颗粒级配及初始干密度对路基翻浆冒泥特性的影响

重载铁路路基翻浆冒泥病害广泛存在且危害性极大,严重影响了轨道的稳定性和列车运行的安全性。铁路路基土体性质,如颗粒级配、孔隙比等对列车荷载作用下路基翻浆冒泥特性有显著的影响。利用自主研发的试验模型对粉质黏土与不同含量高岭土重塑试样进行翻浆冒泥试验,研究了不同颗粒级配（高岭土含量）、不同初始干密度（孔隙比）对循环荷载作用下试样的轴向应变、超孔隙水压力以及细颗粒迁移特性的影响。研究结果表明：随着高岭土含量以及初始干密度的增加,动荷载作用下试样产生的轴向应变、超孔隙水压力均减小,细颗粒迁移的平均高度降低,路基翻浆冒泥的程度减轻。通过试验发现,动荷载作用下试样内部的超孔隙水压力梯度是驱动路基土体细颗粒迁移的主导因素,试样产生的夹层对路基翻浆冒泥病害的发展具有一定的促进作用。     

Degradation model for one-way cyclic lateral load on piles in soft clay

The analysis of laterally loaded piles in soft clay is carried out idealising the pile as beam elements and the soil by nonlinear inelastic spring elements modeled with elasto-plastic sub-elements. The nonlinear hyperbolic model for static load condition is developed based on the undrained shear strength and modulus of subgrade reaction. An iterative procedure is adopted to perform a nonlinear finite element analysis and the effect of static lateral load on deflection is studied. Based on the lateral deflection at the end of first cycle (static load), the degradation factor is assumed and the p-y curve is modified. The cyclic load analysis is carried out using the static analysis program idealising the soil by modified p-y curve, which considers the effect of number of cycles and magnitude of cyclic lateral load. The results of the proposed analytical model compare well with the published experimental results, on piles subjected to one-way cyclic loading for different magnitude of cyclic lateral load and number of cycles.     

Numerical modelling of fluid-induced soil erosion in granular filters using a coupled bonded particle lattice Boltzmann method

This paper presents a three-dimensional coupled bonded particle and lattice Boltzmann method (BPLBM) with an immersed moving boundary scheme for the fluid-solid interaction. It is then applied to investigate the erosion process of soil particles in granular filters placed within earth dams. The microscopic migration of soil particles can be clearly visualised as the movement of particles can be directly recorded. Three granular filters with different representative size ratios are simulated and the numerical results are seen to match the empirical criteria. In addition, the effect of the representative size ratio of granular filters, hydraulic loading and erosion time are discussed.     

循环动荷载下下伏空洞路面塌陷的模型试验研究

在循环动荷载作用下,地下空洞会逐步发展成为路面塌陷。针对此问题,本文建立了模拟路面塌陷发生发展全过程的模型试验。试验结果表明,随着动荷载值的减小,土体所能承受的极限振动循环次数呈指数型增加。而当地下存在一定尺寸的地下空洞时,即使动荷载值较小,在足够多次数的振动循环作用后,也有可能引发路面塌陷。最大粒径较大、不均匀系数较高土体的静力稳定性较强,体现在其能承受的极限静荷载较大;但其动力稳定性较弱,体现在其能承受的极限振动循环次数较少。反之,最大粒径较小、不均匀系数较小土体的静力稳定性较弱,而动力稳定性较强。地下空洞上覆土层厚度越大,则其静力、动力稳定性均较强。同时,循环动荷载作用下地表沉降与土体裂缝的发展呈现出三阶段规律。阶段1为初始固结沉降阶段,持续时间较短,土体受到振动压密作用,地表发生整体沉降,土体裂缝未见明显发展;阶段2为等速沉降阶段,持续时间较长,中心土体受到振动剪切作用,地表中心沉降与土体裂缝随时间呈等速发展;阶段3为加速沉降阶段,持续时间最短,中心土体受到振动破坏作用,地表中心沉降与土体裂缝快速发展直至发生塌陷。     

Experimental study about the influence of cyclic load on the hydraulic conductivity of clay

The hydraulic conductivity k, one of the most important engineering properties of soft clay, plays a great role during the whole life cycle of underwater tunnel. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically study the responses of k to the dynamic load under the background of the great development of geotechnical engineering in the world. In this study, a series of seepage tests after cyclic loading were conducted on reconstituted kaolin clay using a modified hollow cylinder apparatus. The influence of cyclic load on the permeability characteristics of soft clay was illustrated in two aspects. The cumulative axial deformation of clay induced by cyclic loading resulted in the smaller hydraulic conductivity of the specimens, and also, the dynamic load reconstructed the microstructure of clay and made the number of large pores getting decreased and the small pores increased. There was a positive correlation between the deformation of soil and the change of hydraulic conductivity, but the reconstruction effect was irregular with the frequency of dynamic load. The measured k values got affected at the beginning, this phenomenon appropriately explains the positive correlation between the number of cycles of dynamic load and the change of hydraulic conductivity.

     

动荷载下桩承式路堤的承载特性及机制研究

对于桩承式路堤作用效应的研究目前主要侧重于对静荷载作用下桩土应力比和土拱效应等,较少考虑动荷载的影响,而车辆运行产生的动应力会对路堤中的土拱产生一定的影响,进而影响桩承式路堤的整体性能。为了分析静、动荷载作用下桩承式加筋路堤的性能变化,采用可视化模型试验和颗粒流数值模拟相结合的方法,对桩承式路堤在静载和动载下的应力传递和变形性状进行研究,分析动载作用下填土高度、桩帽、桩距、加筋形式、荷载频率的影响。试验结果表明,在动载下无筋路堤的桩顶的应力减小,而桩间的应力和位移增大,并且变化的幅度均比加筋路堤大,加筋材料的设置有利于减小动载的影响效应,但不同加筋形式下桩承式路堤的工作性状有所不同,受动载影响程度的大小主要与土拱效应的强弱有关。设置双层加筋时,因加筋材料与周围砂土形成半刚性平台,土拱效应减弱,故受动载影响的程度最小,单层加筋时,格栅设于桩顶上方10 cm比格栅置于桩顶受动载影响的程度明显减小,颗粒流的模拟结果验证了以上结果,并且进一步得出随荷载频率的增加、填土高度与桩净距的减小,动载的影响效应增大的结论。     

三层堤基中细砂层厚度对管涌影响的试验研究

对由弱透水黏土层、细砂层和强透水砂砾层组成的三层堤基进行了管涌发展的砂槽模型试验,为了便于观察分析,细砂层由各种颜色的细彩砂依次排列在砂砾石层上表面,通过改变彩砂层的厚度分析研究了不同细砂层厚度对管涌发生、发展机制及过程的影响。试验结果表明,三层堤基细砂层厚度的不同使管涌发生的临界水力梯度、涌砂量和通道发展的速度不同,与双层堤基有很大区别。临界水力梯度是由多种元素决定的,包括破坏土体的性质及其整体性等;细砂层的存在使流量在渗透变形初期对涌砂不敏感;在试验中发生的相同水位下多次间歇性涌砂,其原因一方面是颗粒在运动过程中发生堵塞,另一方面是通道边界的土体失去支撑发生应力释放,抵抗力随着时间逐渐减小。     

粘性土的动力特性实验及数值模拟

使用产自日本的DTC-306型多功能电液伺服动态三轴仪,对粉质粘土进行动三轴试验。在试验提供的各种参数和数据的基础上,利用有限元程序ABAQUS建立动三轴试件的三维有限元模型,模拟在循环荷载作用下粉质粘土的动力变形特性;并通过与动三轴试验相关数据的大量对比分析,验证了模型的可靠性。然后在建立的三维有限元模型的基础上,进一步用数值模拟的方法研究了土体动力变形与各影响因素间的关系,得出如下结论:初始弹性模量、阻尼系数、受荷形式对土的塑性变形影响最大,应力幅值、围压、频率、加荷周数次之,加载波形的影响最小,不同波形对塑性变形的影响取决于荷载最大值时历时的长短。有限元数值模拟方法在一定程度上可以替代动三轴实验。     

Test Investigation on Liquefied Deformation Structure in Saturated Lime-Mud Composites Triggered by Strong Earthquakes

Three identical model boxes were made from transparent plexiglass and angle iron. Using the method of sinking water and according to the sedimentary rhythm of saturated calcium carbonate(lime-mud) intercalated with cohesive soil,calcites with particle sizes diameters of ≤ 5 μm,10–15 μm and 23–30 μm as well as cohesive soil were sunk alternatively in water of three boxes to build three test models,each of which has a specific size of calcite. Pore water pressure gauges were buried in lime-mud layers at different depths in each model,and connected with a computer system to collect pore water pressures. By means of soil tests,physical property parameters and plasticity indices(Ip) were obtained for various grain-sized saturated lime-muds. The lime-muds with Ip ranging from 6.3 to 8.5(lower than 10) are similar to liquid saturated silt in the physical nature,indicating that saturated silt can be liquefied once induced by a strong earthquake. One model cart was pushed quickly along the length direction of the model so that its rigid wheels collided violently with the stone stair,thus generating an artificial earthquake with seismic wave magnitude greater than VI degree. When unidirectional cyclic seismic load of horizontal compression-tension-shear was imposed on the soil layers in the model,enough great pore water pressure has been accumulated within pores of lime-mud,resulting in liquefaction of lime-mud layers. Meanwhile,micro-fractures formed in each soil layer provided channels for liquefaction dewatering,resulting in formation of macroscopic liquefaction deformation,such as liquefied lime-mud volcanoes,liquefied diapir structures,vein-like liquefied structures and liquefied curls,etc. Splendid liquefied lime-mud eruption lasted for two to three hours,which is similar to the sand volcano eruption induced by strong earthquake. However,under the same artificial seismic conditions,development of macroscopic liquefied structures in three experimental models varied in shape,depth and quantity,indicating that excess pore water pressure ratios at initial liquefaction stage and complete liquefaction varied with depth. With size increasing of calcite particle in lime-mud,liquefied depth and deformation extent increase accordingly. The simulation test verifies for the first time that strong earthquakes may cause violent liquefaction of saturated lime-mud composed of micron-size calcite particles,uncovering the puzzled issue whether seafloor lime-mud can be liquefied under strong earthquake. This study not only provides the latest simulation data for explaining the earthquake-induced liquefied deformations of saturated lime-mud and seismic sedimentary events,but also is of great significance for analysis of foundation stability in marine engineering built on the soft calcium carbonate layers in neritic environment.     

Field loading tests of screw micropiles under axial cyclic and monotonic loads

Unlike conventional grouted micropiles, screw micropiles have been recently introduced to the foundation industry. Full-scale field tests of screw micropiles were carried out at a cohesive soil site. The screw micropiles have a diameter varying from 76 to 114 mm and a length varying from 1.6 to 3 m, and spiral threads welded on the lower half of the steel tubular shaft. Site investigation from cone penetration tests (CPT) and laboratory testing implies that the soil was medium to stiff, low plasticity clay. Six axial monotonic and three axial cyclic load tests were performed on three micropiles. One micropile was instrumented with strain gauges to investigate the shaft load distribution during loading. The axial cyclic loading was intended to simulate cyclic inertia load during vertical ground motions. Results showed that the micropiles behave as frictional piles during monotonic tests; the unit shaft resistance and adhesion coefficient were calculated and compared with results in the literature. The end installation torque was estimated using CPT shaft resistance and was shown to agree reasonably with the measured torque. Under axial cyclic loading, the micropiles underwent small cumulative displacements and the magnitude of the displacement decreased with increasing pile length and diameter. Cyclic loading redistributed the load transfer along different segments of the micropile. Negative skin resistance was observed along the smooth pile shaft when the pile underwent decreasing axial loading.

     

Numerical modelling of internal erosion during hydrate dissociation based on multiphase mixture theory

It has been reported that sand production, which is a simultaneous production of soil particles along with gas and water into a production well, forced to terminate the operation during the world's first offshore methane production test from hydrate-bearing sediments in the Eastern Nankai Tough. The sand production is induced by internal erosion, which is the detachment and migration of soil particles from soil skeleton due to seepage flow. The inflow of the eroded soil particles into the production well leads to damage of the production devices. In the present study, a numerical model to predict the chemo-thermo-mechanically coupled behavior including internal erosion during hydrate dissociation has been formulated based on the multiphase mixture theory. In the proposed model, the internal erosion is expressed as mass transition of soil particles from soil skeleton to the fluidized soil particles. Since the internal erosion is considered to depend on the soil particle size, mass of soil particles are divided into several groups that have different representative particle diameters, and the constitutive equations for the onset condition and the mass transition rate of the internal erosion are formulated for each group. Also, transportation of soil particles in the liquid phase is formulated for each particle size group in the proposed model. Finally, a simulation of the methane gas production from the hydrate-bearing sediment by depressurization method is presented, and the internal erosion and the dissociation behavior are discussed.     

Geogrid-reinforced railroad bed settlement due to cyclic load

Results of large-scale laboratory model tests conducted to determine the permanent settlement due to cyclic load of the railroad bed for a proposed high-speed train route extending from Seoul to Pusan in South Korea are reported. The possibility of using geogrid layers as reinforcement to reduce settlement of the subbase layer was investigated. Based on the present model test results, it appears that practically all permanent settlement due to cyclic load is completed after application of 10⁵ cycles of load. The most beneficial effect of reinforcement is derived when one layer of geotextile and one layer of geogrid are placed at the interface of the subgrade soil and subbase course.     

真空加载方式对吹填流泥加固效果及土颗粒移动的影响研究

考虑加载方式的影响开展室内模型试验,对4组相同性质的泥浆试样（含水率为100%）分别采用不同的加载方式,即-80 kPa、-60 kPa→80 kPa、-40 kPa→-80 kPa、-20 kPa→-80 kPa进行加载,加载过程中对试样的出水量、沉降量和侧向变形进行跟踪监测,并对处理后土体的含水率、塑性指数和十字板剪切强度等的空间分布与变化规律进行研究。试验结果表明,（1）真空加载方式对吹填流泥的固结具有比较明显的影响;（2）初始真空荷载为-20 kPa时所得到的土体沉降量最大、强度最高,始终保持-80 kPa荷载情况下所得到的土体沉降量最小、强度最低;（3）从塑性指数的分布特征来看,土颗粒随着土中水的排出发生移动,初始真空荷载越大,这种趋势越明显,部分土颗粒会聚积在排水板周围而导致土体渗透性能的降低,严重时会影响土体的后续固结。建议在流泥淤泥的真空固结过程中采用低初始荷载方式进行加载。     

硅酸钾材料加固土遗址耐风蚀颗粒元模拟分析

西北干旱地区土遗址受风化、风蚀等破坏严重,大量土质文物亟待加固抢修。加固后土遗址的各耐环境因素及加固机制研究是土遗址加固的理论基础。首次引入颗粒元程序PFC,通过改变模型中颗粒间平行连接强度,对硅酸钾（简称PS）加固前后的土样进行数值模拟。在考虑实际土样颗粒粒径和密度的前提下,拟合了生土PS加固前后的抗压和抗拉强度,并将拟合后的颗粒元模型应用于风蚀模拟。通过随机生成挟沙风颗粒,以一定的速度撞向土体,模拟挟沙风的吹蚀作用。挟沙风颗粒数与循环步数成正比例,因此,可以用挟沙风颗粒数来代表吹蚀时间的长短。挟沙风颗粒的速度则代表挟沙风风速。模拟结果表明,在20 m/s的挟沙风吹蚀作用下,风蚀程度随吹蚀时间的增加而增大,未加固土样的风蚀程度增幅度远大于加固土样;同样吹蚀时间条件下,加固土样的抗风蚀强度明显高于未加固土样。这些模拟结论与风洞试验结果的统计规律一致。本研究拟合的颗粒流模型可进一步应用于PS加固机制研究及耐风蚀、雨蚀、冻融等诸环境影响分析研究。     

不同粒径级配条件下工程弃渣泥石流启动机理研究

通过开展室内水槽试验,利用孔隙水压力传感器记录工程弃渣泥石流形成过程中的孔隙水压力变化情况,并运用高清摄像机拍摄工程弃渣的运移及骨架颗粒的破坏现象。试验发现:在相同清水流量作用下,堆积渣体破坏方式主要受渣体中粒径为2 mm的砾粒含量影响较大,当粒径大于2 mm的砾粒含量大于50%时,渣体呈现出的破坏模式主要为冲刷破坏造成的顶面下切,孔隙水压力呈现出陡增的趋势,然后处于平缓;当粒径小于2 mm的砾粒含量均大于65%时（即粒径大于2 mm的砾粒含量小于50%）,渣体呈现出的破坏模式主要为渗流作用造成的底面冲蚀,孔隙水压力呈现出弧线上升的特征。     

摩擦型岩土材料土拱效应微观机制颗粒流模拟分析

利用离散单元计算软件模拟太沙基活动门试验,从散粒体和微观角度研究在摩擦型岩土材料中产生土拱效应时颗粒位移、荷载传递的特点,并进一步研究了颗粒粒径、土体孔隙率、颗粒摩擦系数、活动门宽度以及活动门位移对土拱效应的影响。结果表明：由于土拱的作用,从拱脚往上一定范围内会将拱顶上方的竖向荷载转化成水平荷载并向两侧传递,同时伴随着两侧土体的侧向挤出。伴随活动门的下移,土拱效应在不断调整,增大颗粒粒径、减小孔隙率、增大颗粒摩擦系数、减小活动门宽度,不但可加强土拱效应,而且还能减小土拱效应的影响范围。     

湖北武汉白沙洲隐伏岩溶区地质结构与岩溶塌陷分类

武汉市可溶岩大多隐伏于第四系土层及白垩—古近系红层下部,可溶岩分布地区地质结构与岩溶地面塌陷关系密切,已发生的岩溶地面塌陷中上黏下砂地质结构占绝大部分。以白沙洲岩溶条带长江两岸为研究区,根据盖层黏性土、砂性土、软弱土、非可溶岩（红层）的上下叠置关系及地面塌陷特征,将可溶岩分布区地质结构划分为3类、5型;岩溶塌陷的实质是土体塌陷,在岩溶区地质结构研究的基础上,根据土体物理力学特征差异,受力后塌陷过程中土颗粒的运移方式,即黏土块体塌落、砂颗粒漏失、软弱土流失,系统将研究区岩溶塌陷机理分为土洞型、沙漏型、泥流型3类,同时也存在多种类型复合型岩溶塌陷。     

碎石土湿陷性试验研究

采用不同工况的载荷试验、室内常规土工试验和易溶盐试验,分析了碎石土的荷载-沉降曲线特征,探讨了碎石土的湿陷性与湿陷机理。结果表明：碎石土在200 kPa稳定后浸水,再加荷到400 kPa,载荷试验荷载-沉降曲线呈折线型,明显分为三个阶段：压缩变形阶段,湿陷变形阶段,复合变形阶段。场地中4 m厚碎石土具有湿陷性,且湿陷性不均匀。 碎石土湿陷的机理在于其结构是疏松的单粒架空结构。骨架颗粒间存在架空孔隙,且部分架空孔隙由砂质颗粒集合体充填;骨架颗粒间呈点与点接触,或者主要通过黏粒、黏土矿物、易溶盐组成的胶结物而联结在一起;在浸水加荷过程中,黏粒周围薄膜水增厚、粘土矿物自身产生膨胀、易溶盐溶解,导致胶结物的胶结强度丧失,结构失稳,发生湿陷。     

非饱和粉土路基内水分迁移规律试验研究

动载作用下非饱和粉土路基内部的水分迁移规律,对研究重载铁路在浸水状态下的路基稳定具有重要意义。基于范德堡原理,利用土样的电阻率特性,研制出一套基于GDS动三轴仪的非饱和土样含水率分布规律测试系统。利用该系统开展浸水动三轴试验,并对试验过程中非饱和试样的分层含水率进行连续测试,探究土样的初始压实度、动载的动应力幅值对非饱和土样内部水分迁移的影响规律。结果表明：该测试系统可在动三轴试验过程中对非饱和试样的分层含水率进行实时、无损、连续地测定,测试结果的最大误差为0.7%;非饱和土样在动载作用下随其含水率逐渐增大,土样的初始压实度对电阻率的影响程度减弱,接近饱和含水率时可忽略;土样初始压实度、含水率与土体电阻率具有确定的函数表达式,并具有良好的相关性及唯一性。结合试验结果分析认为：降雨及动荷载共同作用下,路基内水分在某一深度土体积聚,该区域孔隙水压力增大,强度降低,导致翻浆冒泥病害的发生;路基压实度及列车轴重增大,均会抑制路基内水分向下部迁移,有助于路基的稳定,但轴重增加,可能导致路基的失稳,当轴重大于临界动应力时,路基将发生破坏。