福建台网“九五”“十五”观测系统测定震级对比研究

运用福建台网“九五”“十五”两套观测系统的资料,对两套系统测定的震级及“十五”系统测定的速度震级和仿真震级进行对比分析,得出,两套系统的震级偏差基本在观测规范允许范围之内;“十五”系统的速度震级与仿真震级偏差分布不集中,一致性较差;为“九五”与“十五”系统过渡提供参考依据。     

山西数字测震台网“九五”“十五”两套系统定位参数对比分析

选取了2007年6月至2009年1月山西数字测震台网“九五”、“十五”两套系统记录到的496条可交地震和2002-2006年的部分ML3．0以上较大地震,对其进行了重定位。将两套系统的五大定位参数：发震时刻、震中经纬度、震级、震源深度进行了统计、对比。结果发现,发震时刻偏差小,基本满足速报与编目要求;震源深度基本在8～10km之间,不便用此做进一步的应用研究;震级上,同一事件“九五”、“十五”两套系统的平均震级整体差别不大,但与邻省定位结果相比,基本偏大0．2～0．4。     

福建省“九五”地震监测台网台站震级校正及单台震级应用研究

首先介绍了福建省地震监测台网的建设和发展情况,在总结震级计算方法的基础上,分析了福建省"九五"地震监测台网中29个台站的平均震级偏差对台网震级确定造成的影响,并以此为依据对台网内单台测定震级进行校正。然后分网内和网外两种情况,分别回归得到了由单台(首台)震级确定最终震级的关系,并对单台震级测定所需时间进行了统计。结果表明,对平均台间距60 km的网内地震,一般在单台P波到达后的10 s内即可由单台震级估计出最终震级。     

1993年1月北京“震级问题研讨会”述评

1993年1月在北京举行了震级问题研讨会,本文对会议涉及到的我国地震台网测定的大震速报震级,与国际台网测定结果存在系统偏差的问题,从事实、原因、改进方法、消除可能带来的影响以及今后的改进意见等方面,进行了全面评述。     

“阳嘉三年陇西地震”考

这次地震是由个别专家演绎出来的,发震日定为阳嘉三年十一月十一日(134年12月13日),地点定在陇西汉阳(今甘肃天水),震级7级. 1 "阳嘉三年地震"史无记载"阳嘉三年地震"出于清代经学家惠栋(1697-1758年)<后汉书补注.卷二十一>:"<鲁国先贤传>云,孔氏仲渊为司空,阳嘉三年以地震免."<鲁国先贤传>是晋大司农白褒撰,原作已佚.     

中国与国外主要地震测报单位报出震级水平变动的研究

介绍了中国地区震级标度的演化及震级水平概念提出的过程,并引入系统科学方法的思路,以探索震级标度统一的途径。利用1978～1985年中国地震台网测定的各年面波震级Ms≥4.5,震源深度h≤60km地震的面波振幅和周期资料,计算出均匀震级M~(ch),然后计算出M~(ch)0震级与ISC、MOS、NEIS、UPP报出震级的偏差及平均偏差,弄清各系统逐年震级水平变动的趋势,以及各系统的平均偏差波动的幅度随时间变化情况,旨在从中探索其规律,使得各系统测定的震级可以进行折算,以求得相对一致的震级值。     

福建地震台网"十五"与"九五"观测系统测定震级对比分析

利用福建"九五"地震台网和"十五"地震台网的并行条件,对其观测资料的测定位移震级进行对比分析,初步得出二者的位移震级偏差,并分析造成偏差的原因.了解两种观测系统的差异对震级的影响,对测定震级具有参考价值.     

两种震级标度讨论

分析论述了我国在测报近震震级和面波震级业务中存在的种种问题，用现行起算函数测算的ML随震中距存在系统偏差，近场偏低，远场偏高；此函数系统建立的方法有不合理之处，它不适于DD-1仪。用现行公式测算的MS与国际上震级水平不一致，总体趋势偏高；在90(距离上震级零点严重失控；用单一水平向记录计算MS是个原则性差误。需要用新的起算函数系统代替R1(()计算ML; 需要用新的公式取代现行公式计算MS。     

新疆地区自动地震速报震级偏差分析

选取2015-2017年全国自动地震速报综合触发系统在新疆境内触发的自动速报震级[基于"多路综合触发"策略产出的综合触发结果震级（AU）],与人工速报震级数据进行偏差分析,获取研究区震级平均偏差为0.435 4,标准误差为±0.542 9,分析认为：对于新疆不同震级档和不同区域的地震,自动速报震级精准度有所不同,反映了震级偏差存在地域性与层次性;研究区自动速报震级（AU）与人工速报震级偏差小于或等于±0.3的地震约占总数的40.8%,表明自动地震速报综合触发系统在新疆区域的精准度一般,且不可靠结果均表现为自动速报震级（AU）偏大,均大于人工速报震级。     

Scaling relations of moment magnitude,local magnitude,and duration magnitude for earthquakes originated in northeast India

In this study, we aim to improve the scaling between the moment magnitude (M _W), local magnitude (M _L), and the duration magnitude (M _D) for 162 earthquakes in Shillong-Mikir plateau and its adjoining region of northeast India by extending the M _W estimates to lower magnitude earthquakes using spectral analysis of P-waves from vertical component seismograms. The M _W-M _L and M _W-M _D relationships are determined by linear regression analysis. It is found that, M _W values can be considered consistent with M _L and M _D, within 0.1 and 0.2 magnitude units respectively, in 90 % of the cases. The scaling relationships investigated comply well with similar relationships in other regions in the world and in other seismogenic areas in the northeast India region.     

我国大陆5个地区历史地震资料记载的完整性分析与比较

从历史地震资料记载点数量的变化情况入手研究了中国大陆5个地区的历史地震资料记载的完整性,结果表明由于明朝以后地方志的发展历史地震资料才趋于完整。     

如何正确使用新的震级国家标准

震级的使用规定是新的震级国家标准《地震震级的规定》（GB17740-2017）的重要内容。为便于广大技术人员和管理人员在实际工作中更好地理解和执行该标准,本文从震级的科学应用和社会应用2个方面详细介绍震级的使用规定。     

历史有感地震处理的原则与方法

对不同时期、不同地区的‘地大震’、‘地震’、‘地微震’的处理原则提出一些看法,并对历史有感地震参数估定方法做了探讨。     

Magnitude estimation of Koyna-Warna earthquakes, India

The paper presents the current state of magnitude estimation for Koyna earthquakes exceeding magnitude 3.0. We estimate coda duration magnitude from analogue seismograms recorded on the short period vertical (SPZ) seismometer at Hyderabad seismic observatory HYB and determine moment magnitude using very broad-band (VBB) data from the Geoscope station (HYB)and short period digital data from the local seismic network of NationalGeophysical Research Institute (NGRI) around the Koyna and Warna reservoirs.Firstly, the seismograms of 97 Koyna earthquakes exceeding magnitude 4.0 havebeen used to establish a new empirical coda duration magnitude scale which includes the higher order terms of log₁₀, where is the coda length in seconds. Four background noise levels (1, 2, 6 and 10 mm) areconsidered to estimate the coda duration. We found that the duration magnitudes for 1 mm background level are more stable than those for 2, 6 and 10 mm. The new coda duration magnitude (M_dnew) scale, for 1 mmlevel, is:M_dnew = –0.594 + 2.04 log₁₀ – 0.0435 (log₁₀)²The estimated M_dnew are compatible with the reported M_S values of the NGRI observatory and the m_b values of the United States Geological Survey (USGS). These magnitudes can be obtained within the standard deviation of ± 0.26 units of M_S (NGRI). A new relatively homogeneous catalog for Koyna earthquakes of M_dnew 4.0 is obtained. The momentmagnitudes for 34 Koyna-Warna events of M_dnew ranging from 3.0 to 5.4 have been estimated using two techniques. The first utilizes amplitudes of band-pass filtered (between 15 and 30 sec) velocity traces of moderate Koyna-Warna earthquakes of M_W} 4.4 to 5.4, we abbreviate the magnitude using M_A. The second is based on the S-wave spectrum of short period seismograms of local earthquakes (M_W < 3.8). Moment magnitudes estimated by spectral analysis mainly depend on the estimation of event's long-period spectral level and appears to saturate for moderate Koyna-Warnaearthquakes (M_W > 3.8). We recommend the use of both techniques whenever possible. The estimated moment magnitudes and M_dnew show an almost linear relationship with a standard deviation of ± 0.05.     

大连地震台面波震级偏差分析与校正

中国地震台网中心提供了一个试算的大连地震台面波震级台基校正模型。基于该模型,我们对1985年至2003年大连地震台记录的共计1357次地震进行了面波震级台基校正试算,按照不同震中距、不同震级、不同方位角分别进行了讨论,得到大多数情况下大连地震台单台实测面波震级小于国家台网面波震级的结论。     

最大熵原理与地震频度-震级关系

地震是一种随机事件 ,它的发生具有极大的不确定性 ,因而可以用熵来进行描述。地震以最无序的方式在各地发生 ,意味着地震熵达到了极大值。古登堡 (Gutenberg)和里克特 (Richter)根据资料和经验得出的地震频度 -震级关系式实际上是在给定的约束条件下 ,当地震熵取极大值时得到的一种负指数分布。文中从最大熵原理得出了同一形式的地震频度 -震级关系 ,使它的来源从理论上得到了解释     

Research on characteristics of magnitude structure of earthquake sequences

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On estimating frequency-magnitude relations from heterogeneous catalogs

The paper studies the effect of magnitude errors on heterogeneous catalogs, by applying the apparent magnitude theory (seeTinti andMulargia, 1985a), which proves to be the most natural and rigorous approach to the problem. Heterogeneities in seismic catalogs are due to a number of various sources and affect both instrumental as well as noninstrumental earthquake compilations.The most frequent basis of heterogeneity is certainly that the recent instrumental records are to be combined with the historic and prehistoric event listings to secure a time coverage, considerably longer than the recurrence time of the major earthquakes. Therefore the case which attracts the greatest attention in the present analysis is that of a catalog consisting of a subset of higher quality data, generallyS ₁, spanning the interval T ₁ (the instrumental catalog), and of a second subset of more uncertain magnitude determination, generallyS ₂, covering a vastly longer interval T ₂ (the historic and/or the geologic catalog). The magnitude threshold of the subcatalogS ₁ is supposedly smaller than that ofS ₂, which, as we will see, is one of the major causes of discrepancy between the apparent magnitude and the true magnitude distributions. We will further suppose that true magnitude occurrences conform to theGutenberg-Richter (GR) law, because the assumption simplified the analysis without reducing the relevancy of our findings.The main results are: 1) the apparent occurrence rate exceeds the true occurrence rate from a certain magnitude onward, saym _GR; 2) the apparent occurrence rate shows two distinct GR regimes separated by an intermediate transition region. The offset between the two regimes is the essential outcome ofS ₁ being heterogeneous with respect toS ₂. The most important consequences of this study are that: 1) it provides a basis to infer the parameters of the true magnitude distribution, by correcting the bias deriving from heterogeneous magnitude errors; 2) it demonstrates that the double GR decay, that several authors have taken as the incontestable proof of the failure of the GR law and of the experimental evidence of the characteristic earthquake theory, is instead perfectly consistent with a GR-type seismicity.