海域天然气水合物的岩石物性研究

海域天然气水合物的岩石物性分析研究是水合物地震识别研究的基础和主要组成部分。分别采用弹性模量模型和修改的威利方程对水舍物沉积层和下伏含游离气层的岩石物性关系进行了讨论,重点研究了沉积层孔隙度、天然气水合物饱和度、含游离气层饱和度与纵、横波速度、泊淞比的关系。研究的结果表明,水合物沉积层的纵、横波速度和泊凇比随水合物饱和度的增加而增加,密度随饱和度的增加而降低。     

从海洋地震数据估算天然气水合物及游离气的含量

南卡罗莱纳布莱克海台的海洋地震数据和测井表明明显的似每底反射（BSR）是由含天然气水合物的沉积层覆盖在含游离气的沉积上所形成。我们将一个理论的岩石物理模型应用到二维的布莱克海台海洋地震数据上以确定天然气水合物及游离气的饱和状态。高孔隙度海洋沉积作为一个粒状的系统建立模型，在这样的系统中弹性波速度与孔隙度、有效压力、矿物、孔隙充填物的弹性性质地、水、以及孔隙中天然气水合物的饱和度联系在一起。为了将这种模型应用到地震数据上，首先我们使用迭加速度分析得到层，然后通过地质信息估算出孔隙度和饱和度，我们首先假设沉积物中没含天然气水合物或游离气，然后使用岩石物理模型直接从层速度计算孔隙度。这种孔隙度剖面在有天然气水合物及游离气的地方表现出异常（与所期望的典型剖面以及在无天然气水合物或游离气存在的沉积中得出的剖面相比较）。在含天然气水合物的地方孔隙度估算不足而在含游离气存在的沉积度估算过高。从这些异常剖面中，通过与典型孔隙度剖面（不含天然气水合物及游离气）相减计算出孔隙度的剩余值。然后，通过引入天然气水合物或游离气的饱和度，应用岩石物理模型消去这些异常。这样一来就得出了所期望的二维饱和度分布图。我们得出最大的天然气水合饱和度介于孔隙空间的13%到18%（取决于所用模型版本的不同而有所变化）。这些饱和度数值与布莱克海台的测井结果（在地震测线边上）相吻合，测井的结果为12%。游离气的饱和度在1%和2%之间。饱和度的估算对输入的速度值极为敏感，因此精确的速度确定对储量的改正十分关键。     

南海陆坡天然气水合物饱和度估计

基于双相介质理论和热弹性理论,建立了沉积层纵波速度与天然气水合物饱和度、弹性性质及地层孔隙度之间的关系。通过对比饱和水的理论P波速度与实际P波速度,可以得到天然气水合物饱和度。根据ODP184航次的电阻率、声波速度、密度等测井资料以及地质资料,初步推断南海陆坡存在天然气水合物。根据声波测井的纵波速度估算出南海1146和1148井天然气水合物饱和度分别为孔隙空间的25％～30％和10％～20％,1148井个别沉积层天然气水合物饱和度可达40％～50％。沉积层的纵波速度与饱和水速度差值越大,天然气水合物饱和度越高。     

海域天然气水合物的BSR成因

根据海域天然气水合物的岩石物性研究成果,利用模型地震正演分析方法技术,对水合物沉积层的底界反射——BSR的成因进行了模拟分析研究。结果表明,BSR的成因及其振幅的强弱与水合物沉积层、含游离气沉积层的厚度、饱和度及地震反射波的主频都有着密切的关系,并对其进行了分析和总结。     

海底天然气水合物的地震资料处理与分析

介绍了利用多道反射地震资料，采用反射振幅随炮检距变化AVO（Ampltude versus Offset)技术和其他地震正、反演方法，通过研究地震剖面上的拟海底反射层（BSR）分布、地震弹性参数特征，来探讨BSR上、下方含天然气水合物沉积层和含游离气沉积层的内部结构和某些主要物理性质，如沉积物的空隙率、天然气水合物的饱和度等，由此来评估海底天然气水合物的资源前景并研究其成矿机制。     

AVO技术在水合物勘探中的应用

AVO技术正被应用到海域天然气水合物的真假BSR识别和水合物沉积层的储藏参数预测。在研究了水合物沉积层与其上下围岩(层)之间不同的地球物理特征(尤其是纵、横波速度)差异以及不同的岩性组合带来的AVO效应的差异的基础上,根据AVO技术的特点,制定了利用AVO技术进行海域天然气水合物的真假BSR识别和水合物沉积层的储藏参数预测的方法技术路线和流程。     

用地震AVO方法研究含气体水合物沉积物的内部结构

采用岩石物理合成地震模型，我们解释了弗罗里达近海BSR振幅随炮检距变化，现场地震资料的AVO分析和以往得出的速度结果对比显示：BSR将含游离甲烷的沉积物与含水合物沉积物分隔开来，BSR振幅随偏移跨增大呈负增长，这种特性说明BSR之上的P波速度比BSR之下的P波速度要大，BSR之上的S波速比BSR之下的波速度小。由此可见，用AVO和速度结果可帮助推断水合物沉积物内部结构。为了达到这个目的，建立两种微力学模型，对应于孔隙空间内水合物沉积的两种特殊情况：（1）水合物胶结颗粒接触，并增强了沉积物强度；（2）水合物远离颗粒接触部位，并未影响沉积积物骨架的硬度。仅第二种模型能定量化形成所观察到AVO响应。因此，推断含水合物沉积物内部结构意味着：（1）BSR之上的沉积物未胶结，故机械强度关弱；（2）其渗透率低，因为水合物阻塞了孔隙空间孔道。后者解释了为什么游离气圈闭在BSR之下，地震资料也暗示水合物层顶部缺少强反射，这一事实建议恰恰在BSR之上的沉积物内水合物浓度高，随深度减少逐渐降低，这种影响与BSR之上的低渗透水合物沉积物阻止游离甲烷上运移一致。     

海底气体水合物BSR的AVO模拟

在世界各地陆架外缘的地震剖面上，出现与海底近似平行的拟海底反射层BSR。BSR与气体水合物稳定域同时发生，并通常用作指示海底天然气水合物。尽管假设BSR标志含气体水合物的沉积物之底界，但位于BSR之下沉积物内低速游离气的产状及重要性仍是长期争论的课题。这篇论文通过对俄勒冈近海和波弗特海面两个地区BSR的反射系数模拟或AVO模拟，调查水合物丰度与BSR伴生的游离气。根据两地的多道地震剖面，地震速度资料和俄勒冈ODP第892站的钻井记录资料模拟，若BSR之上的气体水合物饱和度小于孔隙体积的30％，BSR的AVO研究能确定BSR之下是否存在游离气。根据AVO，能大致估算BSR之上气体水合物饱和度，但仅用地震资料，不能控制BSR之下的游离气饱和度。两个地区的AVO分析暗示出：BSR之下的游离气是导致强振幅BSR的主要原因。对两地区研究，计算BSR之上的水合物浓度不足孔隙体积的10％。     

AVO反演在琼东南海域天然气水合物识别中的应用

为了更好地研究天然气水合物展布形态和赋存情况,利用AVO反演技术对琼东南海域天然气水合物进行了识别。首先通过对不同地层模型下天然气水合物和游离气的AVO属性特征进行了正演模拟分析,获得了天然气水合物AVO属性的响应特征。研究表明,天然气水合物饱和度不同时,其BSR处AVO属性特征也不同。当天然气水合物饱和度较高时,BSR处的AVO属性特征为:截距为负值,梯度为正值,截距×梯度为负值,流体因子为负值;当饱和度较低时,受游离气的影响,其BSR的AVO属性特征为:截距为负值,梯度为负值,截距×梯度为正值,流体因子为负值且幅值较大。鉴此,根据正演分析结果,重点对琼东南海域地震资料进行了天然气水合物AVO属性异常分析,判识确定该区具有高饱和度水合物的AVO属性特征,其天然气水合物勘探潜力大。     

南极南设得兰群岛岸外BSR地震层析研究

为了重构没积层序中与气体水合物和游离气层相联系的速度场，地震反射层析已经在南设得兰群岛边缘的增生锲两个多道地震剖面中得到应用。地震资料显示沿着水深1000－4600m的斜坡范围内存在强BSR，在局部地区比一个弱的正极性反射深80ms。分析表明从海底到BSR处速度趋势与海洋沉积在正常条件下的趋势一致，而在BSR和下伏反射层之间速度突然降低，这说明在孔隙空间中存在游离气。计算获得游离气层厚度大约为50ms。局部地层BSR上方速度的增大，就象叠前深度偏移剖面一样，一是由于正常压实沉积层中水合物含量较丰富；二是由于沉积过压实。我们发现南设得兰群岛大陆斜坡水合物和游离气的分布受到增生锲的构造背景控制，断层起到了促使天然气向表层运移的通道作用。文中将简要地描述所采用的层析方法。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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