EFFECTS OF VARIATION OF WINTER SEA-ICE AREA IN KARA AND BARENTS SEAS ON EAST ASIA WINTER MONSOON*

By analyzing the observation data and performing the numerical simulation tests,it is shown that the Kara and the Barents Sea area is a key region to influence climate variation over the Northern Hemisphere.The variation of winter sea-ice area in the key region is closely associated with that of the EU teleconnection pattern at 500 hPa and East Asia winter monsoon(EAWM) intensity.When a heavy sea-ice prevails in the key region,the EU teleconnection pattern at 500 hPa is excited easily(there are positive 500 hPa height anomalies over around Japan and West Europe),and winter Siberia high is weakened,meanwhile,sea level pressure(SLP) has positive anomalies over the Northern Pacific.Therefore,EAWM will be weakened,winter temperature over East Asia is above normal and the frequency of cold-air activity in February in China will be decreased.When the light sea-ice occurs in the key region,the results will be opposite.     

冬季北极喀拉海、巴伦支海海冰面积变化对东亚冬季风的影响

通过大量的数据分析发现,冬季喀拉海、巴伦支海海区是影响东亚以及北半球气候变化的关键区之一,该海区海冰面积变化与大气500 hPa高度场的EU遥相关型以及东亚冬季风强、弱之间存在密切的关系。冬季该海区海冰偏多,则500 hPa高度场容易出现EU遥相关型（日本及西欧500 hPa高度场偏高）,亚洲大陆上的冷高压减弱,而北太平洋海域海平面气压升高,致使东亚冬季风偏弱以及2月份入侵我国的冷空气次数减少;而冬季该海区海冰偏少时,情况正好相反。     

北半球冬季欧亚遥相关型的变化特征及其对我国气候的影响?

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国160站地表面气温和降水的观测资料, 首先采用旋转经验正交函数 (REOF) 方法定义了冬季欧亚遥相关型 (EU), 并计算了冬季的欧亚遥相关型指数 (EU指数), 在此基础上分析了欧亚遥相关型的时间和空间变化特征, 并进一步研究了与欧亚遥相关型异常相联系的东亚冬季风系统变化以及我国冬季气温和降水的异常。针对欧亚遥相关型的分析结果表明, 在欧亚大陆上空, 大气内部存在与EU相联系的波列从北大西洋传播到乌拉尔山以东的欧亚大陆地区。在时间变化上, 冬季EU以为年际变率为主, 年代际变化的分量不明显, 其显著周期表现为2～4年。当冬季EU处于正位相时, 与之相关联的东亚大气环流异常表现为: 东亚地区高空的急流增强、 东亚大槽加深, 导致东亚冬季风偏强, 东亚地区温度偏低, 从而使得我国东部降温、 降水减少; 反之, 当冬季EU处于负位相时, 我国东部增温、 降水增加。     

冬季西太平洋遥相关型的环流结构特征及其与我国冬季气温和降水的关系

用近55 a资料研究了冬季西太平洋遥相关型(WP)异常环流特征及其与我国冬季天气气候的关系。结果表明:冬季西太平洋遥相关型与我国冬季天气气候关系密切。高指数年500 hPa高度场亚洲大陆上空中高纬为负高度异常,中纬度西风偏强,环流呈纬向型,对应海平面气压场上西伯利亚高压偏弱,东亚冬季风偏弱;低指数年情况相反。冬季西太平洋遥相关指数与我国冬季气温和降水存在显著的大范围正相关,与气温的高相关区为我国东部、南部沿海及西南地区所形成的U型区域,而与降水的高相关区则主要分布在我国东部地区。     

前、后冬的东亚冬季风年际变异及其与东亚降水的关系

利用ERA-Interim的再分析资料和NOAA海温、降水量等资料对前、后冬的东亚冬季风的年际变异特征及其与东亚降水的关系进行对比分析,并讨论了热带和中高纬系统影响东亚冬季风变异的相对重要性。前冬的东亚冬季风变异的主导模态为东亚全区一致变异型,即一致的北风偏弱或偏强;其次为南部变异型,主要表现为在我国南方-南海北部的东北风偏弱或偏强。而后冬的东亚冬季风变异的主导模态则为南部变异型,其次为东亚全区一致变异型。从前冬到后冬,东亚冬季风的主要变异模态的次序出现交叉更替。前、后冬的冬季风主要模态以年际变化为主,但后冬主导模态还显示出冬季风有变强的趋势。前、后冬的东亚冬季风的主导变异模态也影响东亚降水异常的位置。在前冬,冬季风异常主要影响我国华北、渤海-黄海海域以及朝鲜半岛和日本南部区域的降水异常,而后冬的冬季风异常则主要导致我国东南地区及其东侧附近的西北太平洋海区的降水异常。前冬的东亚冬季风的前两种主要变异模态都受到印度洋-太平洋海温和中高纬环流系统共同的影响;后冬的东亚冬季风的前两种主要变异模态则分别主要受ENSO和中高纬系统的影响。      

Combined effect of the East Atlantic/West Russia and Western Pacific teleconnections on the East Asian winter monsoon

This study investigates the individual effects of the East Atlantic/West Russia (EATL/WRUS) and Western Pacific (WP) teleconnection patterns and their combined effect on the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). The contributions of the respective EATL/WRUS and WP teleconnection patterns to the EAWM are revealed by removing the dependence on the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) using a linear regression, which are named as N_EATL/WRUS and N_WP, respectively. This is because the EATL/WRUS (WP) is closely linked to the Arctic (tropics) region. A significant increase (decrease) in temperature over East Asia (EA) corresponding to a weak (strong) EAWM is associated with the N_EATL/WRUS and N_WP teleconnection patterns during the positive (negative) phases. In order to examine impacts of these two teleconnections on the EAWM, three types of effects are reconstructed on the basis of ± 0.5 standard deviation: 1) Combined effect, 2) N_EATL/WRUS effect, and 3) N_WP effect. The positive N_EATL/WRUS teleconnection induces to a weakened Siberian High and a shallow EA trough at the mid-troposphere through wave propagation, leading to the weak EAWM. During the positive N_WP pattern, warm air from the tropics flows toward the EA along western flank of an anomalous anticyclone over the North Pacific that is relevant to the meridional shift of the Aleutian Low. When the two mid-latitude teleconnections have the in-phase combination, the increase in temperature over EA appears to be more pronounced than the individual effects by transporting warm air from tropics via strong southeasterly wind anomalies induced by anomalous zonal pressure gradient between the Siberian High and Aleutian Low. Therefore, the impact of the mid-latitude teleconnections on the EAWM becomes robust and linearly superimposed, unlike a nonlinear in-phase combined effect of the AO and ENSO.     

冬季500hPa候平均高度场的遥相关

早在本世纪初,人们就已发现大气环流存在遥相关现象。Wallace等从北半球冬季500hPa月平均高度场总结出5种遥相关型。理论研究和数值模拟表明遥相关型是正压不稳定及Rossby波在球面上频散的反映。由于Rossby波频散是定性估计大型环流中期变化趋势的基本思路及500hPa候平均图是中期预报的基本工具,因此,分析500kPa候平均高度场的遥相关是有意义的。     

THE EFFECTS OF GENERAL CIRCULATION ANOMALIES ON PRECIPITATION IN THE RAINING SEASON OF SHANDONG

1 INTRODUCTION Locating in mid-latitude East Asia monsoon region, the Shandong province is marked by significant monsoon climate. Precipitation in summer (from June to August) takes up about 60% of the annual total[1] and drought and flood damages take place frequently. The province is in a zone where the northern and southern climates change into each other for it is between two plains, the North China Plain and Chang Jiang R (the Yangtze).-Huai He R. Plain. Droughts and floods in …     

东亚季风系统的动力过程和准定常行星波活动的研究进展

本文系统地回顾了近几年来关于东亚季风系统的动力过程与机理方面的研究,特别是关于东亚季风系统年际和年代际变异与准定常行星波活动关系的研究。最近的许多研究表明东亚夏季风系统变异的动力过程主要与东亚／太平洋型(即EAP型)遥相关有关,利用EAP型遥相关理论不仅可以说明东亚夏季风系统各成员之间内在联系的机理,而且可以揭示热带西太平洋热力和菲律宾周围对流活动影响东亚夏季风系统季节内、年际变化及其异常的经向三极子结构的动力过程;除了EAP型遥相关外,研究还表明北半球夏季从北非到东亚的对流层上层经向风异常存在一个沿急流传播的遥相关型,它对东亚夏季风系统异常的经向三极子型分布也有重要影响。并且,最近关于东亚冬季风变异与行星波活动的关系已做出许多研究,并获得很大进展。这些研究表明:北半球冬季准定常行星波传播波导在年际和年代际变化上存在着反相振荡特征,即若“极地波导”加强,则“低纬波导”将减弱,反之亦然;准定常行星波两支波导的反相振荡与北半球环状模(NAM)的年际和年代际振荡有紧密联系,而NAM的变化通过行星波活动的异常可以导致东亚冬季风的年际和年代际变化;此外,准定常行星波活动的年际变化与东亚冬季风异常之间的关系明显地受热带平流层纬向风准两年周期振荡(QBO)的调制,进一步的研究还提出了可能的机理。最后本文还指出:2005～2007年冬季东亚冬季风的异常不仅与西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压的变异有关,而且与极涡的演变和准定常行星波活动密切相关。     

冬夏季节热带副热带OLR场的遥相关分析

本文利用NOAA13年月平均格点资料分析了冬夏热带副热带射出长波辐射(OLR)的气候特征及其遥相关结构。结果表明,OLR场的高低值带有明显的季节变动,低值带中心从冬至夏由赤道西太平洋地区向西北移至孟加拉湾,高值带从冬至夏北移约10—15个纬度,但东南太平洋高值区的位置无明显季节变动。 遥相关结构分析表明,冬夏季节OLR场分别有8个遥相关关键区,它们之间存在着较强的同时性遥相关联系。冬季遥相关型主要由位于赤道低纬度“印度洋—西太平洋—东太平洋—大西洋”的纬向2波式遥相关和在太平洋中部、东亚地区,南北半球副热带与赤道地区的经向负遥相关型组成。夏季OLR遥相关关键区主要分布在孟加拉湾至赤道西太平洋、东太平洋与低纬度大西洋和中纬度东亚沿海与北美大陆,构成低纬度和中纬度两类纬向正遥相关型。进一步分析发现,冬夏OLR遥相关型的年际变化较好地揭示了OLR场异常与ENSO、低纬度Walker、Hadley环流等海—气系统异常的整体联系。      

华南冬末春初降水变异关联主模态及机理

基于1951—2018年再分析资料和观测的降水量资料,采用联合经验正交函数分解的方法,分析了华南冬末春初(2、3月)降水年际变异特征,并讨论了相应的环流背景及物理机制。华南2、3月降水变异的第一关联主模态反映出全区2、3月同相变化,第二模态呈现反相变化。第一模态的降水异常与ENSO关联的热带海温异常分布有关,其导致的西太平洋异常反气旋的维持使得2、3月的降水持续出现同相异常。第二模态的降水异常与中高纬度的大气环流异常有关：2月表现为欧亚遥相关型,3月则表现为北极涛动型。第二模态2、3月位势高度异常型的转变分别与北大西洋的热通量的异常变化及平流层极涡信号的下传有关：当2月北大西洋热通量正异常显著时,500 hPa高度场呈现欧亚遥相关(EU)负位相的分布;平流层极涡异常信号在3月下传达到对流层低层,使得3月对流层极涡增强,有利于北极涛动(AO)正位相的形成。2、3月欧亚大陆上空分别在EU遥相关型和AO型环流异常的影响下,导致了华南地区上空的大气环流的辐合辐散异常,并最终造成2、3月华南的降水量反相异常的出现。     

东亚夏季PJ遥相关型的年际及年代际变化机理

利用夏季东亚地区500 h Pa高度场和菲律宾附近的降水场进行SVD分析,将东亚500 h Pa高度场对应的时间序列定义为PJ指数,该指数不仅清楚地反映PJ型的年际变化,而且反应出PJ型的年代际变化,即500 h Pa高度场型态在20世纪70年代末由"气旋、反气旋、气旋"型突变为"反气旋、气旋、反气旋"型。本文研究表明PJ指数的年际变化与ENSO事件有密切的联系:El Ni1o事件通过电容器充电效应使印度洋海温增暖,而增暖的印度洋海温在菲律宾海附近强迫出异常反气旋,并沿东亚沿岸激发出PJ遥相关型。而PJ型态的年代际变化与热带印度洋SST的持续增暖有关。虽然许多学者认为是菲律宾附近海温异常引起对流异常,并沿东亚沿岸激发出PJ遥相关型,但我们认为该区域的海温变化并不是造成PJ型年际和年代际变化的原因,而是由于该区域有反气旋(或者气旋)异常,从而辐射增加(减少),蒸发减弱(增加),温跃层下降(上升),SST变暖(变冷),该区域的海温变暖意味着对流是减弱的。本文进一步利用大气环流模式ECHAM5.4进行数值试验,结果表明:当热带印度洋增暖时,在菲律宾海附近强迫出反气旋,并沿东亚激发出"反气旋、气旋、反气旋"PJ遥相关型。     

冬半年欧亚雪盖变化对东亚环流的影响

对１９７３～１９９４年期间欧亚雪盖和东亚５００ｈＰａ高度距平资料进行旋转扩展主成分分析,研究了冬半年欧亚雪盖异常与后期夏半年东亚环流分布连续演变的关系及其可能机制。结果表明前期秋冬春季欧洲、中亚和东亚中高纬雪盖异常不同的动态变化激发出具有不同持续性的东亚低频流型,而夏半年东亚副热带环流纬向扩展型演变与前期冬半年欧亚雪盖异常无关。     

Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia

The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China.     

Influence of Low-frequency Solar Forcing on the East Asian Winter Monsoon Based on HadCM3 and Observations

In this study, we investigate the influence of low-frequency solar forcing on the East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM)by analyzing a four-member ensemble of 600-year simulations performed with Had CM3(Hadley Centre Coupled Model,version 3). We find that the EAWM is strengthened when total solar irradiance(TSI) increases on the multidecadal time scale. The model results indicate that positive TSI anomalies can result in the weakening of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, causing negative sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the North Atlantic. Especially for the subtropical North Atlantic, the negative SST anomalies can excite an anomalous Rossby wave train that moves from the subtropical North Atlantic to the Greenland Sea and finally to Siberia. In this process, the positive sea-ice feedback over the Greenland Sea further enhances the Rossby wave. The wave train can reach the Siberian region, and strengthen the Siberian high. As a result, low-level East Asian winter circulation is strengthened and the surface air temperature in East Asia decreases. Overall,when solar forcing is stronger on the multidecadal time scale, the EAWM is typically stronger than normal. Finally, a similar linkage can be observed between the EAWM and solar forcing during the period 1850–1970.     

Diagnostic Comparison of Wintertime East Asian Subtropical Jet and Polar-Front Jet: Large-Scale Characteristics and Transient Eddy Activities

Diagnostic comparison of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) and polar-front jet (EAPJ) in winter season is carried out by using the ERA-40 dataset. The large-scale circulation characteristics and synopticscale transient eddy activities (STEAs) associated with the EASJ and EAPJ are examined. The results show that the EASJ and EAPJ in the upper-level monthly mean data have no clear geographical border, while the distribution of the numbers of jet cores from the daily data exhibits a distinct boundary at the latitudes of the northern Tibetan Plateau. The two areas with large numbers of jet cores correspond to the EASJ and EAPJ regions. The analysis of STEAs over the East Asian region shows a spatial match of STEAs with the EASJ and EAPJ in winter: the strong EASJ is located within the weak southern branch of the STEA while the relatively weak EAPJ appears within the active northern branch of the STEA, indicating that the EAPJ is the jet coexisting with the STEA. Further analysis shows two anomalous modes of the winter EAPJ: the anomalous anticyclonic/cyclonic circulation and the weakened/strengthened local westerly wind. The large-scale circulation anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere related to the first mode are concentrated in the Eurasian mid to high latitudes, and are also influenced by the anomalous circulation in the upstream area. When the local westerly wind over the EAPJ region is weakened/strengthened, the westerly jet in the eastern part of the EASJ and that in the western Pacific region show opposite variations. The corresponding anomalous atmospheric circulation demonstrates the Eurasian (EU) pattern. The EAPJ anomalies are also closely linked with the STEA anomalies over East Asia. The anomalies in the northern branch of the STEA propagate as a wave train along its axis into the East Asian coastal waters, and then migrate eastward to the oceanic region. However, the ones near the southern branch are trapped over the eastern part of East Asia and its coastal waters at 200 hPa.     

江淮地区夏季雨量与北半球500 hPa环流遥相关的不稳定性

用50年 (1951~2000年) 观测资料, 分成1951~1976年和1977~2000年两个时段, 研究了江淮地区夏季 (6~8月) 雨量与北半球500 hPa季平均环流时滞遥相关的年代际变化, 同时提出了遥相关不稳定指数, 讨论了遥相关不稳定性的空间分布和季节变化。结果表明, 这两个时段遥相关的空间分布存在显著差异, 且前一时期时滞遥相关强度明显强于后一时期, 特别是江淮地区夏季雨量与前期冬季西太平洋型 (WP) 的相关仅在1976年以前显著, 1977年以后迅速减弱消失, 而对于后一时期, 与春季欧亚遥相关型 (EU) 的相关明显加强。另外, 后一时期江淮地区夏季雨量与夏季EAP波列的相关明显强于前一时期。它反映了太平洋年代际振荡 (PDO) 对东亚季风降水和环流年际相关的影响, 这种遥相关的不稳定性与年代际和年际时间尺度振荡之间的相互作用有密切联系。     

欧亚冬季雪盖对北半球夏季大气环流的影响及其与东亚太平洋型遥相关的可能联系

利用NOAA的欧亚大陆冬季月平均雪盖面积资料和中国气象局的北半球夏季500 hPa高度场资料进行统计分析,发现欧亚大陆冬季雪盖面积异常可以激发北半球夏季积雪强迫型遥相关,它具有显著的准4年周期。在准4年时间尺度上,建立了积雪强迫型遥相关和东亚太平洋型遥相关的可能联系,推测了准4年循环中的可能作用过程。     

冬季乌拉尔山阻塞与东亚冬季风的联系分析

利用美国国家环境预报中心和美国大气科学研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)1948/1949~2012/2013年的逐日再分析资料,从年际变化和季节内演变两种时间尺度分析了冬季乌拉尔山阻塞与东亚冬季风的联系。结果表明,从年际变化角度,东亚冬季风综合指数(EAWMII)与冬季乌拉尔山阻塞频数显著相关,且两者的线性趋势与周期一致。当乌拉尔山阻塞频繁发生时,对流层中层西伯利亚反气旋异常,东亚大槽加深;对流层低层表现为贝加尔湖及东亚沿岸北风显著加强,中亚和东亚大部分地区地表温度降低,东亚冬季风较常年加强。乌拉尔山阻塞的由强盛到崩溃的过程对应着西伯利亚高压由加强到减弱东移的季节内演变,850 h Pa风场对应为异常北风由贝加尔湖以北逐渐影响至低纬度菲律宾以东的演变特征。     

冬季各月北太平洋涛动的年际变化及其与我国降水异常的联系

利用ERA-Interim的海平面气压(Sea Level Pressure,SLP)再分析资料和中国160站的降水观测资料,分析了冬季各月(当年12月、次年1月和2月)北太平洋涛动(North Pacific Oscillation,NPO)的年际变化特征,及其与我国同期降水异常之间的联系。结果表明:1)冬季各月NPO指数的年际变化较为显著,但各月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关性较差,1979—2012年冬季12月与1月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关系数为0.09,而1月与2月NPO指数的相关系数仅为-0.003,均没有通过信度检验。2)1月和12月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国黄淮流域降水异常之间存在明显的正相关,而2月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国华北降水异常之间为明显的负相关。3)当1月(12月)NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国黄淮流域降水量比多年平均值增加约50%(40%);而当2月NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国华北降水量比多年平均值减少约30%。