ITRF2005的实现与改进

2006年10月,IERS发布了继ITRF2000以后最新版本的国际地球参考框架——ITRF2005。ITRF2005的实现是基于多种空间技术解时间序列的联合处理而得到的,这在ITRF的实现历史中还是第一次。此外,ITRF2005除了包含作为参考框架体现的站点坐标和速率之外,还包含一起参与联合处理的地球定向参数:极移,极移速率,日长,UT1的时间序列。主要介绍ITRF2005的实现的基本情况及其相对于以前版本的改进。     

ITRF2005:基于测站位置和地球自转参数的最新地球参考框架

与之前的国际地球参考框架(ITRF)将全球长期解作为输入数据进行组合不同,ITRF2005将测站坐标(卫星技术每星期的数据和VLBI每24小时的数据)和每天的地球自转参数(EOPs)作为输入数据。使用测站位置时间序列的优势在于可以监控测站的非线性运动和非连续性,并检验框架物理参数即原点和尺度的时变特性。ITRF2005原点定义为:相对于由SLR技术13年的观测数据所得的地球质心的平移和平移速度为零;尺度定义为:相对于由VLBI技术26年的观测数据所得的尺度及其变化率为零;ITRF2005的定向(2000.0历元)及其速率与ITRF2000中70个高质量的测站一致。ITRF2005原点(2000.0历元)及其速率相对于ITRF2000沿X,Y,Z轴在0.1,0.8,5.8mm和0.2,0.1,1.8mm/y的水平上一致,其分量的误差分别为0.3mm和0.3mm/y。两个参考框架原点间一致性差可能是因为SLR网的几何图形差。ITRF2005组合中包含了84个并置站,尺度的不一致性在2000.0历元为1ppb(赤道处为6.3mm),SLR和VLBI由各自时间序列堆栈得到的长期解之间尺度不一致性为0.08ppb/yr。这些不一致性可能是因为SLR和VLBI网形差、并置站质量不好、局部联系的不确定性、系统误差影响以及数据分析中模型改正的不一致性。ITRF历史上,ITRF2005第一次采用了紧组合的方式给出了与之相一致的EOP序列,包括由VLBI和卫星技术得到的极移和仅从VLBI得到的UT和日长数据。     

全球板块运动背景场及ITRF2005VEL的建立

简要分析了最新的国际地球参考框架ITRF2005实现的基本情况及其相对于ITRF2000的改进,以ITRF2005为参考框架建立了新的全球板块运动模型ITRF2005VEL。建模时,首先根据测站的分布和速度场的精度对测站进行初步剔除,然后采用相似变换的方法对全球ITRF2005测站的速度场数据再进行第2次筛选。根据筛选结果利用最小二乘方法建立了全球板块运动背景场及其运动模型,给出了全球11个主要块体的运动参数。此结果与其他学者建立的模型相比,总体上有很好的一致性,但在个别块体上也有所差异。     

全球板块运动背景场及ITRF2005VEL的建立

简要分析了最新的国际地球参考框架ITRF2005实现的基本情况及其相对于ITRF2000的改进,以ITRF2005为参考框架建立了新的全球板块运动模型ITRF2005VEL.建模时,首先根据测站的分布和速度场的精度对测站进行初步剔除,然后采用相似变换的方法对全球ITRF2005测站的速度场数据再进行第2次筛选.根据筛选结果利用最小二乘方法建立了全球板块运动背景场及其运动模型,给出了全球11个主要块体的运动参数.此结果与其他学者建立的模型相比,总体上有很好的一致性,但在个别块体上也有所差异.     

地球参考框架联合解算方法

地球参考框架是地球坐标系统的实现,本文系统介绍了地球参考框架的确定方法,结合ITRF2005参考框架,详细介绍了地球参考框架联合解算的方法,并对地球参考框架的质量分析方法进行了探讨。     

ITRF2000和新的全球板块运动模型

地学工作者一直关注的ITRF2000地球参考框架初步结果已于2001年3月19日公布.ITRF2000综合了VLBI、SLR、LLR、GPS和DORIS技术,产生736个点位坐标和54个核心站.文中介绍了ITRF2000,并利用ITRF2000综合解的结果计算全球板块的欧拉矢量,建立了基于空间实测数据基础的最新全球板块运动模型.     

ITRF2000和新的全球板块运动模型

地学工作者一直关注的ITRF2000地球参考框架初步结果已于2001年3月19日公布，ITRF2000综合了VLBI、SLR，LLR，GPS和DORIS技术，产生736个点位坐标和54个核心站，文中介绍了ITRF2000，并利用ITRF2000综合解的结果计算全球板块的欧拉矢量，建立了基于空间实测数据基础 的最新全球板块运动模型。     

利用空间大地测量数据探测地球膨胀效应

地球自转服务局(IERS)采用多种高精度的空间探测技术综合解算得到的国际地球参考框架(ITRF)是国际上公认的精度高、稳定性好的参考框架。为了研究地球的膨胀或收缩效应,本文采用ITRF2000的站坐标和速度,利用Delaunay算法生成的三角网逼近地球形体,计算出了地球的体积变化。     

相似变换模型在参考框架基准实现中的应用

详细探讨了相似变换在地球参考框架的基准定义实施中的相关模型及方法。利用四种空间大地测量技术（GPS、SLR、DORIS、VLBI）在2000．0历元的站坐标组文件,对ITRF2005的内符精度进行了实验评价。     

利用空间技术建立绝对板块运动模型

利用欧拉定律和ITRF2005的速度场,给出了全球板块运动模型ITRF2005VEL,并计算了全球地壳旋转总角动量之和。采用离散的Tisserand条件对实测的全球台站运动速度进行约束,建立了一个新的基于NNR参考框架的实测的绝对板块运动模型NNR-ITRF2005,并与地学模型NNR-NUVEL1A和ITRF其他序列建立的NNR模型进行了比较和分析。结果表明,从整体上来看,NNR-ITRF2005比较接近于NNR-NU-VEL1A,但个别板块由于测站较少、分布不均或者测站观测时间短对板块的约束不够等原因,使得这些板块的欧拉极与地学模型的偏差较大。     

DORIS Contribution to ITRF2005

We examine the contribution of the Doppler Orbit determination and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) technique to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2005) by evaluating the quality of the submitted solutions as well as that of the frame parameters, especially the origin and the scale. Unlike the previous versions of the ITRF, ITRF2005 is constructed with input data in the form of time-series of station positions (weekly for satellite techniques and daily for VLBI) and daily Earth orientation parameters (EOPs), including full variance–covariance information. Analysis of the DORIS station positions’ time-series indicates an internal precision reaching 15 mm or better, at a weekly sampling. A cumulative solution using 12 years of weekly time-series was obtained and compared to a similar International GNSS Service (IGS) GPS solution (at 37 co-located sites) yielding a weighted root mean scatter (WRMS) of the order of 8 mm in position (at the epoch of minimum variance) and about 2.5 mm/year in velocity. The quality of this cumulative solution resulting from the combination of two individual DORIS solutions is better than any individual solution. A quality assessment of polar motion embedded in the contributed DORIS solutions is performed by comparison with the results of other space-geodetic techniques and in particular GPS. The inferred WRMS of polar motion varies significantly from one DORIS solution to another and is between 0.5 and 2 mas, depending on the strategy used and in particular estimating or not polar motion rate by the analysis centers. This particular aspect certainly needs more investigation by the DORIS Analysis Centers.     

以ICE-4G模型为地壳垂直运动基准的研究

假定冰期后地壳回弹模型沿垂直方向的运动定义为相对于地球质心的运动,则利用空间测量技术建立的ITRF2005速度场与冰后地壳回弹的地球物理模型ICE-4G速度场之间存在系统差.则本文对它们之间的系统差进行了求解,从而得出如果以地球物理模型ICE-4G为地壳垂直运动基准,则ITRF2005框架就相对于地心存在沿北纬13°,东经241°方向,每年约0.12mm的平移运动。     

DORIS and the Determination of the Earth’s Polar Motion

DORIS (Détermination d’Orbite et Radiopositionnement Intégrés par Satellite) is a system used for precise orbit determination (POD) and ground-station positioning. It has been implemented on-board various satellites: the SPOT (Système pour l’Observation de la Terre) remote sensing satellites SPOT-2, SPOT-3, SPOT-4, SPOT-5, TOPEX/Poseidon and more recently on its successors Jason-1 and ENVISAT. DORIS is also a terrestrial positioning system that has found many applications in geophysics and geodesy; in particular, it contributes to the realization of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame, ITRF2000 and the forthcoming ITRF2005. Although not its primary objective, DORIS can bring information on Earth orientation monitoring, mainly polar motion and length of day (LOD) variations that complement other astrogeodetic techniques. In this paper, we have analyzed various recent polar motion solutions derived from independent analysis centers using different software packages and applying various analysis strategies. Comparisons of these solutions to the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) C04 solution are performed. Depending on the solutions, the accuracy of DORIS polar components are in the range of 0.5–1 mas corresponding to a few centimeters on the Earth’s surface. This is approximately ten times larger than results derived from GPS, which are typically 0.06 mas in both components. This does not allow DORIS results to be taken into account in the IERS–EOP combinations. A gain in the precision could come from technical improvements to the DORIS system, in addition to improvement of the orbit, tropospheric, ionospheric and Earth gravity field modeling.     

VLBI terrestrial reference frame contributions to ITRF2008

In late 2008, the Product Center for the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) issued a call for contributions to the next realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System, ITRF2008. The official contribution of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) to ITRF2008 consists of session-wise datum-free normal equations of altogether 4,539 daily Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) sessions from 1979.7 to 2009.0 including data of 115 different VLBI sites. It is the result of a combination of individual series of session-wise datum-free normal equations provided by seven analysis centers (ACs) of the IVS. All series are completely reprocessed following homogeneous analysis options according to the IERS Conventions 2003 and IVS Analysis Conventions. Altogether, nine IVS ACs analyzed the full history of VLBI observations with four different software packages. Unfortunately, the contributions of two ACs, Institute of Applied Astronomy (IAA) and Geoscience Australia (AUS), had to be excluded from the combination process. This was mostly done because the IAA series exhibits a clear scale offset while the solution computed from normal equations contained in the AUS SINEX files yielded unreliable results. Based on the experience gathered since the combination efforts for ITRF2005, some discrepancies between the individual series were discovered and overcome. Thus, the consistency of the individual VLBI solutions has improved considerably. The agreement in terms of WRMS of the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) horizontal components is 1 mm, of the height component 2 mm. Comparisons between ITRF2005 and the combined TRF solution for ITRF2008 yielded systematic height differences of up to 5 mm with a zonal signature. These differences can be related to a pole tide correction referenced to a zero mean pole used by four of five IVS ACs in the ITRF2005 contribution instead of a linear mean pole path as recommended in the IERS Conventions. Furthermore, these systematics are the reason for an offset in the scale of 0.4 ppb between the IVS’ contribution to ITRF2008 and ITRF2005. The Earth orientation parameters of seven series used as input for the IVS combined series are consistent to a huge amount with about 50 μas WRMS in polar motion and 3 μs in dUT1.     

The contribution of Very Long Baseline Interferometry to ITRF2005

The contribution of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) to the ITRF2005 (International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2005) has been computed by the IVS Analysis Coordinator’s office at the Geodetic Institute of the University of Bonn, Germany. For this purpose the IVS Analysis Centres (ACs) provided datum-free normal equation matrices in Solution INdependent EXchange (SINEX) format for each 24 h observing session to be combined on a session-by-session basis by a stacking procedure. In this process, common sets of parameters, transformed to identical reference epochs and a prioris, and especially representative relative weights have been taken into account for each session. In order to assess the quality of the combined IVS files, Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) and scaling factors have been derived from the combined normal equation matrices. The agreement of the EOPs of the combined normal equation matrices with those of the individual ACs in terms of weighted root mean square (WRMS) is in the range of 50–60 μas for the two polar motion components and about 3 μs for UT1−UTC. External comparisons with International GNSS Serive (IGS) polar motion components is at the level of 130–170 μas and 21 μs/day for length of day (LOD). The scale of the terrestrial reference frame realized through the IVS SINEX files agrees with ITRF2000 at the level of 0.2 ppb.     

ITRF2008: an improved solution of the international terrestrial reference frame

ITRF2008 is a refined version of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame based on reprocessed solutions of the four space geodetic techniques: VLBI, SLR, GPS and DORIS, spanning 29, 26, 12.5 and 16?years of observations, respectively. The input data used in its elaboration are time series (weekly from satellite techniques and 24-h session-wise from VLBI) of station positions and daily Earth Orientation Parameters (EOPs). The ITRF2008 origin is defined in such a way that it has zero translations and translation rates with respect to the mean Earth center of mass, averaged by the SLR time series. Its scale is defined by nullifying the scale factor and its rate with respect to the mean of VLBI and SLR long-term solutions as obtained by stacking their respective time series. The scale agreement between these two technique solutions is estimated to be 1.05 ± 0.13 ppb at epoch 2005.0 and 0.049 ± 0.010?ppb/yr. The ITRF2008 orientation (at epoch 2005.0) and its rate are aligned to the ITRF2005 using 179 stations of high geodetic quality. An estimate of the origin components from ITRF2008 to ITRF2005 (both origins are defined by SLR) indicates differences at epoch 2005.0, namely: ?0.5, ?0.9 and ?4.7?mm along X, Y and Z-axis, respectively. The translation rate differences between the two frames are zero for Y and Z, while we observe an X-translation rate of 0.3?mm/yr. The estimated formal errors of these parameters are 0.2?mm and 0.2?mm/yr, respectively. The high level of origin agreement between ITRF2008 and ITRF2005 is an indication of an imprecise ITRF2000 origin that exhibits a Z-translation drift of 1.8?mm/yr with respect to ITRF2005. An evaluation of the ITRF2008 origin accuracy based on the level of its agreement with ITRF2005 is believed to be at the level of 1?cm over the time-span of the SLR observations. Considering the level of scale consistency between VLBI and SLR, the ITRF2008 scale accuracy is evaluated to be at the level of 1.2?ppb (8?mm at the equator) over the common time-span of the observations of both techniques. Although the performance of the ITRF2008 is demonstrated to be higher than ITRF2005, future ITRF improvement resides in improving the consistency between local ties in co-location sites and space geodesy estimates.     

利用连续GPS观测数据分析长江三角洲地区地壳变形

利用长江三角洲区域内19个GPS连续运行参考站2007～2013年间的观测数据,计算得到了该区域ITRF2005参考框架下的三维速度场、应变参数及区域参考框架下的速度场。结果表明,在ITRF2005框架下,水平方向平均速率为33.97 mm/a,优势方向为NE 111.5°;相对于欧亚板块的水平方向平均速率为9.36 mm/a,优势方向为NE 85.6°;高程方向以沉降为主,最大沉降速率为15.22 mm/a,平均沉降速率为4.7 mm/a;该区域块体以N 29.4° E的拉张为主,达到2.4×10-9/a,同时兼有N 119.4° E的挤压,达到1.3×10-9/a。     

ITRF96参考架中的全球板块运动

本文利用独立于地壳构造模型的ＩＴＲＦ９６提供了最新速度场,对ＩＴＲＦ９６中各测站所属的板块进行仔细的检核,建立了一个完全基于空间大地测量技术的新的现代全球板块运动模型,该模型可作为由地质和地球物理资料所建立的各板块运动模型的检核,也可提供ＩＴＲＦ９６框架下研究区域性地壳形变的较好背景场。结果表明基于空间技术的实测资料建立的板块运动模型和ＮＮＲ ＮＵＶＥＬ１Ａ存在不小的差异,这个差异已不能被当前高精