上海浅部黏土化学特性与沉积环境相关性

土体孔隙溶液化学特性反映其沉积环境,沉积环境影响土体的工程性质,其相关性是土力学的重要研究内容。本文首先详细介绍软土孔隙溶液化学特性的试验方法,并对上海浅层黏土展开试验研究。通过试验给出了土层各项化学特性指标的分布规律。结合上海地区海平面变化,探讨上海浅部土层的化学特性所反映的沉积环境变迁历史,尤其是第四纪海侵海退对土体化学特性的影响。分析土体的化学特性与其物理力学特性的相关性,获得了在不同沉积环境（海侵和海退）中软土的含盐量对灵敏度和物理指标的两种相反的影响规律。     

Phase equilibria and physical properties

The average physical properties of multiphase aggregates, such as rocks, depend on the properties of the individual phases as well as the statistical spatial distribution of the phases, such as the relative concentrations, and the shape, orientation, and distribution of the grains of the individual phases. If the properties of the phases are similar, the aggregate properties depend mainly on volume averages of properties of the phases; this is the case for elastic properties of rocks. If the properties of the phases differ significantly, the geometric distribution of the phases becomes important; this is the case if a fluid phase is present, which may have a large effect on elastic and electrical properties. Laboratory measurements of properties of individual phases and aggregates, used with theoretical treatments of aggregate properties, permits the interpretation of seismic velocities, attenuation and electrical conductivity in the earth in terms of possible compositions, phases and distribution of phases, such as intergranular fluids.     

Characterisation of rock aggregate breakage properties using realistic texture‐based modelling

Realistic texture‐based modelling methods, that is microstructural modelling and micromechanical modelling, are developed to simulate the rock aggregate breakage properties on the basis of the rock actual microstructure obtained using microscopic observations and image analysis. The breakage properties of three types of rocks, that is Avja, LEP and Vandle taken from three quarries in Sweden, in single aggregate breakage tests and in inter‐aggregate breakage tests are then modelled using the proposed methods. The microstructural modelling directly integrates the microscopic observation, image analysis and numerical simulation together and provides a valuable tool to investigate the mechanical properties of rock aggregates on the basis of their microstructure properties. The micromechanical modelling takes the most important microstructure properties of rock aggregates into consideration and can model the major mechanical properties. Throughout this study, it is concluded that in general, the microstructure properties of rock aggregate work together to affect their mechanical properties, and it is difficult to correlate a single microstructure property with the mechanical properties of rock aggregates. In particular, for the three types of rock Avja, LEP and Vandle in this study, crack size distribution, grain size and grain perimeter (i.e. grain shape and spatial arrangement) show good correlations with the mechanical properties. The crack length and the grain size negatively affect the mechanical properties of Avja, LEP and Vandle, but the perimeter positively influences the mechanical properties. Besides, the modelled rock aggregate breakage properties in both single aggregate and inter‐aggregate tests reveal that the aggregate microstructure, aggregate shape and loading conditions influence the breakage process of rock aggregate in service. For the rock aggregate with the same microstructure, the quadratic shape and good packing dramatically improve its mechanical properties. During services, the aggregate is easiest to be fragmented under point‐to‐point loading condition, and then in the sequence of multiple‐point, point‐to‐plane and plane‐to‐plane loading conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海口某海域软土工程特性的微观机制浅析

对琼州海峡海口海域一种软土的基本特性进行了室内试验研究。初步从帮物成分、有机质含量、物理化学性质、孔隙结构以及土颗粒间的排列方式阐述了其不良工程的微机机制，加深了对海洋软土基本性质的认识。     

海陆交互相下黏性土性状辨析及评价研究

长江口北翼（南通-启东段）沉积物从物性指标判别,物理性质较差,土质分类属于软土或软黏土,而从力学指标判别,力学性质较好,表现出物性与其对应的力学性质指标不完全吻合。分析了出现这种物性“偏软”、力性“偏硬”现象的原因。同时,提出了评价该类土工程特性的新指标,较好地解决了物性与力性不相符合的矛盾。     

粘土矿物成因及对砂岩储集性能的影响

粘土矿物是影响砂岩储集性能的重要因素。结合实例讨论了粘土矿物成因、绝对含量、成分、产状及晶体形态等与砂岩储集性能的关系。研究表明,粘土矿物对砂岩储集性能的影响程度与砂岩本身的成熟度有关。当砂岩成熟度高时,随粘土矿物绝对含量的增加,其储集性能降低,尤其是渗透率降低;但高成熟度砂岩随高岭石和充填状粘土矿物含量增高,物性相对变好。当砂岩的结构和成分成熟度比较低时,粘土矿物对其储集物性影响较小,而主要与岩石本身的成分和结构有关。研究还表明,不同形态的伊利石对砂岩的物性影响也不同,片状伊利石有利于改善储层物性,而纤维状和发丝状伊利石增多会使砂岩储集物性降低或变为非储层。     

苏北与长江三角洲沉积环境及其土体物理性质关系探讨

土体的物理力学性质是在一定的沉积环境中形成的,所以二者之间存在着密不可分的联系。本文把苏北沿海与长江三角洲地区的沉积环境和物理性质进行联系性的对比分析,说明沉积环境及沉积物源的不同是造成这两个地区浅部土层物理性质差异很大的主要原因,也论证了特定的沉积环境将形成土体特定的物理力学性质。因此,把沉积学与工程地质学结合起来广泛展开二者之间相互关联的地质普查工作,将有助于认识、验证甚至提前预测不同地区土体的物理力学特性。     

土工膜岩土力学性质的温度影响试验

HDPE土工膜（geomembrane,GM）在城市卫生填埋场等环保工程中可能会面临高温环境,现有关于GM力学性能的试验研究大都在常温下进行,土工膜力学性质的温度效应关乎到边坡稳定和工程安全.为了揭露土工膜岩土力学性质的温度影响规律,开展了GM温控拉伸试验以及不同温度条件下的GM/砂土界面直剪试验和GM/无纺土工布（geotextile,GT）界面直剪试验.通过对比分析不同温度条件下GM的拉伸性质和GM界面剪切特性,揭露温度环境对土工膜岩土力学性质的定性及定量影响规律.试验结果表明,GM的抗拉强度随温度变化影响显著,相对于常温情况,大于70 ℃的高温可使GM的抗拉强度折减近80%;温度对GM/GT界面剪切特性的影响要明显大于GM/砂土界面,GM岩土力学性质的温度效应引起工程人员的重视.      

A new method to calculate end-member thermodynamic properties of minerals from their constituent polyhedra I: enthalpy, entropy and molar volume

The thermodynamic properties of silicate minerals can be described as a linear combination of the fractional properties of their constituent polyhedra. In contrast, given the thermodynamic properties of these polyhedra, the thermodynamic properties of minerals can be estimated, where only the crystallography of the mineral needs to be known. Such estimates are especially powerful for hypothetical mineral end‐members or for minerals where experimental determination of their thermodynamic properties is difficult. In this contribution the fractional enthalpy, entropy and molar volume for 35 polyhedra have been determined using weighted multiple linear regression analysis on a data set of published mineral thermodynamic properties. The large number of polyhedra determined, allows calculation of a much larger variety of phases than was previously possible and the larger set of minerals used provides more confident fractional properties. The OH‐bearing minerals have been described by partial and total hydroxide coordinated components, which gives better results than previous models and precludes the need of a S–V term to improve estimates of entropy. However, the fractional thermodynamic properties only give adequate results for silicate minerals and double oxides, and should therefore not be used to estimate the properties of other minerals. The thermodynamic properties of ‘new’ minerals are calculated from a linear stoichiometric combination of their constituent polyhedra, resulting in estimates generally with associated uncertainty of <5%. The quality of such data appears to be of sufficient accuracy for thermodynamic modelling as shown for meta‐bauxites from the Alps and the Aegean, where the effect of Zn on the P–T stability of staurolite can be both qualitatively and quantitatively reproduced.     

湘南骑田岭锡铅锌多金属矿区岩矿石电性研究

通过对湘南骑田岭锡铅锌多金属矿区的岩矿石电性测定,得到712个电阻率、极化率数据,并根据矿田地质特征对电性数据进行了统计分析,结果认为,原岩与蚀变矿化的岩石电性差异明显,不同矿石类型电性也具有不同的差异,含炭质岩石与矿石具有一定的电性相似性。充分了解这些电性特征,对提高本区电法勘探的找矿效果具有重要意义。     

Estimation of rock physicomechanical properties using hardness methods

The purpose of this study is to investigate the statistical relationship between hardness value and physicomechanical properties of constructional and cover rocks. The definition, measurement of hardness and classification of the rocks used are very important in construction sector. From this point of view, rock hardness is one of the most important parameters for the determination of rock properties. In this study, the determination of hardness and the physicomechanical properties of constructional and cover rocks in Çukurova region was accomplished using various methods in the laboratory. Statistical relations between physicomechanical properties and hardness of rocks were also determined. High correlations were found between the hardness methods (Shore Scleroscope, Schmidt hammer hardness), which are cheap and easy to use, and other physical and mechanical properties. It was found that physicomechanical properties can be estimated using hardness methods and compared with the calculated value from different empirical equations.     

宏细观结合考虑主应力轴旋转的砂土破坏特性

采用宏细观结合各向异性破坏准则对主应力轴旋转条件下砂土的破坏特性进行分析。该准则是加载应力、组构各向异性程度和应力与组构几何关系3个因素的函数,可描述细观特性对任意应力旋转角度条件下破坏特性的影响。根据空心圆柱扭剪试验的特点推导一般正交坐标系下主应力轴旋转条件下的破坏关系式,考虑应力与砂土细观组构的几何关系,推导的关系式即可分析该条件下破坏特性。材料为各向异性时,主应力轴旋转造成破坏特性发生变化,细观各向异性程度越小变化越小;材料为各向同性时,则不会造成砂土破坏特性的变化。该式表明主应力轴旋转条件下不同破坏特性存在的根本原因是砂土各向异性的存在。采用空心圆柱试验结果进行验证,结果表明建立的关系式能较好描述不同应力加载角度条件下砂土的破坏特性。初步验证了由于砂土各向异性的存在使得主应力轴旋转造成了不同的破坏规律。     

东沙群岛西南泥火山区Chirp浅剖数据的海底物性反演

Chirp浅剖图像可以显示东沙群岛西南海域存在泥火山.通过基于Chirp浅剖记录数据的反演方法研究,定量地分析泥火山区海底物性参数.首先由Chirp浅剖记录的反射振幅计算了海底反射系数,结果表明泥火山区的反射变化很大(0.1~0.8).对于海底弱反射(＜0.45) 区域,用Schock-Stoll模型以及物理参数间的经验公式反演海底浅表层物理性质参数(速度、密度、孔隙度等参数);对于海底强反射(＞0.45) 区域,用Gardner经验公式反演海底浅表层物理性质参数.反演结果表明研究区海底物性变化大,声速最高达5 237 m/s,密度最大为2.673 g/cm3.反演的物性参数与实验室测量值吻合度较高.Chirp浅剖数据反演是一种有效可行的遥测海底声学参数方法.      

PreMDB, a thermodynamically consistent material database as a key to geodynamic modelling

We present a tool for coupling thermochemistry with mechanics. Thermodynamic potential functions are used to calculate reversible material properties such as thermal expansion coefficient, specific heat, elastic shear modulus, bulk modulus and density. These material properties are thermodynamically self consistent. Transport properties such as thermal conductivity (diffusivity) and melt viscosity are also included, but these are derived from laboratory experiments. The transport properties are included to provide a reference database as a common standard of material properties necessary for comparing geological, geodynamic and geotechnical calculations. We validate the chemically derived elastic material properties by comparing computed seismic velocities for a pyrolitic composition to the seismic models PREM and ak135.     

泥质砂岩复电阻率的频散特性实验

不同孔隙流体特性的岩石复电阻率频散实验,是复电阻率测井资料评价水淹层和低阻油层的岩石物理基础。通过水驱水、水驱油、油驱水的岩石复电阻率频散特性的实验研究,发现泥质砂岩的复电阻率频散特性受含油饱和度的影响较大,受地层水矿化度的影响较小,尤其是异相电阻率,受地层水矿化度的影响更小;与含水泥质砂岩相比,含油泥质砂岩的相角相对较大,且随着含油饱和度的增加而增大;含水岩石和含油岩行在频散特性上存在着较大差异。实验研究结果表明,利用基于岩石频散特性发展起来的复电阻率测井技术,可以有效地识别油水层。     

A quantitative comparison of Soil Development in four climatic regimes

A new quantitative Soil Development Index based on field data has been applied to chronosequences formed under different climatic regimes. The four soil chronosequences, developed primarily on sandy deposits, have some numeric age control and are located in xeric-inland (Merced, Calif.), xeric-coastal (Ventura, Calif.), aridic (Las Cruces, N. Mex.), and udic (Susquehanna Valley, Pa.) soil-moisture regimes. To quantify field properties, points are assigned for developmental increases in soil properties in comparison to the parent material. Currently ten soil-field properties are quantified and normalized for each horizon in a given chronosequence, including two new properties for carbonate-rich soils in addition to the eight properties previously defined. When individual properties or the combined indexes are plotted as a function of numeric age, rates of soil development can be compared in different climates. The results demonstrate that (1) the Soil Development Index can be applied to very different soil types, (2) many field properties develop systematically in different climatic regimes, (3) certain properties appear to have similar rates of development in different climates, and (4) the Profile Index that combines different field properties increases significantly with age and appears to develop at similar rates in different climates. The Soil Development Index can serve as a preliminary guide to soil age where other age control is lacking and can be used to correlate deposits of different geographical and climatic regions.     

浙江花岗岩的工程岩石学研究

对浙江省花岗岩的岩相学特征及力学性质进行了研究以确定它们之间的关系.矿物学研究显示出花岗岩的交代蚀变特征,这可以反映在岩石的力学性质上.岩石材料的物理性质决定其工程学性质,在相关定量参数确定的情况下,可以预测岩石材料的工程学性质.镜下观察、硬度、密度、孔隙度及点负荷强度均可作为所研究花岗岩的定量参数.上述每个因素都可提供岩石工程学的可靠预测.岩石的物理性质受岩石成分及蚀变状态控制,而岩石的工程学性质和力学特征是其物理性质的函数.     

利用两种指纹因子判别小流域泥沙来源

为精确识别黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域泥沙来源,分析了流域内“源-汇”地区土壤的理化性质及生物标志物（正构烷烃）作为潜在指纹识别因子,并建立了复合指纹模型。结果显示:单独的土壤理化指纹及正构烷烃均不能有效识别泥沙来源;土壤理化指纹和正构烷烃分别在林地、农地及沟道的辨别上显示出其局限性。多元化的复合指纹（碳优势指数CPI、Ca、TP、C₂₀、C₂₉、Fe）则能辨别90.5%的泥沙来源。模型结果显示沟道是该流域泥沙的主要来源,占60.8%,其次为农地占20.7%,林地占11.3%,草地占7.2%。研究表明,结合生物标志物的复合指纹法能更精确地反映泥沙来源,适用于各泥沙源头的地质条件差异较小的流域,对黄土高原小流域水土流失治理具有指导意义。     

临南油田夏32断块沙二段下部储层特征及其主控因素

通过岩芯和薄片观察,结合测井资料,对临南油田夏32断块沙二段下部储层发育特征及其主控因素进行了研究。结果表明：该区储层的岩石类型主要为岩屑质长石砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩,颗粒分选中等,磨圆较差,成分成熟度及结构成熟度中等;储层物性表现为中低孔特低—低渗的特征,且孔隙度和渗透率相关性较好;孔隙类型包括原生粒间孔、粒内溶孔、粒间溶孔和铸模孔。综合储层特征的研究结果认为：夏32断块沙二段下部储层主要受基准面旋回、沉积、成岩以及构造作用的影响;三角洲平原的分支河道砂体物性最好,其次是三角洲前缘的水下分支河道,其他沉积微相储层物性较差;压实作用和胶结作用破坏储层物性,溶蚀作用则可改善储层物性;此外,构造作用所产生的裂隙也有利于改善储层物性,对储层物性起到了积极的建设作用。     

人工冻土动态力学特性研究现状及意义

冻土的动态力学特性研究是冻土静力学研究的发展和分析冻土体动力失稳等特征的重要基础。综述了国内外研究现状可知,冻土力学特性的研究集中在冻土的静态力学方面,动态力学性能研究大多是低频或小幅值的振动加载下的情况。根据应变率大小,采用分离式Hopkinson压杆装置研究冻土的高应变率下的冻土动态力学特性是可行的。冻土动态力学性能的研究是煤矿冻结法施工及人工冻结工程建设中安全有效快速施工的重要基础研究,具有重要的理论意义和工程应用前景。