域,使该海域成为全球降水最为丰沛的地区之一.由于地形复杂,且处于太平洋和印度洋潮波传播的汇聚区,引起印尼海剧烈的潮致混合,为海洋动力过程提供重要的能量输入,影响海洋上层环流和温盐结构,进而通过海气相互作用产生显著的天气和气候效应.详见本期综述《印度尼西亚海潮致混合研究现状与展望》,图片由作者提供.     

南海上层海洋环流两层半模式的数值模拟Ⅰ.闭边界海盆季节性环流

本文应用一个包含动力学和热力学的热带海洋两层半模式,模拟南海上层海洋闭边界条件下的季节性环流.模式海洋由不同密度的上混合层、季节性温跃层和静止的深水层组成.模式考虑挟卷(卷入entrainment和卷出detrainment)引起海洋上下活动层间的质量、动量与热量的交换,在海面月平均气候风场动力强迫和通过海面热通量的热力影响下,计算了封闭海盆假定下的南海上层海洋的季节环流.用数值试验的方法讨论了非线性效应、摩擦阻尼、侧向混合对大尺度环流的影响,并得出有关模式稳定性的结论.模拟结果与南海海洋实测和动力诊断的环流趋势吻合较好,显示了模式对南海海盆尺度的环流系统有较好的模拟能力.     

南海环流动力机制研究综述

南海的环流复杂,但通过近20 a来的研究工作,国内外学者对此已取得了不少的成果.本文就南海环流框架性的问题,综述了有关的文献,认为对南海上层海洋三方面的环流分量的驱动机制已有了初步的认识.这三方面分别是:(1)准季节性风场;(2)黑潮向南海的净输运;(3)黑潮向南海的涡度平流输送.但是对这些驱动的时空变化仍相当不清楚.三者皆增强了南海北部的海盆尺度气旋式环流,其强化的西南向西边界流靠近东沙群岛,建议称为“东沙海流”.没有水文证据显示黑潮水是以分支形式进入南海,其向南海的输运也不可能主要通过中尺度涡过程,具体机制有待研究.每年在南海生成的中尺度涡平均约有10个,风场与沿岸地形所生成的强风应力旋度可能是其主要的驱动机制.作为框架性的认识,也有三方面的工作进行得较少,即:(1)吕宋海峡的上层水交换;(2)南海的中尺度涡生成机制,虽然强风应力旋度及前述的第三种环流驱动机制也有中尺度涡伴生;(3)自吕宋海峡进入的深层水对南海上层海洋环流的影响.     

中国近海碳循环研究的主要进展及关键影响因素分析

海洋是地球碳的最重要贮存库之一,是全球碳循环系统的一个至关重要的子系统和大气CO2的汇.海洋碳循环过程不仅涉及海洋生物生产过程、化学能流与物流过程,还与不同时空尺度的海洋环流、大气动力学过程密切相关.大洋碳循环是海洋碳循环的主体.边缘海是陆地与大洋的连接带,虽然面积远比大洋小,但由于人类活动的影响以及河流径流不断向其输入丰富的营养物质,致使其中发生的生物地球化学过程比大洋复杂,所以,探明近海碳循环过程是全世界海洋学家必须要面对而且是与大洋碳循环相比更为难解、更具挑战性的研究课题[1, 2].     

南海北部开放航次海洋地质与沉积环境科学考察的进展与成果

南海北部具有独特的地理位置、季风环流、沉积构造以及丰富的油气、天然气水合物资源,但长期以来没有航线固定的考察航次进行持续观测以及逐年数据积累.自2004年起,中国科学院南海海洋研究所设置了南海北部开放航次,这对加强海洋现场数据的长期积累、促进海洋科学多学科交叉与融合、不断地发现和解决科学问题、推动重大成果产出起了积极作用.本文总结了2004-2010年海洋地质与沉积环境考察的进展及成果,并展望了今后海洋地质与沉积环境考察的主要方向,期望更多单位及科学家积极参与南海北部开放航次考察.     

从南海与大洋磁异常的相关性探讨南海的成因

对南海与大洋盆地条带状磁异常的相关分析表明，相关系数为０．１１—０．６５９，存在弱线性关系。这从一个侧面反映出边缘海洋壳与大洋壳本质上的差异。边缘海洋壳是玄武岩浆侵入并吞蚀破碎的大陆边缘地壳后形成的不同于大洋壳的新型洋壳。南海盆地磁异常显示其洋壳是新老不一、厚薄不匀的新洋壳的拼合叠覆体。     

南海夏季风爆发与南海热含量异常特征的相关分析

通过利用1958—2007年SODA月平均海温资料、1958—2008年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及1974—2008年NOAA卫星月平均OLR资料,分析了南海季风与南海上层海洋热含量之间的可能关系,发现南海夏季风爆发早晚与前冬南海上层海洋热含量存在显著的负相关,即当冬季南海上层海洋热含量偏高(低)时,次年南海夏季风爆发早(晚)。进一步对南海夏季风爆发异常年前期及前冬南海东部热含量异常年的相关大气环流特征分析后发现,南海夏季风爆发偏早和偏晚年前期的OLR特征、对流层环流特征及位势高度场分别与前冬南海东部热含量异常偏高和偏低年相一致。得出冬季南海东部热含量偏高(低)时,OLR在赤道东印度洋至我国南海及菲律宾以东为负(正)距平,南海地区对流加强(减弱);在纬向方向上,大气环流特征表现为正(负)的Walker距平环流,低纬Walker环流发展(减弱);在经向方向上,南海地区南北向局地Hadley环流加强(减弱);次年初春(3—4月)500hPa位势高度场在西太平洋副热带高压区总体为负(正)距平,副热带高压偏弱(强)。因此有(不)利于南海夏季风的早爆发。南海和西太平洋暖池区热含量异常都通过对流作用影响其上空大尺度...     

南海海洋动力过程观测与模拟研究进展

主要从动力学角度回顾了近年来与南海环流有关的南海物理海洋学调查与模拟研究的进展。目前,对南海上层海洋海盆和次海盆尺度季节性环流的基本模态已经有了比较一致的认识,对特定区域中尺度的环流特征也达成共识。已有的观测和数值模拟研究工作在以下几个方面取得了很大的进展：研究南海准定常涡旋的空间分布,获得其时间演化的主要特征及影响其形成和演化的可能因素;研究行星波动在南海环流建立与调整过程中的作用,获得南海低阶行星波动的速度场分布以及南海环流建立与调整的典型时间尺度;分析并讨论南海与其周边海域,尤其是与西太平洋海域水交换的形式及其影响因素,初步了解海峡水交换的季节差异及其水平和垂向结构,提出黑潮入侵南海的几种形式。未来南海环流的研究方向将扩展到能量学机制方面,并包括热量、动能、动量和涡度等物理量的多时空尺度迁移。     

从南海与大洋磁异常的相关性探讨南海的成因

对南海与大洋盆地条带状磁异常的相关分析表明，相关系数为０．１１－０．６５９，存在弱线性关系。这从一个侧面反映出边缘海洋壳与大洋壳本质上的差异，边缘海洋壳是玄武岩浆侵入并吞蚀破碎的大陆边缘地壳后形成的不同于大洋壳的新型洋壳。南海盆地磁异常显示其宙是新老不一，厚薄不匀的新洋壳的拼合叠覆体。     

Seasonal variability of the water circulation in the southern ocean and heat, salt, and mass exchange in the Antarctic region and adjacent oceans

The hydrographic fields in the Arctic region are calculated with a three-dimensional nonlinear model of the general circulation in the World Ocean using climatic databases on temperature, salinity, and wind stress. The calculation results show that the seasonal variability of the fields is negligible. The salinity distribution almost does not change from season to season, and slight temperature differences are found only in the upper layer. In the winter period, a moderate intensification of the currents is observed. The formation of an intermediate low-salinity layer is revealed at the Subantarctic front, where the intensive turbulence and transverse circulation in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current near the front result in the sinking of the surface low-salinity waters down to intermediate depths. The low-salinity water propagates in the oceans at intermediate depths northward from the front by advection. The integral values of the seasonal transport of mass, heat, and salt in various sections are presented in tables, and the distributions of appropriate characteristics in these sections are shown in figures. According to the calculations, the highest seasonal variations of heat, salt, and mass exchange in the Antarctic region and adjacent oceans are found in the Atlantic sector.     

A note on modeling double diffusive mixing in the global ocean

Though ubiquitous in the global oceans, double diffusive mixing has been largely ignored or poorly represented in the models of turbulent mixing in the ocean and in 3-D ocean models, until recently. Salt fingers occur in the interior of many marginal seas and ocean basins, the Tyrrhenian Sea and the subtropical Atlantic being two examples. Diffusive convection type of double diffusion occurs in the upper layers of many sub-polar seas and polar oceans due to cold melt water from sea ice. Consequently, it is important to be able to properly parameterize double diffusive mixing in basin scale and global ocean models, so that the water mass structure in the interior of the ocean can be properly simulated. This note describes a model for double diffusive mixing in the presence of background shear, based on Mellor–Yamada type second moment closure, more specifically Kantha, 2003, Kantha and Clayson, 2004 second moment closure models of resulting turbulence, following Canuto et al. (2008a) but employing a different strategy for modeling the pertinent terms in the second moment equations. The resulting model is suitable for inclusion in ocean general circulation models.     

Argo: A new tool for environmental monitoring and assessment of the world’s oceans, an example from the N.E. Pacific

Argo is an international project that is deploying profiling drifters in all of the oceans of the world, with the exception of the Arctic Ocean. Though still in its implementation phase the Argo array is now supplying an impressive amount of data which offers new opportunities to assess and monitor the environmental status of many regions of the world oceans. Recently, changes in the Gulf of Alaska have been documented by other means that suggest large changes in the T/S relationships and related changes in nutrient supply and productivity. This paper examines these unusual changes to demonstrate the use of the Argo database to determine the physical status of an ecosystem. While the methods of analysis are general, they are here specifically applied to the N.E. Pacific Ocean. We show how it is possible to monitor the baroclinic geostrophic circulation fields in near real-time and correlate these changes with alterations in the stratification of the upper water column.     

Local Multiscale Approximations of Geostrophic Oceanic Flow: Theoretical Background and Aspects of Scientific Computing

In modern geoscience, understanding the climate depends on the information about the oceans. Covering two-thirds of the Earth, oceans play an important role. Oceanic phenomena are, for example: oceanic circulation; water exchanges between atmosphere, land, and ocean; or temporal changes of the total water volume. All these features require new methods in constructive approximation, since they are regionally bounded and not globally observable. This article deals with a new and alternative method of handling data with locally supported basis functions, modeling them in a multiscale scheme involving a wavelet approximation and presenting the main results for the dynamic topography and the geostrophic flow, e.g., in the Northern Atlantic. Further, it is demonstrated that compressional rates of the occurring wavelet transforms can be achieved by using of locally supported wavelets and investigating the signal distribution within different frequency bands.     

中国近海的环流动力机制研究

本文总结国内外对我国近海环流所作的工作,对渤海、黄海、东海和南海等环流的主要动力机制作一简述.     

中国物理海洋学研究70年:发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团，以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强，研究领域不断拓展，涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果，其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的“普遍风浪谱”和“涌浪谱”，发展了第三代海浪数值模式；提出了“准调和分析方法”和“潮汐潮流永久预报”等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法；发现并命名了“棉兰老潜流”，揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等，系统描述了太平洋西边界流系；提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流)；不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统，在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流，以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识；从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结；发展了浅海水团的研究方法，基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制，在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献；阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制，揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构，定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力；基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征，提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制；构建了“南海内波潜标观测网”，实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识；发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论，提出了海流“边缘不稳定”的概念，开发了海洋湍流模式，提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等；在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识，并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响；研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式，推出一系列海洋与气候模式；发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统；建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模 型实验平台；发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法，建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系，揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应；初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网；持续开展南北极调查研究；建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统，为中国气象减灾提供保障；突破了国外的海洋技术封锁，研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器；建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型，为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示，经过70年的发展，中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍，这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军。     

安达曼海的热收支分析及其水交换研究

The characteristics of the T/S structures, water mass exchange and deep circulation in the Andaman Sea are investigated based on the simulation from a high-resolution general circulation model(MITgcm). The results show that, below 1 000 m, the water mass is saltier, warmer and more homogeneous in the Andaman Sea than that in the Bay of Bengal, attributing to the strong vertical mixing at the depth of ～1 800 m. The water mass exchange between the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal goes through three major channels, which manifests itself as follows: the northern channel(Preparis Channel) is the main passage of water mass transport from the Bay of Bengal to the Andaman Sea, whereas the Middle Channel(the south of Andaman Islands and the north of Nicobar Islands) has an opposite transport; the southern channel(Great Channel) features with a four-layer water exchange which results in the least net transport among the three channels; all the transports through the three channels have an intra-annual variation with a period of half a year. At 1 000-m depth, the entire Andaman Sea is occupied by a cyclonic circulation in January and July while by an anticyclonic one in April and October. The semiannual cycle found in both the deep circulation and water mass exchange is likely associated with the downwelling eastward-propagating Kelvin waves induced by the semiannual westerly component in the equatorial Indian Ocean during intermonsoon seasons.     

Application of LICOM to the numerical study of the water exchangebetween the South China Sea and its adjacent oceans

1 IntroductionThe South China Sea (SCS) is the largestmarginal sea in the western Pacific (see Fig. 1). It con-nects with the SCS through the Taiwan Strait, with thePacific through the Luzon Strait, with the Sulu Seathrough the Mindoro and Balabac Straits and with theJava Sea and Andaman Sea through the Sunda Shelf(For convenience, here we refer to the section at 1.5°N,Fig. 2). It is shown that the seasonal SCS circulation ismostly affected by the summer/winter monsoon, andthe no…     

热带印度洋和太平洋海气相互作用事件的协调发展

对次表层海温距平的分布和变化的分析表明,在热带印度洋和太平洋都存在海温距平的偶极子模态,即在赤道附近大洋东、西两个部分的海温距平在不少年份呈反符号分布。进一步分析表明,两大洋海温距平的偶极子模态间有密切的联系。在分析它们和850hPa纬向风距平后指出,正是Walker环流异常把两大洋的海温距平变化联系起来。     

INTERACTION BETWEEN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN WINTER HALF YEAR

As oceans cover about 71% of the Earth's surface and have bigger thermal capacitythan the air, they act as a storage and regulator of solar radiation, and therefore, playan important part in the formation of long-range weather process. Many meteorologistshave been studying the interaction between the sea surface temperature (SST) and theatmospheric circulation. Some of them emphasize the active role of the oceans andconsider that the variations of SST control the atmospheric circulation anomalies, butothers often express different viewpoints. What relation really exists between the oceanand the atmosphere? To answer this question, one must pay more attention to the spatialand temporal variations in the relationship between circulation and SST. The purposeof the present paper is to get a better understanding of their variations.