江西大湖塘矿田两期岩浆作用与钨成矿的关系:来自锆石矿物地球化学的证据

大湖塘矿田是我国新发现的世界级钨多金属矿产资源基地,位于江南造山带中段,地处九岭山脉北部的武宁、修水、靖安三县交界区域,面积约500km~2,储藏着近二百万吨WO_3资源(伴生Cu和Mo)。该区以晋宁期花岗岩类的大面积出露为特色,而燕山期花岗岩为全隐伏,前者作为矿田最主要的细脉-浸染型白钨矿的赋存载体,后者则在成岩时代上与钨成矿时间基本一致。两期岩浆岩对区内大规模钨成矿作用的贡献问题,及其内在成因联系问题具有重要的研究意义。本文在矿田地质和岩石地球化学研究基础上,以锆石的矿物地球化学研究为切入点,对晋宁期和燕山期花岗岩类的年代学、Hf同位素、微量元素特征进行系统的对比研究。结果显示,大湖塘矿田石门寺花岗岩成岩时代为147.7Ma、靖安钨矿成矿时代为134.9Ma、赋矿花岗岩成岩时代为815.8Ma,两个时代的岩浆岩均为过铝质S型花岗岩系列;更有意义的是,燕山期花岗岩(石门寺)中发现多颗继承锆石,且继承锆石与晋宁期岩浆锆石具有相近的Hf同位素和微量元素组成,这指示燕山期花岗岩与晋宁期花岗岩具有亲缘关系,包括晋宁期花岗岩在内的中新元古代基底岩石可能参与了该区中生代花岗岩的源区重熔。锆石微量元素特征表明,这两期重熔的岩浆结晶温度都在700℃左右,经历了低氧逸度、水近饱和条件下的熔融。晋宁期花岗岩富含W、Ca等成矿所需元素,在中生代华南岩石圈地幔上涌导致的中上地壳大规模熔融的背景下,燕山期岩浆期后含矿热液与晋宁期花岗岩围岩发生交代,成为本区大型白钨矿为主的钨多金属矿床形成的必要条件。     

华北陆块东南缘徐淮地区侵入岩岩石组合及时空分布

徐淮地区是安徽北部重要的铁多金属矿成矿区,区内晋宁期和燕山期岩浆活动频繁,形成众多基性、中性和酸性岩体,其中早白垩世岩浆作用与成矿作用关系密切。分析该区侵入岩岩石组合和分布特点,晋宁—燕山期可以划分出3个阶段3个岩石组合：晋宁期辉绿岩-石英正长斑岩-闪斜煌斑岩系列,成岩年龄为距今890.0～913.0 Ma;燕山期早侏罗世石英二长闪长岩-花岗岩系列,成岩年龄为距今180.0～191.3 Ma;燕山期早白垩世闪长斑岩+闪长（玢）岩+石英闪长玢岩+二长花岗岩组合系列,成岩年龄为距今102.1～132.2 Ma。燕山期早白垩世形成的岩体最多,活动最为强烈,与该区矽卡岩型矿床的形成密切相关,形成于中国东部构造应力由挤压转变为伸展的转折期。     

上海地区侵入岩的基本特征

上海地区已发现各类侵入岩体38个。岩体的分布明显地受北东向,北北东向区域构造和火山构造的控制。现已划分出前晋宁期、燕山期及喜马拉雅期三大侵入期,以燕山期侵入活动最为强烈。岩类有基性岩、中基性岩、中性岩、中酸性、岩酸性岩等。     

江西武宁县大湖塘钨矿石门寺矿段燕山期岩浆岩岩相学特征

<正>大湖塘钨矿区内分布的主要岩石单元为晋宁晚期黑云母花岗闪长岩、燕山期斑状黑云母花岗岩、燕山期细粒二云母花岗岩、燕山期花岗斑岩。不同期次侵入的岩浆岩,结构构造、矿物成分、化学成分各异,侵入关系清楚截然。图中为各期岩体之间的接触关系(图1)。     

云南省维西县雪龙山变质岩带及韧性剪切变形特征

雪龙山变质岩原岩的形成时代为前震旦纪,变质程度达中-深变质,为兰坪-思茅陆块的结晶基底;区内有糜棱岩化岩石和初糜棱岩、糜棱岩及超糜棱岩等动力变质岩,变质岩带的韧性变形可以划为4期.即晋宁期、印支-燕山早期、燕山晚期及喜马拉雅期.     

川西锡矿类型的成矿特征及找矿方向

川西地区锡矿资源集中于川滇南北向构造带(康滇地轴)中段及甘孜褶皱系内。区内地层从元古代至新生代均有出露;是多期地质构造体系迭加—交错发育的地带;具多阶段岩浆活动特性,可分为晋宁—澄江、加里东、海西、印支、燕山期五个旋回,以晋宁—澄江、印支、燕山期岩浆活动为强烈,与锡矿成矿关系极为密切。     

论鲁东造山带成因

鲁东造山带是由扬子陆块与胶辽古陆碰撞带隆起形成的。碰撞带形成于晋宁期，隆起开始于晋宁末期，结束于中生代印支燕山期。     

福建侵入岩的岩浆演化

福建省地质构造发展自古元古代以来,经历了吕梁、晋宁、加里东、印支、燕山(包括早、中、晚三个亚期)、喜马拉雅期的岩浆侵入活动和岩石圈演化。系统总结福建同期或不同期侵入岩的岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学、副矿物特征等,各期侵入岩具有一定的变化规律。燕山期花岗岩类与前燕山期间呈跳跃式变化,二者有较大的差别,说明它们属于不同大地构造环境的岩浆演化系列。     

江西大湖塘北区石门寺矿段钨矿成矿条件与找矿预测

在大湖塘北区钨矿找矿勘查过程中,在总结分析20世纪80年代初针对石英大脉型黑钨矿的普查资料基础上,通过地表填图和老窿编录,发现前人认为的混合黑云母花岗岩与混合白云母花岗岩之间为截然清楚的侵入接触关系,二者之间稳定地分布着一层似伟晶岩壳;由空间关系和区域成矿规律推断似斑状黑云母花岗岩为燕山期侵入于晋宁期黑云母花岗闪长岩之中的成矿母岩。晋宁期黑云母花岗闪长岩为成矿有利围岩,在云英岩化等蚀变过程中释放出形成白钨矿的钙离子。燕山期似斑状黑云母花岗岩岩株与晋宁期黑云母花岗闪长岩岩基之间的侵入接触界面是最主要的成矿构造与成矿结构面,控制了主矿体的位置、形态与产状。在研究区内首次于新元古代花岗闪长岩中发现厚大的白钨矿工业矿体,并根据不同岩块混杂、被长英质充填物胶结等特征识别出热液隐爆角砾岩型矿体。基于对矿区成矿地质条件和矿床地质特征的新认识,修改了针对石英大脉型黑钨矿所做的详查设计,抓住细脉浸染型白钨矿这一主要矿床类型,及时调整了找矿目标和勘查手段,在短时间内实现了赣北地区钨多金属找矿的重大突破。通过与石门寺矿段成矿地质条件类比,预测毗邻的苗尾矿段与太平洞矿区找矿潜力大。     

武夷山成矿带构造-岩浆-成矿作用与演化

本文以武夷山成矿带地质构造演化和岩浆活动为主线,将武夷成矿带分为元古代、古生代和中生代三大成矿期及相应的赋矿地层系统,划分为七个成矿系列:即晋宁裂谷期海底火山喷流型块状硫化物矿床成矿系列;加里东块体拼合期金铜钼矿床成矿系列;海西裂陷扩张期铁铜锰矿床成矿系列;早燕山裂陷扩张期铜银铅锌锑矿床成矿系列;早燕山地壳重熔期钨锡铋钼铌钽和稀土矿床成矿系列;晚燕山底侵伸展期铁铜铅锌矿床成矿系列;晚燕山大陆扩张裂解期铜金银铀矿床成矿系列。根据地质构造演化、岩浆活动,成矿系列和代表性矿床等特征,提出了武夷山成矿带构造-岩浆-成矿作用与演化的事件格架。     

中国卡林型金矿床金的赋存状态研究

卡林型金矿的载金矿物主要为黄铁矿和粘土矿物，其次是毒砂和石英。金主要以包裹金形式存在，秦岭地区存在有单体金。金主要赋存在含砷的铁硫化物相中。氧化矿石以游离金大量出现为特征。     

南秦岭金矿成矿的几点认识

南秦岭金矿成矿的几点认识于学元，郑作平（中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州５１０６４０）关键词金矿床，成矿带，南秦岭秦岭地质构造极其复杂，是一个巨大的缔向构造带，也是我国重要的有色金属矿产基地。近几年来，随着对秦岭地区地质研究强度的加强，在贵重金属找...     

中国金矿床成矿时代的讨论

本文基于中国５０个岩金矿床８４组直接测年数据,提出中国金矿床具“一老（２５００￣１８００Ｍａ）一新（２８０￣１００Ｍａ）”的成矿格架。区域分布上,前寒武纪形成的金矿床在矿年代为“西新东老”,而显生宙金矿为“西老东新”。中国金矿床最重要的类型为绿岩还型金矿。测年方法上,应采用单颗粒含铀矿物Ｕ－Ｐｂ法,而＾４０Ａｒ／＾３９Ａｒ、Ｋ－Ａｒ法和Ｒｂ－Ｓｉ等时线法仅适于测定显生宙形成的金矿床。     

江南造山带中段正冲金矿矿床成因:来自流体包裹体和黄铁矿微量元素的证据

江南造山带上产出有大量金矿,但其成因存在争议,为厘清其成因,对该造山带上的正冲金矿床中的黄铁矿进行了LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析和流体包裹体研究。结果显示,正冲金矿的流体包裹体有含CO2包裹体、富CO2包裹体和水溶液包裹体,其中富CO2包裹体与水溶液包裹体共存,具有相似的均一温度,但盐度不同,说明流体不混溶可能导致了金的沉淀;正冲金矿不同阶段黄铁矿中的Au与As、Ag、Zn等有协同变化趋势,而Co/Ni<1,说明含金黄铁矿来源于沉积岩。将正冲金矿黄铁矿的微量元素特征与沉积、变质、浅成低温热液环境中形成的黄铁矿的微量元素特征进行对比,发现其与变质低温热液形成的黄铁矿相似,认为其为变质热液成因。研究认为,正冲金矿是一个典型的造山型金矿,其成矿流体为变质流体。     

湖南雪峰山地区沈家垭金矿成矿学及年代学研究

湘西沈家垭大型金矿是雪峰山地区颇具代表性的金矿床介绍,矿体分布于新元古界板溪群马底驿组第四岩性段中,矿化作用严格受北东东向沃溪和香草湾等深大断裂和唐浒坪复式背斜的联合控制。本次研究获得该矿床含金石英脉RbSr等时线年龄为90.6±3.2Ma,表明成矿作用发生于晚白垩世,成矿作用可能与燕山期区域性大规模的逆冲推覆作用密切相关,矿床成因类型为构造热液型。     

Ore-Forming Fluid Characteristics of the Dayingezhuang Gold Deposit, Jiaodong Gold Province, China

The Dayingezhuang gold deposit is located in the central part of the Zhaoping Fault Zone, which is one of the most important gold-hosting faults in the Jiaodong gold province of China. Dayingezhuang is a typical large-scale shear zone-hosted disseminated gold deposit with superimposed silver mineralization. Fluid inclusion (FI) petrography and microthermometry, and analysis of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes for fluid inclusions were conducted to determine the characteristics of the ore-forming fluids and the processes of silver mineralization. Microthermometry data of FI indicated that ore-forming fluids are characterized by low salinity and low density. Homogenization pressures of FI are estimated at 20 × 10⁵–220 × 10⁵ Pa. The change in ore-forming fluids from K₂SO₄ type to NaCl type indicates the superposition of two hydrothermal mineralizing events. Ore-forming fluids were dominated by magmatic components in the early mineralization period, and affected by meteoric waters in the late period. Gold may have been transported as Au-S or Au-Cl complexes, whereas silver was transported as Ag-Cl complexes. Early fluid boiling and later fluid mixing are thought to be two of the main factors causing the deposition and superimposing of gold and silver to form the large deposit.     

Gold Grade and Tonnage Models of the Gold Deposits, China

Abstract: The gold grade and tonnage modelling is applied to some types of the gold deposits in China, including placer, Archaean lode, slate belt, Carlin, volcanogenic, skarn and Shandong Peninsula, among others. The Shandong Peninsula type denotes the gold deposit, which was formed in an intensely reshaped Archaean greenstone belt. The modelling results show: (1) the Archaean lode gold deposits of China are similar to the Homestake type in gold grades. (2) The Chinese slate belt type gold deposits are marked by moderately lower gold grades but considerably larger ore volumes than the similar type elsewhere. (3) The Carlin style gold deposits of China are identified by higher Au grades but evidently smaller sizes in comparison with their counterparts in western North America. (4) The volcanogenic (continental) style is similar to Sado epithermal veins in gold grade‐tonnage models and general characteristics while volcanogenic gold deposits of the oceanic subgroup contrast with Kuroko‐type deposits in the gold grade model. But the Chinese volcanogenic (oceanic) subtype (Palaeozoic age) shows similar higher gold grades to those of the Palaeozoic Kuroko‐type deposits elsewhere. (5) Porphyry and skarn gold deposits tend to have a large size but low grade. (6) Less than half of the Shandong Peninsula gold deposits are of ore volumes exceeding the 50th intercept of the relevant gold tonnage model, implying possible undiscovered gold deposits with a larger size in the peninsula. (7) In general, Chinese gold deposits of larger sizes tend to have lower gold grades in relation to gold grade models. (8) Gold grade‐tonnage models can be effectively influenced by how to include or exclude non‐economic gold resources in the modelling. Ore volumes of gold deposits actually to some extent depend on gold grades. Consequently, the way of including or excluding low‐grade values may effect a gold grade‐tonnage model and cause different interpretation of the modelling results. This is particularly true to the gold deposits, which generally show an inverse correlation between gold grade and tonnage.     

中国金矿床分布的分形研究

根据1:40O万中国岩金成矿图,在矿床地质研究基础上,用分形理论探讨了中国岩金矿的空间分布。研究表明,在两个尺度范围内,金矿床在空间上呈分形分布,其中数盒子法的分维数D分别为0.3333(5～80km)和1.3259(80～2400km);密度分布的分维数D分别为1.2033(5～80km)和1.5459(80～2400km)。金矿床的分形分布给超大陆旋回会聚构造边缘控制金矿的分布及成矿作用的观点以有力的佐证。     

Current Gold Prospecting in China

In China, there are 12 types of gold deposits in 57 class-III metallogenic zones, formed in 7 main metallogenic periods. Most gold deposits are small or occur as ore spots; very large deposits are rare with relatively poor quality, mainly medium to low grade. Only 35% of the total gold reserves is identified, while a large amount of reserves is yet to be identified. In recent years, China Geological Survey has organized or conducted mineral resources survey and evaluation project, replacement resources prospecting for deposits in crisis, old mines prospecting and commercial prospecting funded or encouraged by the Central Government. These efforts have been fruitful. According to the temporal and spatial allocation of gold resources, and experiences from recent prospecting efforts, western China and the deep layers and peripheries of the-sits in eastern China have relatively high prospecting potential. The government should give even more support to the gold industry and strengthen technological innovation to help address difficulties in gold exploitation and processing. The government should also formulate consistent plans, consolidate mining rights, and promote integrated exploration, so as to achieve new major breakthroughs in gold prospecting. Gold is both a form of material wealth and a way of storing wealth. It is a rare resource with dual functions of commodity and currency. As an important global strategic asset and a cornerstone of financial reserves, gold plays an irreplaceable role in securing national economic development, maintaining financial security, strengthening national comprehensive power and promoting RMB internationalization. Based on latest research and prospecting results, the thesis proposes preliminary conclusions on types, temporal and spatial allocation, and exploration and development of gold deposits in China; predicts China’s gold resource potential; reviews recent gold prospecting and exploration efforts; and, in the hope of offering some reference for the new round of gold prospecting, exploration and planning, offers some suggestions.     

The Ore-forming Fluid of the Gold Deposits of Muru Gold Belt in Eastern Shandong, China - a Case Study of Denggezhuang Gold Deposit

Abstract. Denggezhuang gold deposit is an epithermal gold‐quartz vein deposit in northern Muru gold belt, eastern Shandong, China. The deposit occurs in the NNE‐striking faults within the Mesozoic granite. The deposit consists of four major veins with a general NNE‐strike. Based on crosscutting relationships and mineral parageneses, the veins appear to have been formed during the same mineralization epochs, and are further divided into three stages: (1) massive barren quartz veins; (2) quartz‐sulfides veins; (3) late, pure quartz or calcite veinlets. Most gold mineralization is associated with the second stage. The early stage is characterized by quartz, and small amounts of ore minerals (pyrite), the second stage is characterized by large amounts of ore minerals. Fluid inclusions in vein quartz contain C‐H‐O fluids of variable compositions. Three main types of fluid inclusions are recognized at room temperature: type I, two‐phase, aqueous vapor and an aqueous liquid phase (L+V); type II, aqueous‐carbonic inclusions, a CC₂‐liquid with/without vapor and aqueous liquid (LCO₂+VCC₂+Laq.); type III, mono‐phase aqueous liquid (Laq.). Data from fluid inclusion distribution, microthermometry, and gas analysis indicate that fluids associated with Au mineralized quartz veins (stage 2) have moderate salinity ranging from 1.91 to 16.43 wt% NaCl equivalent (modeled salinity around 8–10 wt% NaCl equiv.). These veins formatted at temperatures from 80d? to 280d?C. Fluids associated with barren quartz veins (stage 3) have a low salinity of about 1.91 to 2.57 wt% NaCl equivalent and lower temperature. There is evidence of fluid immiscibility and boiling in ore‐forming stages. Stable isotope analyses of quartz indicate that the veins were deposited by waters with δ^O and δD values ranging from those of magmatic water to typical meteoric water. The gold metallogenesis of Muru gold belt has no relationship with the granite, and formed during the late stage of the crust thinning of North China.