维他克河一次山洪、泥石流初步分析

2003年6月21日，维他克河发生了特大山洪，洪峰流量排在有正式水文资料记载以来的第二位，部分河沟发生泥石流，给流域造成了严重灾害。本文根据流域实测降水、流量及气象卫星云图等资料，对此次洪水、泥石流过程的水文特性和气象成因作了初步分析。     

沿海城市建成区热力作用对局地环流影响的CFD模拟研究

基于计算流体力学(CFD)模拟开展了一系列理想数值试验, 分析了城市建成区的热力作用对局地环流的影响, 模拟结果表明: 在没有背景风的情况下, 城市热岛效应可破坏海陆环流的固有转换模式, 使近地面风场总是在城市建成区上空辐合; 在有微弱背景风的情况下, 热岛效应也会导致近地层风场出现线型辐合。而城市上空总是容易出现辐合风场, 可部分解释城市局地高污染带形成的物理机制。      

一次局地大暴雨的分析

1 概述 1989年8月31日20时04分(北京时,下同)—9月1日03时44分,滁州市降了局地大暴雨,降雨量为103.5mm(其中23—24时的1/小时内降雨60.0mm)。其他两个较大的降雨站,一个是定远县,日降雨量26.0mm,另一个是全椒县,日降雨量16.9mm。滁县地区其他4站以及合肥、肥     

EnKF局地化算法对雷达资料同化的影响研究

分级集合滤波(Hierarchical Ensemble Filter,HEF)和采样误差修正(Sampling Error Correction,SEC)局地化算法能够使采样误差取得极小值,且不需要给出距离的定义。为了检验其理论优势,基于集合卡尔曼滤波(Ensemble Kalman Filter,En KF)方法同化模拟雷达资料,通过与Gaspari-Cohn(GC)局地化算法对比,分析不同局地化算法对En KF同化效果的影响。结果表明,HEF和SEC局地化算法的雷达回波在水平和垂直方向上均强于GC局地化算法。HEF局地化算法各个变量的离散度最高,均方根误差最低;SEC局地化算法离散度略低,均方根误差略高;GC局地化算法离散度最低,均方根误差最高。相比于GC局地化算法,HEF和SEC局地化算法的冷池强度减弱,面积减小,下沉气流的速度和范围增大,雹霰混合比的大小和覆盖面积增大。通过模拟发现,HEF局地化算法模拟的北侧对流中心最强,SEC局地化算法模拟的南侧对流中心最强,且模拟出(40 km,60 km)处的强对流中心。HEF局地化算法模拟的冷池强度最强,HEF和SEC局地化算法基本上模拟出北侧的雹霰混合比高值区。这表明HEF局地化算法有效地改进了基于GC局地化算法的En KF雷达资料同化效果,SEC局地化算法减小了计算量,是HEF局地化算法较好的近似。     

风暴尺度集合卡尔曼滤波中的采样误差订正局地化方法研究

在中尺度WRF-EnSRF系统中最新引入的采样误差订正局地化方法不仅考虑了回归系数偏差,而且计算量较小。该方法基于状态变量和对应观测值的相关系数的分布关系,根据离线蒙特卡洛技术制作的关于集合数和样本相关系数的查找表格确定局地化系数因子,进而订正由集合数选取有限造成的背景误差协方差被低估引起的采样误差。本文利用风暴过程的雷达观测资料做了一系列风暴尺度的资料同化理想试验,探讨了采样误差订正局地化方法在风暴尺度集合卡尔曼滤波同化中的技术特点和同化效果。结果表明:相比于经验局地化方法,采样误差订正局地化方法能够有效地改善集合同化的效果,对距离的敏感度更低,尤其在天气系统发展变化较快的阶段,新方法优势更大。并且,对不同观测变量以及在风暴发展的不同阶段使用不同的局地化方法,所得的结果都存在一定的差异,因此需要根据同化对象合理地选择局地化方法。     

寒潮突袭全疆 北疆终霜偏晚

1999年3~4月天气今年早春（3~4月）,春季气候特点明显,回寒天气多而强。有2场中强以上的天气过程影响我区。其中4月22－24目的寒潮天气过程是70年代以来我区春季出现的最强的一次天气过程,致使全疆气温变化剧烈,多风沙、浮尘、霜冻等灾害性天气,给农牧业生产造成严重损失。3月份,北疆气温普遍偏低,4月份北疆呈偏高趋势。南疆两月气温偏高。降水：北疆3月多,4月基本持平。南疆两月降水呈偏少趋势。l月平均气温和月总田水且3月份,北疆地区的月平均气温为一3．0℃,较常年偏低1．7T,其中,北疆北部较常年偏低36－i0℃,阿勒泰的偏低…     

局地相似性关系在城市边界层中的适用性验证

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所325 m铁塔在2003年8月期间47和120 m高度上的湍流观测资料,对局地相似性关系在城市边界层的适用性进行了检验。结果表明：47 m高度仍属于城市冠层之上的近地面常通量层,莫宁－奥布霍夫相似性关系基本适用。但120 m高度则基本属于近地面层与自由对流层之间的过渡高度,在该处,相似性关系部分适用。同时,给出了不同的层结稳定度条件下47和120 m高度上的无量纲速度和温度标准差与稳定度之间的局地相关表达式。     

Three-Dimensional Wind Field Retrieved from Dual-Doppler Radar Based on a Variational Method: Refinement of Vertical Velocity Estimates

In this paper,a scheme of dual-Doppler radar wind analysis based on a three-dimensional variational method is proposed and performed in two steps.First,the horizontal wind field is simultaneously recovered through minimizing a cost function defined as a radial observation term with the standard conjugate gradient method,avoiding a weighting parameter specification step.Compared with conventional dual-Doppler wind synthesis approaches,this variational method minimizes errors caused by interpolation from radar observation to analysis grid in the iterative solution process,which is one of the main sources of errors.Then,through the accelerated Liebmann method,the vertical velocity is further reestimated as an extra step by solving the Poisson equation with impermeable conditions imposed at the ground and near the tropopause.The Poisson equation defined by the second derivative of the vertical velocity is derived from the mass continuity equation.Compared with the method proposed by O’Brien,this method is less sensitive to the uncertainty of the boundary conditions and has better stability and reliability.Furthermore,the method proposed in this paper is applied to Doppler radar observation of a squall line process.It is shown that the retrieved vertical wind profile agrees well with the vertical profile obtained with the velocity–azimuth display(VAD)method,and the retrieved radial velocity as well as the analyzed positive and negative velocity centers and horizontal wind shear of the squall line are in accord with radar observations.There is a good correspondence between the divergence field of the derived wind field and the vertical velocity.And,the horizontal and vertical circulations within and around the squall line,as well as strong updrafts,the associated downdrafts,and associated rear inflow of the bow echo,are analyzed well.It is worth mentioning that the variational method in this paper can be applied to simultaneously synthesize the three-dimensional wind field from multiple-Doppler radar observations.     

Objective cross-sectional analysis of diabatic circulations and vertical motions using ALPEX data

Summary Frontal propagation and development in the presence of orography and moisture are examined using the objective cross-section analysis method of Shapiro and Hastings (1973). The method is applied to a real data case on 4–5 March 1982 during the Alpine Experiment (ALPEX). Surface data are added to the analysis method to improve the lowlevel depiction of the frontal zone.The ageostrophic winds are computed from the isentropic representation of =dp/dt and the horizontal momentum equations. Diabatic contributions to the circulation, computed from the isentropic form of the continuity equation, are compared with observed moisture fields. Cross-sections of observed data and computed vertical motions are compared with similar fields computed from analyses on pressure surfaces. It is shown that the Shapiro and Hastings scheme provides a relatively clear depiction of the small-scale frontal features in the thermal and wind field but the analysis also exhibits more noise, which can have an adverse effect on the accurarcy of derived fields.With 8 Figures     

基于MVAD技术的多普勒雷达径向速度退模糊方法的改进研究

对Gong（2003）提出的基于Modified VAD技术的多普勒雷达径向速度退模糊方法进行了改进。原方法从各高度上径向风速的方位梯度信息中估计水平风廓线的分布,在使用各高度参考风进行一次退模糊的基础上,进行连续性检验完成整个退模糊过程。使用参考风进行退模糊能在很大程度上提高退模糊的效率。但是由于中小尺度系统的扰动和复杂的采样覆盖的影响,一般很难获得比较准确的估计水平风速,这将对进一步的退模糊过程产生很大的影响。针对这个问题,在水平风估计过程增加了质量控制参数,使其能够更好地估计水平风。此外,还对原方法中的几项参数的选择进行了讨论和调整。通过对两个个例的退模糊试验,检验了改进后方法的效果。     

笛卡儿坐标系的双多普勒天气雷达三维风场反演技术

文中研究了笛卡尔坐标系下双多普勒天气雷达三维风场反演技术 ,提出了包括雷达原始资料的预处理 ,空间插值以及可靠性检验的新方法 ,提高了反演结果的可信度和精确度。使用模拟的双多普勒雷达体扫资料进行了反演试验 ,结果表明 :本文的方法能够比较真实地反映风场的三维结构 ,可以用于真实风场的反演。     

Study on Retrieving Three-Dimensional Wind Using Simulated Dual-Doppler Radar Data in the Cartesian Space

1. Introduction Armijo (1969) proposed the three-dimensional wind retrieved equations using multiple-Doppler weather radar network in Cartesian space. There are many sources of error for recovering 3D wind using these equations. These factors include advection and turbulence in the weather system, the error of the empirical relationship between the radar reflectivity factor and the terminal fall velocity of the precipita- tion particle, integrating the air mass continuity equa- tion (problem …     

热力强迫对局地环流的扰动作用

用积分变换法求解了包含地面加热作用的二维不可压缩流体的Boussinesq方程组,得到一组描述地面加热作用激发的局地扰动流场的解析解,主要有垂直风、水平扰动风、扰动气压、扰动温度。进而用动力学分析的观点结合图形分析,定性讨论了热力强迫作用对局地环流的扰动作用,以及加热影响下各物理扰动场的空间分布及时间演变特征。     

On the application of MUSCAT to a ground-baseddual-Doppler radar system

Summary The multiple-Doppler synthesis and continuity adjustment technique (MUSCAT), developed for at least a pair of Doppler observations, is based on both a simultaneous resolution of the equations relating the wind components to the measured radial velocities and of the continuity equation, and the use of second-order derivatives in the cost function. It has been developed to solve the geometrical limitations that result from a dual-Doppler radar configuration, and has been successfully applied to airborne radar equipped for a fore-aft scanning. This paper intends to show the performance of this method in the case of a differing geometry from a ground-based dual-Doppler radar system, using simulated Doppler data deduced from an analytical wind field. It is shown that the constraint on the second-order derivatives allows to also obtain reliable wind vectors outside the Doppler lobes, i.e., in regions along the radar baseline where ill-conditioned analysis occurs. Received February 14, 2000/Revised April 4, 2001     

中小尺度强对流天气雷达径向风精细化定量特征与预警信息研究

采用天气雷达径向风场基数据,提取其所含数值特征定量信息,并构建几种强对流指标。采用对区域流场特征表达能力良好的流函数与势函数计算,并运用合适的边界条件及计算处理方案,由泊松方程迭代求出满足区域无辐散条件的特解,进一步通过逆运算重建径向风场及运用交叉相关统计方法,检验重建效果,显示由所用边界处理方案解出的区域流函数与势函数是收敛的,能够清晰表达径向风场特征。并运用径向风数值信息以及它们与局地强对流的密切关系,构建区域强对流时空预警指标方程,依托预警指标,提供径向风场分区精细化预警区位和时间演变状态。根据局地暴雨的径向风特征,运用矩阵转换技术开发了径向风辐合线客观自动识别方法,可提供径向风辐合线的具体地理位置,尺度大小,走向分布,覆盖范围以及动态追踪等定量信息。进一步地将径向风辐合线与径向风定量信息背景场叠加,获得直观的精细化局地强对流中小尺度系统时空预报预警方法。     

Subcloud-layer kinematic and dynamic structures of a microburst-producing thunderstorm in Colorado determined from JAWS Dual-Doppler measurements

Some kinematic and dynamic structures of a microburst-producing storm in Colorado were investigated. Dual-Doppler data collected on 14 July, 1982 at 1647 MDT, during the Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS) project at Denver's Stapleton International Airport, were objectively analyzed to produce a three-dimensional wind field. The domain of interest had a horizontal dimension of 10 by 10 km centered on the microburst. Vertical velocities were computed by integrating the anelastic continuity equation downward from the storm's top with variational adjustment. Subsequently, fields of deviation perturbation pressure, density, and virtual temperature were retrieved from a detailed wind field using the three momentum equations.Results show that the microburst being investigated is embedded within a high-reflectivity region associated with heavy precipitation. A strong downflow impinges on the surface producing a stagnation mesohigh inside the microburst. This mesohigh is accompanied by mesolows in the strongest outflow regions, forming a pronounced horizontal perturbation pressure gradient outward from the high-pressure center. The outflow regions extend from the surface to approximately 1 km AGL with maximum divergence in excess of 10 ^–2 s^–1. Inclusion of friction in the pressure equation improves pressure recovery at all levels, especially in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The microburst occurrence in the ABL enhances eddy transfer of momentum. Magnitudes of eddy viscosity and eddy stresses increase as a result of the microburst.     

C波段双多基地多普勒雷达资料处理和三维变分风场反演方法研究

研究了双多基地多普勒雷达资料的配对方法、风场反演的区域和精度,并研制了基于三维变分方法的双多基地多普勒雷达系统的风场反演系统.利用安徽四创电子股份有限公司研制的一个主动雷达和两个侧向接收天线组成的双多基地多普勒雷达系统获取的外场试验资料,进行了风场反演试验.该风场反演方法利用主动雷达和被动接收系统测量的径向速度作为弱约束,用质量连续方程作为强约束,来反演三维速度场.利用Advanced Regional Prediction System(ARPS)模式模拟的一次龙卷过程的结果,进行了风场反演的模拟试验.结果表明:双多基地多普勒雷达系统能较准确再现龙卷的中尺度特征和强上升气流的结构,从上下两个方向进行垂直积分可以减小垂直速度的反演误差,利用两个侧向接收系统的资料能进一步减小径向速度随机误差对风场反演的影响,增大风场反演的范围.三个分系统单独获取的资料空间配对效果很好,利用不同雷达径向速度反演的风场比较近似,反演的风场与径向速度定性分析和速度方位显示方法(VAD)结果比较一致,该双多基地多普勒雷达系统同步观测技术设计合理,在实时探测三维风场特别是探测近地层风场方面有广泛的应用潜力.