黄河三角洲地表特征参数的遥感研究

地表特征参数与下垫面特征密切相关,它是研究地表物质平衡和能量平衡的基础,因而应用遥感方法反演区域地表特征参数日益受到重视。本文主要应用现有的地表特征参数遥感反演模型,利用AVHRR和TM数据反演了黄河三角洲的地表特征参数:地表反照率、地面温度和植被指数等,并根据反演结果研究了地表特征参数及其合理组合所反映的地表特征。农田植被和天然植被的植被指数变化规律不同;在植被全覆盖区域,植被指数与反照率成幂函数关系,在极干或极湿情况下,地表温度与反照率成线性关系;地表特征参数的合理组合反映出黄河三角洲下垫面覆盖度低,裸地较多,地表较湿润,蒸发量较大。     

基于包气带水分运移数值模型的黄河三角洲蒸发量研究

蒸发是重要的水循环过程,在野外试验和室内分析的基础上,建立了黄河三角洲地下水浅埋区观测试验场土壤水分运移数值模拟模型,模型中对上边界条件处理采用了考虑气象因素、地表覆盖条件和表层土壤含水量的Penman Wilson公式。利用模型对试验点1999年、2000年、2002年的蒸发量进行了数值模拟计算,计算并分析了裸地、棉花地、芦苇地不同地表植被条件下,地表蒸发量(包括棵间裸地蒸发量和植物蒸腾量)的变化规律。从时间上看,黄河三角洲7、8月是蒸发量较高的时期, 1、2月是蒸发量最低时期,一般日蒸发量在0~8 mm/d。影响地面蒸发的主要因素除气象因素外,还有植被类型和覆盖程度、地下水位埋深等因素。植被覆盖程度越高、地下水位埋深越浅,则蒸发量越大,从而导致裸地蒸发量相对较小,农田年蒸发量稍大,而芦苇地蒸发量最大。研究表明,土壤水分运移模型是估算各种复杂条件下蒸发量的有效工具。     

城市下垫面空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究综述

快速城市化显著改变了城市下垫面空间特征,对地表产汇流过程产生了重要影响。综述城市下垫面空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究进展,以下垫面空间特征对产汇流过程的影响为主线,聚焦不透水面和微地形两类空间特征,总结城市下垫面空间特征及其表征方法;从不透水率与不透水面空间变化、数值模拟与物理实验等方面,分别梳理不透水面和微地形等空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究成果。展望未来城市下垫面空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究重点和发展方向,主要包括影响机理解析、主控空间特征参数识别与敏感性分析、城市水文效应适应性应对等,以期为快速城市化下城市水文效应解析和城市洪涝灾害防治提供一定参考。     

宁东北部 NDVI 时空变化及其影响因素

为探究宁东北部植被指数的变化及其影响因素,明确NDVI的时空变化规律及其与地下水位埋深、气温、降水量和蒸发量等水文气象因素之间的响应关系,应用MODIS NDVI数据结合同时期气象和区域地下水位埋深数据进行统计分析。结果表明：2000—2019年宁东北部植被指数整体呈现增长趋势（68.41%增长率）;区域内植被指数由东南向西北逐渐变大,西北部NDVI大于0.3的面积增加了15.63%;NDVI与气温和降水量呈正相关关系,与地下水位埋深和蒸发量呈负相关关系,在地下水位埋深为3～4 m时,植被指数达到最大。研究区植被指数变化受地下水位埋深和气候因素的共同影响,各因素对NDVI的影响程度表现为蒸发量>地下水位埋深>降水量>气温。     

青藏三江源区蒸发量遥感估算及对湖泊湿地的响应

青藏三江源区湖泊湿地变化一直以来备受关注,气候因素被认为是湖泊湿地变化的主要影响因素.与温度和降水资料相比,气象站获取蒸发量数据比较困难,而遥感技术却为估算区域地表蒸发量提供了一条新的途径.基于地表能量平衡原理,结合MODIS卫星数据和研究区气象资料,建立三江源区蒸发量估算模型,分析研究区内蒸发分布规律,并探讨温度、降水量、风速和蒸发量之间的相关关系,最后分析蒸发量对源区湖泊湿地变化的响应.研究结果表明:三江源蒸发量呈增加趋势,区域蒸发量随水热、植被覆盖和海拔高度差异而变化;研究区蒸发量受温度和降水量影响较大;蒸发量增大是三江源区湖泊萎缩和湿地退化的主要影响因素.     

藏东南地区复杂下垫面辐射收支特征分析

利用藏东南地区进行的地气交换观测数据, 分析了典型晴天和阴天不同下垫面辐射过程的特征及其差异. 结果表明: 藏东南地区典型晴天不同下垫面总辐射均呈现出明显的日变化规律, 典型阴天各下垫面总辐射日峰值与典型晴空天气下的总辐射日峰值差值不大, 日均值显著减小; 反射辐射日变化趋势与总辐射变化一致, 但变化曲线比总辐射离散, 阴天地表反射辐射受总辐射和下垫面的综合影响; 向上长波辐射日变化幅度和量值都大于向下长波辐射, 下垫面类型对向下长波辐射没有影响. 净辐射具有明显的日变化特征, 和总辐射的相位一致, 农田净辐射的日峰值和日均值最大.     

科尔沁沙地典型区生长季蒸散发估算及其变化特征

为揭示科尔沁沙地典型区地表参数和蒸散发的时空分布以及变化特征,采用Landsat-7和气象数据,并结合METRIC(Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration)模型,分析了研究区净辐射(Rn)和蒸散发(ET)的时空变化、不同土地覆被类型ET特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)研究区典型土地覆被沙丘和草甸的Rn和ET估算值与涡度相关实测值拟合结果均良好,说明METRIC模型可以为研究区提供合理的ET估算;(2)研究区下垫面Rn和ET的时空分布情况为:各年Rn和ET在年内变化趋势相同,空间上不同土地覆被类型中水体的Rn和ET最大,农田和草甸次之,沙丘最小;(3)沙丘的CV值大于农田与草甸,表明年际间沙丘的ET波动较大,农田和草甸相对稳定,ET年际变化主要受气象因素的影响。     

辽河口芦苇湿地蒸散试验研究

在研究区用带有地下水补给的芦苇培养箱测量蒸散量,同时,采用PM-5型稳态气孔计测量了不同水深条件下芦苇的蒸腾速率,并与同一实验条件下的水面蒸发和裸地蒸发进行对照,分析了辽河口芦苇湿地区的蒸散耗水规律。研究结果表明:当控制水位在地表以上10 cm时,芦苇蒸腾速率曲线呈"单峰"型,而且芦苇的蒸腾作用在这种地表积水情况下随着栽培时间的延长受到抑制;当控制水位在-5 cm、-20 cm、-40 cm和-60 cm时,芦苇蒸腾速率变化曲线呈"双峰"型,并且出现明显的"午休"现象。芦苇群落的蒸散发比值有一个极小值埋深,在-20～-40 cm。地表积水时芦苇群落的蒸散量是自由水面蒸发量的2倍左右,水位在地表以下时芦苇群落蒸散量是裸地蒸发量的3.0～3.5倍。芦苇蒸散影响量与日均光合有效辐射、日均大气温度和日均相对湿度有很好的相关性。在以后的研究中,当无实测芦苇蒸散量数据时,可以通过建立芦苇蒸散影响量与气象因素的相关关系式,根据裸地蒸发量得到芦苇的蒸散量值。     

基于遥感和景观分类的北京市裸露农田分析和治理对策

基于遥感影像的决策树分类,结合土地利用图,将北京市农业地表覆盖划分为春玉米、冬小麦、果园、林木苗圃、牧草地、设施农业和畜禽饲养地。考虑海拔、坡度和土壤质地三个因子将北京市分成10个景观区,在景观分区和不同农业用地基础上划分出39类农业景观单元。利用基于遥感影像计算的归一化差异植被指数,结合实地调查验证,分类出北京市冬春季裸露农田。结合景观分类,分析了不同景观单元冬春季地表裸露情况。结果表明：2007—2008年冬春季裸露农田共8.05×104 hm2,主要分布在延庆盆地、密云水库北岸和城区边缘的近郊农业区;海拔和土地利用方式对裸露情况影响较大,其中山区春玉米和平原果园裸露情况绝对面积较大,分别占到总裸露农田面积的40%和17%,牧草地、林木苗圃与设施农业地裸露程度较高。基于不同景观单元裸露程度,结合绿肥种植、保护性耕作、生草覆盖等裸露农田治理方法,探讨了北京市农业产业和景观一体化建设策略。     

西藏中部"一江两河"地区地表通量的卫星遥感估算

西藏中部一江两河地区(包括雅鲁藏布江中游和拉萨河、年楚河中下游地区)是西藏主要的农业区,藏中农业区地表特征参数(地表反照率、地表温度和植被指数)的变化和地表通量的遥感估算对农作物长势监测、农作物估产、灾害监测以及理解农业区内部乃至其与周边地区的能量水循环研究具有重要的意义.选取2003年4月14日和10月16日影像作为春季和秋季代表,利用两种相同空间分辨率的卫星资料———AVHRR和MODIS反演研究区地表特征参数和地表通量.在反演得到地表特征参数的基础上,结合研究区9个台站的地面气象观测资料,利用SEBS模式对该地区地表通量进行了遥感估算.结果表明,研究区地表能量平衡各分量具有明显的空间分布和时间变化特征.同一天中AVHRR和MODIS估算结果空间分布态势保持一致,但由于过境时间的差异,MODIS通量结果均大于AVHRR.     

NDVI dynamic changes and their relationship with meteorological factors and soil moisture

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is an important indicator for measuring vegetation coverage, which is of great significance for evaluating vegetation dynamics and vegetation restoration. It can clearly analyze the suitable growth condition of vegetation by studying the relationship between meteorological factors, soil moisture and NDVI. Based on MODIS/NDVI data, the spatio-temporal characteristics of vegetation coverage in the Weihe River Basin (WRB) were analyzed by the trend analysis method. The relationship of NDVI with meteorological factors and NDVI with soil moisture simulated by the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was analyzed in this paper. The results show that NDVI values gradually change with an increase from north to south in the WRB. The maximum of the average monthly NDVI is 0.702 (August) and the minimum is 0.288 in February from 2000 to 2015. The results of the seven grades of NDVI trend line slope indicate that the improvement area of vegetation coverage accounts for 30.93% of the total basin, and the degradation area and basically unchanged area account for 23% and 42.9%, respectively. The annual mean soil moisture is 19.37% in the WRB. There was a strong correlation between NDVI and precipitation, temperature, evaporation and soil moisture, and the correlation coefficients were 0.78, 0.89, 0.71 and 0.65, respectively. The ranges of the most suitable growth conditions for vegetation are 80–145 mm (precipitation), 13–23 °C (temperature), 94–144 mm (evaporation) and 25–33% (soil moisture), respectively.     

山东半岛2000～2014年蒸散发时空分异特征

蒸散发的时空格局分析对于合理利用水资源、水资源短缺问题的解决以及旱涝灾害预警和监测具有重要意义。基于山东半岛区域气象资料、MOD16遥感影像数据集及GIS背景信息,分析了山东半岛20002014年地表蒸散量的时空变化特征及趋势,并在年时间尺度上通过基于像元的相关分析法分析了蒸散量与降水和气温的相关性。研究结果表明:在研究时段内平均蒸散量年际波动较大,波动范围为397.9479.8mm,多年蒸散平均值为440.78mm;其中2003年和2008年蒸散量最大,分别超出平均值77.3mm和81.9mm。除水体、滨海湿地外,ET年平均值有明显的由东南向西北递减的特征,降水量和地表植被覆盖度的差异是其空间变异的主要因素。蒸散量与气象因素的相关分析表明,年平均降水量与蒸散量变化呈现明显的正相关关系（0.663）,温度与蒸散量呈显著负相关关系（-0.143）,NDVI与蒸散量相关性较弱（0.33）。     

青藏高原高寒草地植被指数变化与地表温度的相互关系

为了解脆弱的高原生态环境对升温过程的响应, 利用1982-2006年国家标准地面气象站地表温度和GIMMS-NDVI数据集, 探讨了青藏高原高寒草地植被指数和地表温度的变化特征及其相互关系. 结果表明:1982-2006年, 高寒草地NDVI、地表温度整体均呈现增加趋势, 年均NDVI、生长季NDVI、年最大NDVI(NDVI_max)与年均地表温度、生长季地表温度的上升趋势分别为0.007 (10a)^-1、0.011 (10a)^-1、0.007 (10a)^-1与0.60 ℃·(10a)^-1、0.43 ℃·(10a)^-1; NDVI_max与地表温度显著相关的地区达70.49%. 但是高原地形、气候、水文环境的空间差异性导致高寒草地NDVI与地表温度的相关关系十分复杂. NDVI_max与年均地表温度的相关性最为显著; 在返青期和枯萎期, NDVI与地表温度均为显著正相关. 不同的植被覆盖条件下, NDVI对地表温度的响应不同:植被覆盖差以及退化严重的地区, NDVI_max与地表温度呈负相关性; 反之, NDVI_max与地表温度主要表现为正相关.     

Assessing the effects of the climate change on land cover changes in different time periods

The present research evaluated the relation between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) changes and the climate change during 2000–2014 in Qazvin Plain, Iran. Daily precipitation and mean temperature values during 2015–2040 and 2040–2065 were predicted using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM), and these values were compared with the values of the base period (2000–2014). The MODIS images (MOD13A2) were used for NDVI monitoring. In order to investigate the effects of climate changes on vegetation, the relationship between the NDVI and climatic parameters was assessed in monthly, seasonal, and annual time periods. According to the obtained results under the B2 scenario, the mean annual precipitation at Qazvin Station during 2015–2040 and 2040–2065 was 6.7 mm (9.3%) and 8.2 mm (11.36%) lower than the values in the base period, respectively. Moreover, the mean annual temperature in the mentioned periods was 0.7 and 0.92 °C higher than that in the base period, respectively. Analysis of the correlations between the NDVI and climatic parameters in different periods showed that there is a significant correlation between the seasonal temperature and NDVI (P < 0.01). Moreover, the NDVI will increase 0.009 and 0.011 during 2015–2040 and 2040–2065, respectively.     

格尔木河流域水面蒸发特征及影响因素分析

水面蒸发是水均衡的重要一项,阐明其变化特征对水资源评价具有重要的指导意义。格尔木河流域是我国西北旱区典型的内陆河流域,面临水资源开发利用与水害减灾双重挑战。前人对流域内水面蒸发相关研究未考虑主控因素及空间异质性,气候变化背景下水面蒸发特征也有待进一步研究。基于格尔木河流域气象观测资料,采用时间序列分析、相关分析和多元回归分析方法,研究了流域上游山区、中游戈壁砾石带及终端尾闾湖的水面蒸发特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明:（1）流域内水面蒸发呈波动下降趋势,但蒸发量空间差异明显,上游山区近60 年蒸发量减少了183.2 mm,中游近60 年减少了1135.1 mm,下游尾闾湖近30年减少了241.7 mm;（2）流域内水面蒸发主控因素不同,上游山区主控因素为气温,中游主控因素为风速,终端尾闾湖主控因素为水域面积;（3）流域内气候变化总体呈暖湿化,与全球气候变化一致,但水面蒸发未随气温升高和降水增加而增加,呈现出“蒸发悖论”特征。研究表明,水面蒸发的空间差异性及其主控因素对旱区流域蒸发和水资源评价具有重要影响。     

气温、降水量和人类活动对长江流域植被NDVI的影响

为了了解气温、降水量和人类活动对流域植被NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)的影响,以长江流域为研究区,运用一元线性回归分析法和Theil-Sen Median趋势分析法研究了长江流域气温、降水量和植被NDVI变化特征,同时利用相关分析法和残差分析法探讨气温、降水量和人类活动对植被NDVI变化的影响.结果表明:1960—2015年长江流域年平均温度显著上升,而降水量的变化趋势并不显著;1982—2015年流域NDVI呈显著增加趋势;1982—2015年流域NDVI与气温的相关性较高,然而与降水量的相关性并不显著;人类活动使流域NDVI增加的区域主要分布于流域北部、东南和西南部分地区,而使NDVI下降的区域位于流域中西部区域和长三角地区.气温对长江流域植被NDVI变化的影响大于降水,气候变暖和人类活动对流域生态环境具有一定程度的影响.      

陆地表层水贮量变化对海平面上升贡献的综合评估

由于气候变暖和人为活动的加剧，大陆表面水贮量正在发生着显著的变化，这必将引起海平面的变化。然而，陆地表层水贮量的变化是非常复杂的。主要讨论了地下水、人工水库、天然湖泊和森林退化对海平面影响的主要研究结果，重新评估了这些因素对海平面贡献的程度，尤其是考虑了中国相关因子的作用。还就一些不确定的因素，如水库深层渗透水、土壤水贮量变化、灌溉蒸腾等对海平面的影响也进行了讨论。     

Integrating variations in the soil chloride profile and evaporativity for in-situ estimation of evaporation in arid zones: an application in south-eastern Morocco

In arid regions, knowledge of the evaporation rate from the water table is essential for appropriate management of scarce resources and to prevent land degradation. Soil chloride profiles in the unsaturated zone of a bare soil in an arid area of south-eastern Morocco were used to assess the evaporation flux, using chloride inventories in conjunction with evaporative demand. Moisture fluxes were calculated from measured chloride concentrations on the basis of a steady-state flow model. The chloride profiles displayed large variations in concentrations and had (1) low chloride concentrations near the soil surface, (2) maximum chloride concentrations at depths of 11–14 cm beneath the soil surface, respectively in July and February, and (3) gradually decreasing chloride concentrations while depth increased below these peaks. Evaporative demands were found to be inversely proportional to the depth of evaporation fronts and proportional to evaporation fluxes. In addition, the evaporation along the profiles seems to be controlled by the soil composition and texture. The investigation of chloride profiles in February and July enabled the determination of a value for annual evaporation (～30 mm), which is in good agreement with the value estimated by the Allison-Barnes type model (～32 mm).     

The spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity in coastal zone of the Yellow River Delta

In coastal area, salinization is a common and serious problem for crop cultivation and ecological restoration of degraded wetlands. Therefore, the soil salinity has attracted increasing attention from farmers, government and environmental scientists. The factors controlling the soil salinity distribution have become a hot point in saline soil studies. In this study, statistics and geostatistics were used to explore the distribution of soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) based on 150 soil samples that were collected in June 2010. Besides the experimental work, a geographical information system technique was adopted in this study. The results showed that the soil salinity ranged from 0.11 to 10.50 dS m^?1 and the salinity in topsoil was higher than that in subsoil in the YRD, indicating that the salt in subsoil moved up and accumulated in topsoil as a function of evaporation. There was a significant difference among soil salinity spatial variances from different soil depths in the YRD. Generally, soil salinity of the topsoil was higher than that of the subsoil. Meanwhile, there were significant positive correlations in soil salinity between different soil depths. In addition, landforms, land uses, soil types and soil texture were important factors affecting soil salinity. The current distribution of soil salinity resulted from the comprehensive effects of anthropogenic activities and natural processes. The present study results suggest that the impacts of human activities were critical factors for salt redistribution in the coastal wetlands, which should be valuable for agricultural management and ecological restoration in the YRD.