东大别构造带地震地磁监测试验区岩石圈磁场特征分析

本文利用东大别构造带地震地磁监测试验区的地磁三分量观测数据,建立了试验区的岩石圈磁场模型,并将其与2005.0年代该区域的岩石圈磁场进行对比分析,研究试验区岩石圈磁场的时空变化特征.结果显示试验区内岩石圈磁场的分布从河南商城、安徽金寨、霍山至六安之间围绕梅山-龙河口、青山-晓天等断裂存在异常变化.     

自然正交分量方法在地震地磁监测中的应用

对比分析了地震地磁监测中运用自然正交分量方法建立的我国地磁场长期变化模型与传统的磁场线性预测长期变化模型在地震地磁监测中的误差,发现NOC方法优于线性预测方法,应在地震地磁监测中予以推广应用.在NOC模型建立过程中,还发现NOC方法有助于提取可能与地震活动性相关的地磁场微弱能量的时间变化,但还有待于进一步的研究.     

辽宁省海城M4.4地震地磁异常ΔF的观测与分析

利用2017年度辽宁省流动地磁测区40个地磁观测点所得的流动地磁总场数据,结合2017年12月19日辽宁海城M4.4地震发生前后流动地磁监测结果,分析地磁场出现的邻期差值局部异常特征,在研究地磁时序变化和地磁前兆异常后,认定该区域地磁场总强度的异常是海城M4.4地震的前兆异常,得到了该地震与地磁场异常活动的关联。     

北京地区震磁观测研究

旨地探索研究地震预报而开展的北京地区地磁观测，在震磁前兆研究与地震预测试验方面都获得了可喜的进展，本文分析了１９９０－１９９５年北京及其西部地区的地磁观测资料，研究了地磁异常信息，预测了地震活动趋势，提出了今后应加强监测与研究的区域。     

《2005.0中国地磁图》在地震监测预报中的应用

《2005.0中国地磁图》的编制完成,为地震地磁监测引出一套新的思路.江西九江-瑞昌MS 5.7地震发生后,通过对震区一定范围内地磁分量跟踪测量,在《2005.0中国地磁图》基础上,局部修正了该区域2005.0地磁基本场分量的曲面样条模型.该结果很好的表现了该区域地磁基本场分量空间分布形态的变化,为地震预报提供了数据基础.同时,该方法在安徽地区前兆异常核实中也得到了很好的应用.     

2019年长宁6.0级与夏河5.7级地震前的地磁日变化异常

运用地磁低点位移、地磁加卸载响应比和地磁逐日比三种地磁日变化异常分析方法,分析了2019年6月17日长宁6.0级和10月28日夏河5.7级地震前的地磁前兆异常现象.研究发现,两次地震前三种方法分析的结果均出现了异常,两次地震均发生在异常集中交汇区域.综合分析表明,应用地磁低点位移、加卸载响应比和逐日比预测区叠加法可以提高震中位置预测的准确度.     

地磁台网观测异常识别方法研究

地磁台网产出的基础观测数据,从时间分辨率上讲,有秒数据、分钟值、日均值、子夜均值等,反映着不同的地磁场变化成分.识别这些观测数据中的异常并对异常来源进行判别和研究,可以为完善地磁观测技术提供技术支持和指导,同时促进地磁观测数据在地震监测预测中的应用,并保证基于这些数据的研究和产出成果的可靠性.     

全国地磁学术交流会概况

国家地震局科技监测司与中国地震学会前兆专业委员会于1987年10月9日至14日在大连市召开了全国地磁学术交流会.中国科学院地球物理研究所、北京大学、中国科学技术大学与地震系统等有关代表90人参加了会议.辽宁省地震局局长岳明生、国家地震局地球物理研究所副所长许绍燮等领导同志出席了会议,并作了重要讲话.此次会议是继1984年重庆会议后的又一次地磁学术界的盛会,共收到论文与报告一百多篇.会议安排了许绍燮研究员、安振昌副研究员、陈忠义高级工程师、蒋邦本副教授和林云芳副研究员分别作了"地磁与地震"、"卫星数据处理技术、"构造磁效应观测数据的净化处理方法"、"关于震磁前兆研究及其有关的基础性研究的几点意见"和"南极考察"的专题学术报告.     

地震预报探讨中的地磁学手段

地磁手段地地震预测研究中的许多方面发挥了重要作用。在地震前兆的探讨方面占有一席之地；在探测地下构造中有许多贡献。我们可以开展许多与地震预测基础研究有关的地磁研究，例如地磁模型研究、地磁脉动研究、地球深部研究，等等。对地磁场变化规律性的研究也是提取地震地磁前兆的基础。     

《地震地磁观测与研究》双月刊简介

《地震地磁观测与研究》是国家地震局地球物理研究所主办的学术性双月刊,创刊于1980年,专载有关地震地磁观测技术方面的文章,包括地震学、地球物理学、地磁学、重力学、地电学等学科中观测技术方面的新成果,特别是为地震预报监测和研究而开展的各种观测,如地震、地磁、地电、地应力、重力、地形变、地磁波、地声、水化学、水动态等(包括这些方面的仪器设计原理,实验方法与结果、仪器理论和观测方法等),以及有关地震台网布局、台站选择、仪器标定、台站技术革     

Seawater intrusion processes,investigation and management: Recent advances and future challenges

Seawater intrusion (SI) is a global issue, exacerbated by increasing demands for freshwater in coastal zones and predisposed to the influences of rising sea levels and changing climates. This review presents the state of knowledge in SI research, compares classes of methods for assessing and managing SI, and suggests areas for future research. We subdivide SI research into categories relating to processes, measurement, prediction and management. Considerable research effort spanning more than 50 years has provided an extensive array of field, laboratory and computer-based techniques for SI investigation. Despite this, knowledge gaps exist in SI process understanding, in particular associated with transient SI processes and timeframes, and the characterization and prediction of freshwater–saltwater interfaces over regional scales and in highly heterogeneous and dynamic settings. Multidisciplinary research is warranted to evaluate interactions between SI and submarine groundwater discharge, ecosystem health and unsaturated zone processes. Recent advances in numerical simulation, calibration and optimization techniques require rigorous field-scale application to contemporary issues of climate change, sea-level rise, and socioeconomic and ecological factors that are inseparable elements of SI management. The number of well-characterized examples of SI is small, and this has impeded understanding of field-scale processes, such as those controlling mixing zones, saltwater upconing, heterogeneity effects and other factors. Current SI process understanding is based mainly on numerical simulation and laboratory sand-tank experimentation to unravel the combined effects of tides, surface water–groundwater interaction, heterogeneity, pumping and density contrasts. The research effort would benefit from intensive measurement campaigns to delineate accurately interfaces and their movement in response to real-world coastal aquifer stresses, encompassing a range of geological and hydrological settings.     

电子经纬仪在一测回水平方向标准偏差计量检定中两种方法比较

一测回水平方向标准偏差是衡量经纬仪测量精度的主要指标之一。结合经纬仪计量检定规程的要求,从测量的原理、方法、不确定度分析等方面入手,对电子经纬仪一测回水平方向标准偏差计量检定的两种方法进行比较。结果显示,多齿分度台法和多目标法在测量途径上基本相同,其测量不确定度分析的结果也基本相符。可能是由于在实际的计量检定过程中,计量检定人员、环境条件变化或其他因素造成了测量结果略有差异。     

基于网络/基站RTK移动摄影测量数据的垂向精度分析

移动摄影测量技术SfM（Structure from Motion）的发展使活动构造研究中快速获得野外中小区域内高精度DEM数据更便捷,DEM数据精度是目前活动构造与测量领域较关注的问题。本文通过对比非RTK模式无人机摄影测量并结合地面控制点（GCPs）生成的SfM DEM数据与基于RTK移动摄影测量技术获取的RTK-SfM DEM数据差异,重点分析搭载RTK模块的移动摄影测量技术获取的DEM数据在垂向上的精度。数据采集、处理与对比结果表明:在添加地面控制点后的非RTK模式无人机摄影测量生成的DEM数据中,除测量区域边缘照片较少而产生畸变外,大部分地区畸变率较小;基于移动RTK技术摄影测量获取的高程数据畸变率更小,且与非RTK模式无人机摄影结合地面控制点生成的高程数据存在约0.85 m的系统高程误差,减去该误差后,点云对比结果表明二者95%以上的点垂向误差均＜0.05 m;搭载RTK模块的移动摄影测量技术获取的DEM数据在垂向上具有更高的精度,且节省了时间与人工成本。     

高密度电阻率法在隐伏断层探测中的应用

以实例说明高密度电阻率法在隐伏断层探测中的成功应用；讨论了用高密度电阻率法反演结果的地质解译方法；提出用高密度电阻率法探测隐伏断层的野外工作设想，对“十五”重大项目——城市活断层探测极具参考意义。     

New evidence relating to the structure of the zone of hydrothermal discharges in the East Pauzhetka thermal field,Kamchatka

This paper is concerned with a discussion of a fundamental problem in geothermal research, that of reaching an understanding of the structure and physical nature of zones of thermal discharges, taking the Pauzhetka hydrothermal system as an example along with the eponymous geothermal field situated at the southern tip of Kamchatka. We combined geological and geophysical results from magnetic surveying, electrical surveying, gravity surveying, soil thermometry, pitting and well drilling in hydrothermal clay, to carry out a detailed study of a large zone of hydrothermal discharges in the structure of this hydrothermal system, that is, the East Pauzhetka thermal field. We identified a system of blocks that control aquifers, mineralization zones at the base of the sequence of hydrothermal clay, steam-charged and water-saturated volumes, and volumes where ascending hydrothermal brines circulate via fissures and pores. We hypothesize the existence of a shallow (a few tens of meters) top of a subintrusive body of an intermediate or basic composition. The intrusion of that body may have given rise to the formation of a tectono-magmatic uplift in the East Pauzhetka thermal field. The resulting geological and geophysical data stimulate multidisciplinary surveys of other areas in the Pauzhetka geothermal field and make their contribution to the solution of a major scientific and applied problem, which is to determine the source of heat for the field.     

Mapping agricultural fields with GPR and EMI to identify offsite movement of agrochemicals

Offsite movement of waterborne agrochemicals is increasingly targeted as a non-point source of water quality degradation. Our research has indicated that subsurface water movement is variable and site-specific, and that a small soil volume frequently conducts a large volume of flow. This concentrated flow is usually caused by soil morphology, and it often results in water moving rapidly offsite from certain areas of fields; little or no lateral subsurface flow may occur in other areas. Identifying these subsurface regions is difficult using conventional soil survey and vadose zone sampling techniques. In this study, traditional surveying is combined with electromagnetic induction (EMI) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) mapping to identify areas with high potential for subsurface offsite movement of agrochemicals, optimizing these identification techniques, and expanding the mapping procedures to make them useful at the field-scale for agricultural production practices. Conclusions from this research are: (1) EMI mapping provides rapid identification of areas of soil with a high electrical conductivity and presumably high potential for offsite movement of subsurface water, (2) GPR mapping of areas identified by EMI mapping provides a means to identify features that are known to conduct concentrated lateral flow of water, and (3) combining the capabilities of EMI and GPR instrumentation makes possible the surveys of large areas that would otherwise be impossible or unfeasible to characterize.     

Snow measurement by GPS interferometric reflectometry: an evaluation at Niwot Ridge,Colorado

Snow is a critical storage component in the hydrologic cycle, but current measurement networks are sparse. In addition, the heterogeneity of snow requires surveying larger areas to measure the areal average. We presented snow measurements using GPS interferometric reflectometry (GPS‐IR). GPS‐IR measures a large area (~100 m²), and existing GPS installations around the world have the potential to expand existing snow measurement networks. GPS‐IR uses a standard, geodetic GPS installation to measure the snow surface via the reflected component of the signal. We reported GPS‐IR snow depth measurements made at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, from October 2009 through June 2010. This site is in a topographic saddle at 3500 m elevation with a peak snow depth of 1.7 m near the GPS antenna. GPS‐IR measurements are compared with biweekly snow surveys, a continuously operating scanning laser system and an airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) measurement. The GPS‐IR measurement of peak snowpack (1.36–1.76 m) matches manual measurements (0.95–1.7 m) and the scanning laser (1.16 m). GPS‐IR has RMS error of 13 cm (bias = 10 cm) compared with the laser, although differences between the measurement locations make comparison imprecise. Over the melt season, when the snowpack is more homogenous, the difference between the GPS‐IR and the laser is reduced (RMS = 9 cm, bias = 6 cm). In other locations, the GPS and the LIDAR agree on which areas have more or less snow, but the GPS estimates more snow on the ground on tracks to the west (1.58 m) than the LIDAR (1.14 m). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GPS测量方位角方法在琼中地磁台建设中的应用

介绍了GPS测量方位角的原理与方法。使用GPS测量了琼中地震台4个观测墩的方位角,取得较好的结果,并对测量结果的精度和误差来源进行了分析。结果证明,GPS测量方位角方法不受观测时间限制,受天气影响较小,对人员要求不高,观测时间只需2～3天,具有较大的应用前景。     

Delineating coastal groundwater discharge processes in a wetland area by means of electrical resistivity imaging, 224Ra and 222Rn

Coastal groundwater discharge (CGD) plays an important role in coastal hydrogeological systems as they are a water resource that needs to be managed, particularly in wetland areas. Despite its importance, identifying and monitoring CGD often presents physical and logistical constraints, restraining the application of more traditional submarine groundwater discharge surveying techniques. Here we investigate the capability of electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) in the Peníscola wetland (Mediterranean coast, Spain). ERI surveying made it possible to identify and delineate an ascending regional groundwater flow of thermal and Ra‐enriched groundwater converging with local flows and seawater intrusion. The continuous inputs of Ra‐rich groundwater have induced high activities of Ra isotopes and ²²²Rn into the marsh area, becoming among the highest previously reported in wetlands and coastal lagoons. Geoelectrical imaging enabled inferring focused upward discharging areas, leaking from the aquifer roof through a confining unit and culminating as spring pools nourishing the wetland system. Forward modelling over idealized subsurface configurations, borehole datasets, potentiometric records from standpipe piezometers, petrophysical analysis, and four natural and independent tracers (²²⁴Ra, ²²²Rn, temperature and salinity) permitted assessing the geoelectrical model and a derived hydrogeological pattern. The research highlights the potential of ERI to improve hydrogeological characterization of subsurface processes in complex contexts, with different converging flows. Additionally, a hydrogeological conceptual model for a groundwater‐fed coastal wetland was proposed, based on the integration of surveying datasets. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微重力方法在考古工程中的应用：——明茂陵地下陵殿探查

根据微重力和重力垂直梯度方法对已知地下物质体（定陵地下宫殿）的验测所取得的信息与经验，对于地下未知物质体（茂陵的地下建筑物）进行了探测。在微重力探查的基础上，预测了茂陵地下陵殿的分布形态，所在位置等。此结果可供有关考古部门参考使用，同时也表明微重力方法在考古工程方面具有很广的应用前景和实用价值。