Effects of confining pressure and loading path on deformation and strength of cohesive granular materials: a three-dimensional DEM analysis

This paper is devoted to numerical analysis of strength and deformation of cohesive granular materials. The emphasis is put on the study of effects of confining pressure and loading path. To this end, the three-dimensional discrete element method is used. A nonlinear failure criterion for inter-granular interface bonding is proposed, and it is able to account for both tensile and shear failure for a large range of normal stress. This criterion is implemented in the particles flow code. The proposed failure model is calibrated from triaxial compression tests performed on representative sandstone. Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data. In particular, the effect of confining pressure on compressive strength and failure pattern is well described by the proposed model. Furthermore, numerical predictions are studied, respectively, for compression and extension tests with a constant mean stress. It is shown that the failure strength and deformation process are clearly affected by loading path. Finally, a series of numerical simulations are performed on cubic samples with three independent principal stresses. It is found that the strength and failure mode are strongly influenced by the intermediate principal stress.

     

Experimental study of poromechanical behavior of saturated claystone under triaxial compression

This paper presents experimental results of drained and undrained triaxial compression tests of saturated Meuse–Haute/Marne claystone. The emphasis is to study the evolution of pore pressure with growth of microcracks and the effect of pore pressure on mechanical behavior. Basic mechanical responses are first investigated through drained triaxial compression tests, showing nonlinear stress strain relations, volumetric dilatancy and pressure sensitivity. In undrained triaxial compression tests, the pore pressure exhibits a transition from increase to decrease due to the transition from volumetric compressibility to dilatancy caused by the growth of microcracks. The failure surfaces, determined by total stress and Terzaghi’s effective stress under undrained condition, are compared with the one under drained condition.     

Effect of confining pressure unloading on strength reduction of soft coal in borehole stability analysis

Underground borehole drilling usually causes instability in the surrounding coal due to in situ stress redistribution (including stress concentration and stress release). However, the mechanisms of unloading-induced coal strength reduction are still poorly understood. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of confining pressure unloading on soft coal strength reduction for borehole stability analysis. A series of mechanical tests were conducted on both the traditionally and newly reconstituted coal samples under two different experimental stress paths, including conventional uniaxial/triaxial compression and triaxial compression with confining pressure unloading. The unloading stress path was obtained by analyzing the stress redistribution around a borehole, to capture a more accurate coal mechanical response. According to our experimental results, plastic deformation generated before failure under the unloading stress path is smaller than that generated under the conventional loading stress path. Furthermore, the cohesion of the traditionally and newly reconstituted samples diminishes approximately by 44.77 and 29.66%, respectively, with confining pressure unloading, indicating that there is a significant reduction in coal strength due to confining pressure unloading. The mechanism for unloading-induced coal strength reduction comes from confining pressure unloading-induced increase in shear stress on the fracture surface and a decrease in shear strength. This effect increases the shear slipping potential, whose driving force generates tension fractures at both ends of the preexisting fractures.     

考虑超固结比和应力速率影响的膨胀土卸荷力学特性研究

利用GDS应力路径三轴试验系统对南阳膨胀土进行3种应力速率下、4种超固结比（OCR）的被动压缩三轴试验及3种超固结比的被动挤伸三轴试验,分析了不同超固结比和应力速率下其应力（孔隙水压力）-应变关系、有效应力路径及变形模量的演化规律,对膨胀土变形模量各向异性特性进行了初步探讨。结果表明,应力速率、超固结比及卸荷路径均对膨胀土力学特性有一定影响。在被动压缩路径和被动挤伸路径下,随着应力速率和超固结比的增加,相同轴向应变时的偏应力值单调增加;不同超固结比和应力速率时膨胀土的孔隙水压力始终为负值,且其降幅总体上随超固结比的增加而增大,但其降幅随应力速率的变化规律与剪切路径有关。在被动压缩路径下,相同应变时不同应力速率下的孔压降幅基本相同;而在被动挤伸路径下,其降幅随应力速率的增加而增大。边坡开挖路径的选择对于边坡变形影响显著,被动挤伸路径下达到设定极限偏应力时的轴向应变明显大于被动压缩路径。膨胀土变形模量E100随着超固结比和应力速率的增加而增加,但各应力速率下变形模量的各向异性特性则随着超固结比的增加而变弱。     

高温作用后花岗岩三轴压缩试验研究

为综合考察温度、围压对花岗岩力学性质及破坏方式的影响,在高温（25℃～1 000 ℃）作用后,利用MTS815.02电液伺服材料试验系统对花岗岩岩样进行不同围压作用下的三轴压缩试验。研究结果表明,（1）围压一定时,经历不同高温作用后花岗岩三轴压缩全应力-应变曲线经历了压密、弹性、屈服、破坏、塑性流动5个阶段;（2）经历不同高温作用后岩样三轴抗压强度与围压呈非线性二次多项式增长关系,围压为40 MPa时的抗压强度比单轴抗压强度提高了382.30%;常规三轴压缩条件下,400 ℃是花岗岩力学参数的阀值温度;（3）经历高温作用后,岩样弹性模量随围压升高呈增大趋势,围压为40 MPa时的弹性模量比单轴时提高了90.26%;随温度升高呈二次非线性减小,1 000 ℃时的弹性模量比25℃时降低了57.16%;（4）花岗岩的失稳型式同时取决于围压和温度。单轴压缩状态下,随着温度的升高,岩样变形破坏型式由脆性破裂向塑性变形过渡,失稳型式在低温时为突发失稳、中高温为准突发失稳,温度高于800 ℃为渐进破坏;三轴压缩状态下,随着围压的增大,岩样破裂型式由脆性张拉破裂逐渐向剪切破裂过渡,岩样的失稳型式以突发失稳为主。在试验温压范围内,影响花岗岩力学性质的首要因素是温度,其次是围压。     

交通荷载引发主应力轴旋转下软黏土变形与强度特性试验研究

交通、波浪、地震等循环荷载引发不同主应力方向变化模式,对软土地基长期沉降与稳定产生显著影响。为研究饱和软黏土在交通荷载下的长期动力特性,借助空心圆柱扭剪仪开展偏应力空间中主应力轴心形线旋转、圆形旋转与定向剪切等3类主应力方向变化路径的室内模拟,对比研究了不同试验条件下试样不排水塑性累积变形、孔压、临界动应力比与动强度特性的发展规律,研究表明：（1）不同主应力轴旋转路径下土体临界应力比由低到高依次为主应力轴圆形旋转、主应力轴心形旋转、拉压非等幅三轴路径。与前面临界应力比分布相对应,在轴向累积应变稳定型中,产生的塑性累积变形与极限孔压依次减小;（2）振次大于一定数值时,不同主应力方向变化路径下稳定型试样的轴向累积应变与时间的对数具有良好的线性关系,并依此建立了轴向塑性累积变形方程;（3）与轴向塑性累积变形相对应,动力荷载下土体孔压增长也存在3种发展规律,主应力轴连续旋转路径下临界型破坏的土体孔压-应变时程曲线呈三阶段两相态点模式;（4）在其他条件均相同时,土体在主应力轴圆形旋转路径下强度最小,在主应力轴心形旋转路径下的次之,在拉压非等幅动三轴路径下最高。     

碎屑砂岩三轴压缩下强度和变形特性试验研究

基于碎屑岩组织结构疏松、含水率较高、物理力学性能较差、呈孔隙式胶结接触等特点,对碎屑砂岩首先开展了物理特性试验分析,认为其微、细观结构复杂、内部破坏严重,矿物成分为石英、长石、绢云母等,化学成分以SiO2为主,属微透水、小孔隙率砂岩,且渗水化学侵蚀并不显著。其次,开展了静水压力、单轴压缩和三轴压缩试验,研究了碎屑砂岩的强度和变形破坏特性。最后,初步探索了物理特性与强度变形特性的关系。结果表明,静水压力为2.6 MPa时,岩样内部微缺陷压密完成;单轴压缩曲线呈明显6阶段特征,峰值应力达0.98 MPa,属脆-延性破坏;三轴压缩条件下,岩样呈压缩为主的延性扩容破坏,轴向压缩和环向体积扩容达6%和4%;曲线无明显破坏荷载,呈现非线性、塑性硬化、存在屈服平台和体积由压缩向扩容过渡等特性。且体积扩容破损应力与屈服应力基本相同,扩容转折点随围压增加而增大,围压可增强岩样抵抗变形破坏的能力。试验结果旨在为岩石工程稳定分析及本构模型构建提供可靠的依据。     

An elastoplastic constitutive model for frozen saline coarse sandy soil undergoing particle breakage

The mechanical property of frozen saline sandy soil is complicated due to its complex components and sensitivity to salt content and confining pressure. Thus, a series of triaxial compression tests were carried out on sandy samples with different Na₂SO₄ contents under different confining pressures to explore the effects of particle breakage, pressure melting, shear dilation and strain softening or hardening. The test results indicate that the stress–strain curves exhibit strain softening/hardening phenomena when the confining pressures are below or above 6 MPa, respectively. A shear dilation phenomenon was observed in the loading process. With increasing confining pressure, the strength firstly increases and then decreases. By taking into consideration the changes between the grain size distributions before and after triaxial compression tests, a failure strength line incorporating the influences of both particle breakage and pressure melting is proposed. In order to describe the deformation characteristics of frozen saline sandy soil, an elastoplastic incremental constitutive model is established based on the test results. The proposed model considers the plastic compressive, plastic shear and breakage mechanisms by adopting the non-associated flow rule. The breakage mechanism can be reflected by an index related to the initial, current and ultimate grain size distributions. The hardening parameters corresponding to compressive and shear mechanisms consider the influence of particle breakage. Then the effect of particle breakage on both the stress–strain and volumetric strain curves is analyzed. The calculated results fit well with the test results, indicating that the developed constitutive model can well describe the mechanical and deformation features of frozen saline sandy soil under various stress levels and stress paths. In addition, the strain softening/hardening, contraction, high dilation and particle breakage can be well captured.

     

部分排水时饱和粉质黏土变围压循环三轴试验研究

围压循环变化将引起土体孔压累积,加剧土体累积塑性应变,导致地基灾变事故。为研究围压循环变化对饱和粉质黏土变形特性的影响,利用GDS双向振动三轴仪,进行部分排水时饱和粉质黏土的变围压循环三轴试验,研究不同应力路径斜率和循环动应力比时饱和粉质黏土的孔压、轴向累积塑性应变和体应变发展规律,建立部分排水条件时考虑循环围压和循环动应力耦合作用的地基粉质黏土累积应变数学模型。试验结果表明：部分排水时饱和粉质黏土孔压、轴向累积塑性应变和体应变均随循环动应力比和应力路径斜率的增大而增大;动孔压比随着振动次数的增加明显分为急剧增加、快速下降和持续平稳3个阶段;轴向累积塑性应变和体应变均随振动次数的增加而增大。当加载次数超过2 500次时,粉质黏土孔压趋于平稳,变形速率略有降低,但变形持续增加。补充试验结果表明,所建立模型与试验结果具有较高的一致性。研究结果将为交通循环荷载导致的地基灾变控制技术提供理论依据。     

不同应力路径下饱和重塑黄土的力学特性

土体的力学特性往往因应力状态和应力路径而异。为了探讨垂直加载和等剪路径下饱和土的力学特性,制备饱和重塑黄土试样,通过固结不排水（CU）和常剪应力排水剪（CSD）三轴试验,分别测定并绘制其应力-应变曲线、孔隙水压力变化曲线和应力路径曲线。试验结果表明,饱和重塑黄土在2种路径下有明显不同的变形特点:CU路径下的应力-应变曲线皆呈弱软化型,孔隙水压力先快速上升后逐渐趋于稳定;CSD路径下维持偏应力为一常量,施加孔隙水压力后的很长时间内试样变形很小,当孔隙水压力增大至试验围压的60%~75%时,试样迅速破坏。CSD路径无偏应力峰值,文中根据轴应变随平均有效应力变化曲线定义了等效峰值破坏线。通过对比发现,2种路径下饱和重塑黄土的有效峰值强度指标差异明显,而有效残余强度指标相近,表明有效残余强度指标是重塑黄土内在属性,受应力路径的影响不大。该研究结果可为实际工程选取正确的应力路径试验提供参考。     

水泥土芯样强度变形特性及本构关系试验研究

为了研究现场施工工艺下水泥土的强度及变形特性,对水泥搅拌桩钻孔芯样进行了无侧限抗压强度试验与三轴试验,分析了水泥掺量与围压对水泥土芯样强度、变形特性的影响规律。结果表明：随着水泥掺量的提高,水泥土芯样的强度明显增强,变形模量显著增大,但其破坏应变变小,脆性增大;水泥掺量超过18%的水泥土芯样其应力-应变关系表现为软化型,随着围压的提高,其强度增强,破坏应变增大,脆性降低,且应力-应变关系曲线有可能发生转型;不同围压下的水泥土芯样三轴试验先为体缩,后变化为体胀,发生剪胀的应变较破坏应变略小,是由剪切面上颗粒错动引起的,在颗粒错动达到一定程度后抗剪强度才发挥到峰值;水泥土的结构屈服应力比较大,在围压的作用下其胶结结构未发生破损,强度包线满足摩尔-库仑线性强度规律;根据水泥土的强度变形特征,应力-应变全曲线分弹性、塑性、软化3个阶段,可采用Popovics模型对其进行模拟,与试验结果较为吻合。     

砂岩三轴循环加卸载条件下的渗透率研究

渗透率是地下工程的流-固耦合分析中的一个关键因素。对多孔红砂岩进行了三轴压缩试验,在不同变形阶段实施了轴向应力循环加卸载,并在试验全过程中测量轴向渗透率,得到了试样破坏全过程的渗透率演化规律。从平均应力和循环加卸载对渗透率的影响等两方面进行了深入分析,结果表明,（1）随着轴向变形的增加,初始压密阶段和弹性变形试样渗透率均匀减小;进入塑性变形阶段,渗透率与轴向变形的曲线逐渐趋于水平,低围压条件下渗透率略有增加。（2）轴向加载使骨架颗粒被压缩,引起孔隙减小,造成渗透率减小;采用经验公式定量描述了渗透率和平均应力之间的关系。（3）轴向应力循环加卸载过程中,骨架颗粒的不可恢复变形引起渗透率产生不可恢复现象。（4）峰值后渗透率只发生少许突跳,说明对于多孔砂岩,孔隙和裂隙对渗透率的影响相当,且渗透率的突跳程度随着围压的升高而降低。     

石灰改良膨胀土的应力-应变-强度特征与本构描述

为探讨石灰改良膨胀土的变形特征与破坏机制,以压实度为95 %的荆门石灰改良膨胀土为研究对象,开展了单轴、侧限、三轴压缩应力状态下的力学性质试验。试验结果表明：即使湿化饱和后石灰土也具有较高的刚度与强度;单轴压缩状态下,无论饱和还是非饱和状态,石灰土的破坏都为典型的脆性破坏;三轴压缩状态下石灰土破坏前剪缩,同时伴随应变强化,即将破坏时开始剪胀,随后表现为应变软化;围压对石灰土的脆性破坏与破坏后的剪胀有一定的抑制作用,但即使在200 kPa围压下,试样仍发生脆性破坏。在辨明石灰土应力、变形机制的基础上,选用Duncan模型描述其脆性破坏前表现出的压硬性、剪缩性与应变强化特性,标定了相应模型参数,通过数值模拟与平行试验的对比验证了模型的适用性与参数的可靠性。     

引红济石引水隧洞围岩力学特性研究

引红(红岩河)济石(石头河)引水隧洞围岩断层带破碎松软,岩石强度低,自稳能力差,易产生大变形。以上不良地质条件使其隧洞施工过程中经常会遇到TBM卡机等一系列特殊问题。针对引红济石引水隧洞施工中存在的软岩隧洞大变形问题,首先开展了X射线衍射、崩解试验,分析了试样的组成成分、黏土矿物含量对崩解性影响;再通过一系列单轴压缩试验、三轴压缩试验和蠕变试验研究了该类岩石不同应力条件下的变形破坏特征及蠕变特性。试验结果表明,该类岩石含有大量的黏土矿物(33.49%),对水比较敏感,遇水膨胀易崩解,导致岩体软化;试样具有较大塑性压缩变形,其应力-应变曲线为应变强化型,且没有明显的峰值。基于试验研究成果和现场监测数据,对该软岩隧洞大变形机制进行了分析,并提出了在围岩与管片之间安装聚氨酯缓冲层的新型支护方案,通过数值计算对支护方案的合理性进行了验证。分析结果表明:聚氨酯缓冲层可以很好地吸收围岩形变压力,避免应力集中带来的管片错台,从而大大减小管片上破坏区的产生。研究成果对该类岩体中隧洞的设计施工以及长期稳定性分析具有重要的参考作用。     

三轴压缩条件下裂隙性黄土的破坏特征

通过裂隙性黄土样的三轴压缩试验,利用土样裂隙和侧壁标记的网格在试验前后的对比与直观反映,描述了具有不同裂隙空间形态的不同性状土样在不同试验围压下的破坏特征,总结了其变形破坏规律,试验结果显示,裂隙性黄土的破坏分为脆性破坏和塑性破坏两种类型,表现为极强软化型、强软化型、软化型、理想塑性型（或弱软化型、弱硬化型）和硬化型5种型式,其破坏特征与土样原裂隙的空间形态及性质、试验围压等因素密切相关,形成的破裂面位置主要受土样的原裂隙、变形方式和上下底面透水石的边界控制。     

雪峰山隧道砂板岩各向异性力学特性的试验研究

利用MTS815 Flex GT岩石力学试验系统,对雪峰山隧道围岩中的砂板岩开展单轴和三轴试验,研究这种砂板岩中的细微层理对岩石变形特性、强度特性及其参数的影响,结果表明：岩石力学特性的各向异性特征显著。层理面与轴向力夹角0°时应力-应变曲线呈不稳定破裂特征,破坏面沿层理面方向发育;夹角90°时曲线呈峰后迅速软化特征,破坏面为对角贯通性剪切破坏。单轴试验中夹角0°的抗压强度比夹角90°高出约20%,弹性模量和变形模量比夹角90°分别约大50%和80%。三轴试验中2种夹角情况破坏时主应力差 相近,夹角0°的弹性模量和变形模量分别比夹角90°时约大6%和20%,围压对砂板岩的各向异性特征有弱化效应。这些结论揭示了该砂板岩各向异性的力学特性,对解决工程实际问题有重要的参考价值     

Fatigue Behavior of Granite Subjected to Cyclic Loading Under Triaxial Compression Condition

A series of laboratory tests were performed to examine the fatigue behavior of granite subjected to cyclic loading under triaxial compression condition. In these tests, the influences of volumetric change and residual strain on the deformation modulus of granite under triaxial cyclic compression were investigated. It is shown that the fatigue behavior of granite varies with the tendency for volumetric change in triaxial cyclic compression tests. In the stress–strain space, there are three domains for fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading, namely the volumetric compaction, volumetric dilation with strain-hardening behavior, and volumetric dilation with strain-softening behavior domains. In the different domains, the microscopic mechanisms for rock deformation are different. It was also found that the stress level corresponding to the transition from volumetric compaction to volumetric dilation could be considered as the threshold for fatigue failure. The potential of fatigue deformation was compared with that of plastic deformation. The comparison shows that rocks exhibit higher resistances to volumetric deformation under cyclic loading than under plastic loading. The influence of residual strain on the fatigue behavior of rock was also investigated. It was found that the axial residual strain could be a better option to describe the fatigue behavior of rock than the loading cycle number. A constitutive model for the fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading is proposed according to the test results and discussion. In the model, the axial residual strain is considered as an internal state variable. The influences of confining pressure and peak deviatoric stress on the deformation modulus are considered in a term named the equivalent stress. Comparison of test results with model predictions shows that the proposed model is capable of describing the prepeak fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading.     

循环荷载下考虑主应力旋转的软土力学响应研究

目前用于轨道路堤分析计算的参数多是通过三轴试验获得,而列车荷载经过时土单元应力路径与循环三轴试验加载路径的显著差异可能导致预测失真而引发工程问题。针对某城市轨道进行了三维计算,并分析了移动列车荷载下土单元应力幅值、循环周数、主应力轴旋转的分布规律。在该基础上,采用空心圆柱循环扭剪试验对该复杂应力路径进行了模拟,研究了饱和软黏土的孔压及变形累积特性。结果表明,列车荷载经过时地基土单元大主应力将在(－90°, 90°)内发生旋转;该主应力轴旋转将显著促进软黏土孔压和应变的累积,竖向应力幅值为15 kPa时,循环扭剪试验产生的孔压值比循环三轴试验高77%,累积应变增大了近50%;随着循环应力水平提高,二者累积孔压及累积应变的差值还会进一步增大,甚至出现循环三轴下仅产生较小应变而循环扭剪下已破坏的本质性差异。     

不同应力路径下土体的变形特性与破坏特性

在固结不排水加荷与卸荷两种情况下,基于土体常规的三轴压缩试验结果和真三轴平面应变试验结果,指出不同的应力路径下土体具有不同的变形特性和破坏特性,并且这些特性差异的根本原因在于不同的应力路径,有着其球应力p和广义剪应力q与球应力p的比值q/p的不同变化趋势。最后,依据Matsuoka-Nakai破坏准则和其相应的转化型式,进一步探讨了其破坏参数k2值的确定方法。试验检测的结果表明,Matsuoka-Nakai破坏准则能给出土体较为准确的破坏强度预测结果。