弱膨胀土的膨胀特性试验研究

目前测量土体膨胀力的主要方法有膨胀反压法、加压膨胀法、平衡加压法和恒体积法。基于测量膨胀力的恒体积法,利用TST-55型渗透仪、高精度压力传感器和数采系统改进了测量土体膨胀力的装置,并研究了膨胀土的膨胀特性。试验结果表明,土样初始含水率和干密度对土体的极限膨胀力都有显著的影响,并建立了极限膨胀力与两者之间的关系式;较低初始含水率时,不同干密度的土样在膨胀力达到峰值之后,都有不同幅度的降低,随着干密度的增大而降低的越多,并且发现极限膨胀力降低值与干密度之间在双对数坐标轴上存在线性关系;而在较高初始含水率时,不同干密度的土样在膨胀力达到峰值之后,会保持平稳趋势。极限膨胀力的对数与初始含水率之间具有很好的线性关系,土样吸水量的对数与初始含水率以及干密度均有着很好的线性关系。     

压实红黏土的恒体积膨胀力与细观机制研究

针对目前量测土体膨胀力的主要方法所存在的不足,提出近似完全限制条件下测量土体膨胀力的改进方法。以压实红黏土为研究对象,测到不同初始状态（含水率、干密度）试样的膨胀力,并与膨胀反压法测得的膨胀力进行对比分析,发现限制膨胀方法测得的膨胀力要小于膨胀反压法的试验值。同时,显现出限制膨胀法测膨胀力具有3个主要优点：试验过程中保持土体不发生变形,更加符合膨胀力的物理定义;试验耗时少、占空间少;能测较宽含水率范围内的膨胀力。最后,利用压汞法和氮吸附法测得不同状态下土体的细观孔隙结构分布特征。结果表明：相同干密度试样,制样含水率对压实土体的孔隙分布影响显著;黏土晶间和粒间吸水自由膨胀后发生“不可逆”膨胀变形;土体发生“不可逆”膨胀变形程度是引起限制膨胀法和膨胀反压法所得试验结果出现差异的主要原因。     

高庙子膨润土水化膨胀特性及其微观机理研究

膨润土具有遇水膨胀的特性,是高放核废料深地质处置库理想的缓冲回填材料。膨胀特性是其作为缓冲材料最重要的性能之一,同时受多方面因素的影响。本文以我国首选缓冲材料高庙子膨润土为研究对象,以含水率和干密度为控制变量,以恒体积法为试验方法,研究了高压实高庙子膨润土的水化膨胀特性,采用压汞试验法(MIP)对膨润土微观结构进行了研究,并以此对水化膨胀特性进行了解释。膨胀力试验结果表明,高庙子膨润土的膨胀力发展形式和最大膨胀力均受试样含水率和干密度影响,干密度较小时,水化曲线呈明显的双峰结构,干密度较大时,水化曲线形态与含水率相关,随着含水率增大,双峰结构逐渐消失。MIP试验结果表明,高庙子膨润土的孔径分布同样受含水率和干密度影响,随着含水率和干密度降低,集合体间大孔隙体积增多。膨润土的水化膨胀曲线受集合体间大孔隙影响显著。大孔隙较多时,膨润土集合体能迅速膨胀形成临时结构,当膨胀力超过临时结构的极限荷载时发生坍塌,膨胀力回落,内部结构重组后继续水化达到最大膨胀力,因此其水化膨胀曲线呈明显的双峰结构。随着大孔隙量减少,水化膨胀曲线由双峰结构演变成一条平滑曲线。     

延吉膨胀岩膨胀力的水-力路径效应与应用适宜性分析

膨胀力是膨胀岩土地区工程设计和施工中的重要参数,目前常用的膨胀力试验方法主要有膨胀反压法、平衡加压法和加压膨胀法3种。膨胀力大小容易受试验方法的影响。为了研究试验方法对膨胀力的影响,以延吉膨胀岩为研究对象,采用上述3种方法开展了不同初始含水率试样的膨胀力试验,分析比较了3种试验方法的特点和适用范围。结果表明,膨胀力具有强烈的水-力路径效应,3种方法确定的膨胀力存在较大差异,膨胀反压法测得的膨胀力最大,加压膨胀法最小;3种方法确定的膨胀力与初始含水率之间存在明显的线性负相关关系,随着试样初始含水率的增加,不同方法得到的膨胀力与初始含水率的关系曲线逐渐靠拢,水-力路径对膨胀力试验结果的影响逐渐减弱,每一种方法有其自身的特点和特定的适用范围,膨胀力测试应该根据实际工况选择合适的试验方法。     

混合型缓冲回填材料膨胀力试验研究

与纯膨润土相比,混合型缓冲回填材料（膨润土与石英砂混合物）能够实现防渗阻隔能力、热传导性能、力学强度和可施工性能的最佳组合。选用高庙子钠基膨润土（GMZ001）为缓冲回填材料的主料,添加不同比例的石英砂,对掺砂比分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的膨润土-砂混合物压实试样进行室内试验。结果表明,混合物的液限、塑限随掺砂率的增大而线性降低;膨胀力随时间呈指数增长。初始含水率较大时,最大膨胀力随初始含水率的增大略有降低。掺砂率一定时,最大膨胀力随初始干密度指数增长。提出了有效黏土密度的概念,建立了一定初始含水率条件下,任意掺砂率和初始干密度的高庙子膨润土-砂混合物最大膨胀力归一化模型,为混合型缓冲回填材料膨胀力的预测与控制提供了依据。     

弱膨胀土浸水变形特性及其预测

对取自江苏省淮安市的膨胀土进行了浸水后的膨胀变形和压缩变形试验。在竖向压力25~800 k Pa范围下,研究了不同初始含水率和初始干密度对浸水膨胀变形特性的影响。结果表明:浸水饱和膨胀变形量主要取决于初始干密度,且初始含水率也有一些影响;在相同的含水率下,膨胀变形量随着干密度的增加而增大;在相同干密度条件下,含水率越大,浸水膨胀变形量略微减小。根据各组的固结状态线和浸水饱和膨胀后状态线的交点,得出了介于浸水膨胀和浸水压缩的分界状态线,此线基本上不受初始含水率的影响,进而可以判定不同孔隙比、不同竖向压力下土样处于浸水膨胀还是压缩。最后,基于浸水变形试验结果,提出了一种简便的预测弱膨胀土在不同竖向压力下膨胀变形量的方法。     

Modification of physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of bentonite by thermo-hydraulic gradients

The conditions of the bentonite in an engineered barrier for high-level radioactive waste disposal have been simulated in a series of tests. Cylindrical cells with an inner length of 60 cm and a diameter of 7 cm have been constructed. Inside the cells, six blocks of FEBEX bentonite have been piled-up, giving rise to a total length similar to the thickness of the clay barrier in a repository according to the Spanish concept. To obtain the blocks, the clay with its hygroscopic water content has been uniaxially compacted at a dry density of 1.65 g/cm³. The bottom surface of the material was heated at 100 °C and the top surface was injected with granitic water. The duration of the tests was 6, 12 and 24 months. The temperatures inside the clay and the water intake were measured during the tests and, at the end, the cells were dismounted and the dry density, water content and some hydro-mechanical properties of the clay (permeability, swelling pressure and swelling under load) were measured at different positions. The values obtained are compared to those of the untreated FEBEX bentonite. The injection of water provokes in the vicinity of the hydration surface an increase of the water content and a decrease of the dry density due to the swelling of the clay, while heating gives rise to an increase of the dry density and a reduction of the water content in the 18 cm closest to the heater, even after 2 years of thermo-hydraulic (TH) treatment. The swelling capacity and the hydraulic conductivity after TH treatment are mainly related to the dry density and water content attained during it. No major irreversible modifications of these properties with respect to those of the untreated clay have been detected.     

Hydro-mechanical path dependency of claystone/bentonite mixture samples characterized by different initial dry densities

In the context of the French Cigéo-project, a mixture composed of 70% processed Callovo-Oxfordian claystone spoil and 30% MX80-bentonite could be a potential backfill material, whose installation aims to stabilize the surrounding rock formation and to limit the propagation of the excavation damaged zone. The backfill material must sustain the overburden pressure, despite that it might be exposed to different hydraulic and mechanical paths. The reference concept considers employing conventional compaction techniques, although their employment involves spatial variations in the dry density after compaction. In general, as the initial dry density has a significant impact on the hydro-mechanical behavior of backfill materials, it is of major importance to relate the variations in the initial dry density to differences in the behavior. This experimental laboratory study aimed to analyze how variations in the initial dry density affect the swelling and compression behavior of the claystone/bentonite mixture, in particular in unsaturated state. Further, it evaluated whether those variations affected possible hydro-mechanical path dependences. The experimental program comprised suction-controlled oedometer and constant-volume swelling pressure experiments, in which samples characterized by different initial dry densities were exposed to different hydro-mechanical paths. The analysis of microstructural and water retention characteristics complemented the program. Major results indicated that the magnitude of swelling pressure at a given suction depends considerably on the initial dry density, but it is independent of the imposed hydro-mechanical path. Interestingly, the dependency of the yield behavior on the hydro-mechanical path appears to be more pronounced as the initial dry density increases.

     

Experimental research on expansion characteristics of Mengzi expansive soil with water,salt and acid immersion

Swelling tests of Mengzi remolded expansive soil inundated with different types of wetting fluids (distilled water, saline water and acidic water) were carried out using advanced consolidometer. Swelling characteristics of expansive soil under different initial conditions were studied. The dose–response model was used to fit the rules of swelling time interval for expansive soil with water immersion. The quantitative relationships between the swelling deformation and initial conditions (initial water content, initial dry density and overburden pressure) were attained using 3D regression analyses. The differences in deformation rules of expansive soil with water immersion in each region are bigger for the differences of genetic types, mineral compositions, chemical characteristics of soils and sample preparation techniques and instrument error. The expansion deformation rules of soil immersed in salt and acid solution are the same as the rules of soaked soil. The important indices obtained can be provided to the engineering design, construction and stability evaluation of expansive soil slopes.     

砌块干密度对回填施工接缝砌块体系的膨胀特性影响研究

通过室内模拟试验,采用膨润土粉末对压实膨润土砌块之间的接缝区进行二次填充,利用自主设计的刚性壁膨胀仪,以砌块干密度为基本变量,对恒体积条件下不同干密度砌块接缝以及砌块顶部的膨胀应力进行监测,分析接缝密封后砌块体系的膨胀特性。试验表明:经二次填充后的含接缝砌块体系,其膨胀应力优先向接缝区域发展,径向膨胀应力发展快于轴向,有利于砌块接缝区域的封闭。在相同接缝充填的条件下,随着砌块初始干密度的增大,砌块体系接缝区域的最终膨胀应力增大,到达最大膨胀应力时间缩短,接缝区域愈合速度加快。由于接缝的存在,砌块区膨润土吸水膨胀后首先对接缝内孔隙进行充填,轴向应力降低,产生“应力补偿”现象。砌块干密度越低,应力补偿现象越明显。根据砌块的轴向应力曲线将砌块轴向应力发展过程分为3个阶段:快速增长阶段、稳步发展阶段和应力调整阶段。其中快速发展阶段主要受砌块初始干密度的控制,而稳步增长阶段则受到水分迁移、侧壁摩擦力以及接缝愈合速率的影响更多。相较于完整样,含充填接缝的砌块体系膨胀应力分布状态趋向于等向应力分布,提高了整个屏障体系的均质化程度。     

重塑膨胀土的三向膨胀力试验研究

用三向胀缩仪对南阳陶岔重塑膨胀土做了12个三向膨胀力试验,9个湿胀干缩试验和9个控制变形的膨胀力试验。试验结果表明,三向膨胀力不等,水平膨胀力小于竖向膨胀力;湿胀干缩使重塑膨胀土的膨胀力降低,第一次干湿循环后膨胀力减小最多;微小的位移可以使膨胀力大大降低,膨胀力与位移呈对数关系;给出了膨胀力与初始含水率和干密度的关系式。     

盐溶液饱和高庙子膨润土膨胀特性及预测

甘肃北山被首选为修建高放废物处置库的地区。考虑到该地区地下水中含有总溶解固体（TDS）,选择NaCl-Na2SO4作为溶解固体。以高庙子钠基膨润土为试验材料,利用单向固结仪,进行不同TDS浓度盐溶液和蒸馏水饱和的膨胀试验。根据蒙脱石孔隙比的概念,统一整理了饱和高庙子膨润土在盐溶液和蒸馏水饱和下的膨胀特性。结果表明,当TDS浓度为12.3 g/L（预选处置库区的最高离子浓度）时,在双对数坐标中蒙脱石孔隙比与膨胀力关系和干密度与膨胀力关系均呈直线且平行于蒸馏水的试验结果;对于给定干密度试样,膨胀力的对数与TDS浓度呈线性关系。根据以上试验结果,给出了由高庙子钠基膨润土的设计干密度和离子浓度计算相应膨胀力和膨胀变形的表达式。     

不同水化状态下的压实膨胀土应力-应变-强度特征

为探讨水化状态对饱和压实膨胀土应力-应变-强度特征的影响,以压实度为95%的荆门弱膨胀土为研究对象,开展了2种典型水化状态下的固结与三轴试验,其中第1种水化状态采用常规饱和方法,第2种水化状态为试样自由膨胀至稳定状态。结果表明：（1）受变形约束条件与渗径的影响,不同水化状态下体膨胀率有较大差别;（2）第2种水化状态下的饱和压实膨胀土具有更大的硬化指数λ与膨胀指数κ、较小的弹性剪切模量,其有效内摩擦角为第1种水化状态下的77.2%,体现出膨胀土饱和强度的变动性;（3）2种水化状态下的固结曲线均呈现出明显的屈服现象,其屈服应力分别为123.2 kPa与94.5 kPa;（4）第1种水化状态下,低围压下试样应变软化与剪胀,高围压下应变强化与剪缩;第2种水化状态下试验围压范围内均发生剪缩和轻微的应变软化;（5）2种水化状态下试样在固结与剪切过程中均表现出超固结性,这种超固结性并非完全由先期固结压力所致,而是试样受荷过程中膨胀受到约束造成的;（6）不同水化饱和状态下初始孔隙比不同,膨胀势也不同,膨胀势与外部约束条件、排水条件、应力状态相互作用,造成其应力-应变-强度特征的差异性。     

A laboratory study of the self sealing behaviour of a compacted sand–bentonite mixture

Bricks made of compacted sand–bentonite mixture are considered as a possible engineered barrier to isolate high-level radioactive waste at great depth. This work is aimed at investigating some specific effects related to the presence of discontinuities at the contact between the bricks and the excavation wall. In order to do this, an experimental device was developed in the laboratory. The model is made up of a specially designed infiltration cylinder which allows the precise definition of a planar discontinuity between the compacted specimen (a sand–bentonite mixture made up of sand and Kunigel clay from Japan) and a metal wall. During hydration and subsequent specimen swelling, the planar wall is filled, resulting in a healing process. Three total pressure gauges placed along the wall allow a detailed observation of the increase in total stress against the wall. After different periods of swelling, the maximum resistance of the specimen–wall interface to pressure was tested by imposing a pressure increase through a porous stone placed at one end of the cylinder. It was found that the maximum pressure supported by the interface is a function of the initial thickness of the discontinuity and the initial density of the specimen. It was also found that the maximum sustainable pressure depends linearly on the elapsed time. These results are of interest for optimizing water infiltration procedures in either mock-up tests or real disposal systems. If the maximum sustainable pressure at the interface is known, it is possible either to ensure homogeneous hydration of a mass of bricks by respecting the maximum injection pressure limit or to accelerate hydration by forcing water paths along the discontinuities.     

压实作用对泥岩膨胀性及水分迁移影响

为研究压实作用对泥岩膨胀性及水分迁移的影响,将碾碎过筛泥岩以不同干密度分层夯实到自制试验箱中进行试验,采用高精度位移传感器和TDR-4型湿度传感器进行数据采集,并采用体式显微镜对泥岩颗粒进行微观结构分析。研究结果表明:不同压实作用下泥岩膨胀过程均经历初期快速陡增阶段、中期膨胀减缓阶段和后期膨胀稳定阶段;体积含水率增大过程均经历跳跃式快速增长阶段、外凸弧线缓慢增长阶段和后期稳定阶段;随着干密度的增加,其稳定膨胀量和稳定膨胀率近似呈线形增加;水分在泥岩中的迁移与泥岩自身膨胀挤密和大气影响深度相关,干密度越大,膨胀挤密效果越明显,大气影响深度越小,其水分迁移速度越小;泥岩颗粒孔隙较为发育,连通性较好,可为水分迁移提供通道;泥岩浸水膨胀后呈泥质状态,颗粒间黏结发生破坏。研究可为膨胀泥岩地区高速铁路的修建提供参考依据。     

膨胀土膨胀特性的变化规律研究

研究了击实膨胀土的膨胀压力p与50 kPa下的膨胀率 随干密度、饱和度及含水量的变化规律。结果表明：p和 与干密度 、含水量 、饱和度 的关系及p- 间的关系皆可用幂指数函数描述;在不同条件下, , , 中的某一个或两个因素可更好地描述p和 的变化规律,一般在高含水量范围含水量因素与干密度因素等价;在低含水量范围含水量因素与饱和度因素等价;含水量一定时干密度因素与饱和度因素等价;存在一临界干密度,干密度大于临介干密度时,膨胀力随饱和度的增加而减小,反之则增加。     

膨润土加砂混合物膨胀特征试验研究

运用自行研制的膨胀仪对膨润土加砂混合物进行了一系列膨胀力及膨胀应变等膨胀特性的试验研究,分析了膨胀力随时间的变化规律、两向膨胀力之间的关系和膨胀应变与时间及吸水量之间的关系。试验研究表明,膨润土加砂混合物的最大膨胀力以及最大膨胀应变主要取决于混合物的最初干密度和膨润土含量,并且随着二者的增大而增大;膨润土加砂混合物的水平膨胀力与竖向膨胀力之比随着混合物干密度的增大减小,并且与干密度近似成线性关系;不同膨润土含量的膨润土加砂混合物的膨胀应变与时间成双曲线关系,与吸水量近似呈S型曲线关系,并且其最大膨胀应变与膨润土含量存在指数关系。试验结果对高放废物深处置库中的缓冲回填材料设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Influence of the initial water content and dry density on the soil–water retention curve and the shrinkage behavior of a compacted clay

The paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effects of the initial water content and dry density on the soil–water retention curve and the shrinkage behavior of a compacted Lias-clay. The initial conditions after compaction (initial water content and initial dry density) have been chosen on the basis of three Proctor tests of different compaction efforts. According to the eight chosen initial conditions clay samples have been compacted statically. The relation between total suction and water content was determined for the drying path starting from the initial conditions without previous saturation of the specimens. A chilled-mirror dew-point hygrometer was used for the suction measurements. For the investigation of the shrinkage behavior cylindrical specimens were dried to desired water contents step-by-step without previous saturation. The volume of the specimens was measured by means of a caliper. Based on the test results the influence of different initial conditions on the soil suction and the shrinkage behavior is analyzed. The soil–water retention curves obtained in terms of the gravimetric water content are independent of the initial dry density. At water contents above approximately 11–12.5% a strong influence of the compaction water content is observed. At smaller water contents, the soil–water retention curve is independent of the compaction water content. The results of the shrinkage tests show that the influence of the compaction dry density on the shrinkage behavior is negligible. Similar to the drying behavior of saturated samples a primary and a residual drying process could be distinguished. The primary drying process is strongly influenced by the initial water content. In contrast, the rate of the volume change of the residual drying process is unaffected by the initial water content.     

Effects of heat/water flow interaction on compacted bentonite: Preliminary results

Compacted bentonite blocks have been heated and hydrated in a stainless steel cell in order to simulate, in the laboratory, the conditions of the clay barrier in a high-level radioactive waste repository. Temperature distributions at different times, rate of hydration, final water content and dry density have been measured. Some chemical parameters, as electrical conductivity in an aqueous extractable amorphous silica, have also been obtained. For the periods of time considered (up to 2500 h), the hydration process is not affected by the thermal gradient, the high suction of the bentonite being the critical factor in the initial water uptake of the clay barrier. A remarkable saline environment has been detected near the heater, due to salt migration towards dried areas. This phenomenon should be taken into account in further investigations of the mechanical and geochemical behaviour of the clay barrier.     

基于功能原理的南宁膨胀土竖向膨胀能研究

基于改进的室内膨胀能测定实验,联合静力压入法的试样制作新方法,以功能原理为出发点,从能量的角度对南宁膨胀土的膨胀能进行了试验研究和理论分析,探讨了南宁膨胀土的静力压实功和膨胀释放能与含水量、干密度之间的关系。试验表明,膨胀能和压实功均与初始含水率近似成线性反比关系,与干密度成线性正比关系;干密度是影响压实功和膨胀能的主要因素。