老风口风资源分析及风资料应用评价

通过对老风口风区2001--2005年风观测数据的统计整理,建立各类风要素值的数据库,分析和探讨老风口风能资源的分布特征、可利用的理论指标及评价,结果表明：老风口作为风能较丰富的地区之一,风能季节性变化明显,风向变化相对稳定,平均风能密度和有效风能密度分别达到了150W／m^2和200W／m^2以上,是风能资源开发利用较有价值的地区。随着环境保护和生态治理的不断深入,老风口无污染的风能资源,在生态治理、风力发电等多方面,有着很大的可持续利用的潜力。     

老风口生态区偏东大风统计特征分析

特殊的地理位置和不同环流形势的共同作用,造就了老风口地区大风及偏东大风。文中通过对实测风相关资料的统计分析,并结合气象学原理,揭示出了老风口风区大风及偏东大风发展维持的主要特征和基本规律。     

老风口防风林工程初见成效

老风口位于塔城地区托里、额敏两县之间，S221省道公路横贯南北，是塔城公路交通的咽喉，也是塔城地区经济建设、东联西出的要道。由于特定的地理位置，老风口地区受偏东大风的灾害严重。特别是冬季，经常因为风吹雪暴，形成风雪流而阻塞交通，冻死人、畜，严重制约着塔城地区的经济建设和社会发展。为加快西部大开发的步代，改善塔城地区的投     

老风口生态区甜瓜种植及气候适应性分析

通过对老风口生态区甜瓜种植期内,气温、湿度、降水、光照等气象要素观测资料的整理分析,结合生态区甜瓜培育的试验成果,研究得出：该生态区优质甜瓜栽培的生育期指标、品种特点及推广种植的气候条件。为开拓本地区特色农业种植品种、推动无公害绿色产品的规模化种植和生产,提供宝贵经验和科学依据。     

克拉玛依强风的气候统计

一、地形概况克拉玛依是我国的重要石油产地之一,是一座新型的工业城市,地处准噶尔盆地的西北边缘,海拔高度427米.克拉玛依地势是西北高于东南,南-北坡度2%,东-西坡度也是2%.克拉玛依东面是准噶尔盆地,西北方向是扎伊尔山,扎伊尔山呈东北-西南走向,其北面是谢米斯塔依山,西连巴尔鲁克山.谢米斯塔依山和巴尔鲁克山的交界处是老风口地区,海拔高度约1100米.     

塔城3.12东风沙尘暴天气模拟分析

新疆塔城向来以水草丰美著称于世,但2005年底和2006年初却连续发生3场大的沙尘暴,引起恐慌。本文采用mm5v3模式做气象场实验,hysplit4.7轨迹模式做扩散与沙尘来源分析。利用卫星遥感图做对比。分析了3?12东风沙尘暴天气。研究表明：500hPa图上乌拉尔山脊向东北发展,在新疆北疆形成一个东西向的横槽,北疆北部为一致的东风,受其引导,北疆地面形成大范围的东风,经过塔城老风口,在塔城地区形成强的下坡风。加之当时该区域积雪过早融化耕地裸露,大风卷起土壤形成这次沙尘暴。mm5v3模式模式较好的模拟了强的东风下坡风;经过与遥感对比,hysplit4.7轨迹模式较好的模拟了起沙沙源地和扩散过程。     

川康边区之雨量

本文所论,以四川西部岷江流域及西康东部稚龙江,金沙江与澜沧江上游为限,东起105°E,西至95°E,北自33°N,南止28°N。是区适当四川盆地与西藏高原交接之地带,境内地形至为复杂,高山深谷,东西骈列,走向大致均由北而南,或西北而东南。山在四川西北境有九顶山脉,南尽于成都平原,平均海拔在三千公尺以上,北为雪宝顶,南为九顶山,海拔在五千公尺左右,其西有印崃山,夹金山及大相岭,连绵不断,耸峙于川康边界上,北部拔海约四千公尺,南部则在二千公尺左右,走向初南北而后折为东西,酉康境内,大雪山脉为东部之屏障,平均海拔在四千公尺以上,北名折多山,中为贡噶山,南为     

民国二十五年七月份各地气象通讯

长沙本月湖南境内,雨旸时若,天气之佳,为过去数年同月所罕见,就雨量而论,全省各地,约70(米毛)至227(米毛),偏距既小,分配复甚均匀,上中下三旬百分率,相差均不甚大,以视过去全月雨量大部份集中於上旬或中旬者,殊有不同,此种情形,对於农作物,颇为有利,故各处绿满田畴,据一般老农言,本年年岁之丰,为近数年所未有。全月温度,颇为特殊,各地平均,均较往年为低,常德变差最     

重庆之气候

丁丑之夏,暴日进寇,发於芦沟桥畔,祸及於凇沪之滨。中大位居首都,京沪相去匪远,敌机肆虐,频频来袭,大会堂,图书馆先後受炸,女生宿舍,全部遭焚,迁渝设教之议,势迫实行。双十节後,予发自乡井,十七日抵汉皋,二十一日换舟西上,三十日而达渝州。二十九日之夜,船泊木洞镇旁,同船师生爰有同乐会之举,     

近三年来湖南之气象

一绪言最近三年来,我国水旱频仍,损失之重,互古未有!推原其故,固大半由於人事未尽,但天时失常,各项气候因子变化太大,实为主要原因。故对於过去三年内务项气象要素,实有加以检讨之必要。本文目的,即在根据湖南境内三年来之气象纪录,加以整理说明。惟所用材料,仅有长沙、常德、衡阳三处,岳州海关之气象纪录,因案头     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.