北京延庆千沟中元古代高于庄组第三段:一个典型的前寒武纪非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列

在前寒武纪碳酸盐岩中,最为普遍的是叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,而以潮下相沉积为主的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列与前者形成了较大的差异;因此,与叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列一样,非叠层石序列成为了解前寒武纪复杂多变的碳酸盐世界的重要线索。燕山地区中元古代高于庄组为一套厚度千余米的碳酸盐沉积序列,包括四大部分:第一段（或称为官地亚组）为发育在海侵砂岩上的叠层石白云岩地层;第二段（或称为桑树鞍亚组）为发育少量叠层石的含锰白云岩地层;第三段又称为张家峪亚组,为一套以发育灰岩为主的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列;第四段以叠层石岩礁和叠层石礁白云岩为特征。延庆千沟剖面的高于庄组第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,贫乏叠层石是其基本特点,包含3个三级层序,在三级层序的海侵体系域和早期高水位体系域中,层面上发育席底构造的中层均一石灰岩（隐藻泥晶灰岩）和灰黑色薄层泥灰岩组成若干潮下型米级旋回,晚期高水位体系域则以厚层块状纹理石灰质白云岩和白云质灰岩为特征;三级层序的凝缩段单元则以薄层泥灰岩和泥页岩构成的L-M型米级旋回为特征。因此,每一个三级层序均以一个有序的沉积相序列为特征。高于庄组的分布时限大致为200 Ma（1 600～1 400 Ma）,考虑到下伏的大红峪组和高于庄组之间的地层间断时限大致为50 Ma至100 Ma,所以推断高于庄组的堆积作用时限为100 Ma（1 500～1 400 Ma）左右,其中高于庄组第一段与第二段的分界线正好处于该组的中部而可以推断该界线的大致为1 450 Ma左右;因此,高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列的发育表明,在1 450 Ma左右可能发生过一次可以与前寒武纪其他已经被识别出的三次叠层石衰减事件（2 000 Ma、1 000 Ma和675 Ma）相比拟的又一次叠层石衰减事件。延庆千沟剖面高于庄组第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,可以大致与北美地区的起始时限为1 450 Ma左右、Belt超群中的Helena组非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列相对比,表明了1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件具有全球性,从而赋予高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列重要的沉积学意义。延庆千沟剖面高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,特别的岩石类型和沉积构造,成为前寒武纪碳酸盐岩沉积中非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列的典型代表,由其所代表的沉积学特点将有助于深入理解漫长的前寒武纪碳酸盐沉积作用的变化规律而具有重要意义。     

灵丘小青沟银、锰矿床地质地球化学特征及矿床成因

小青沟银、锰矿床产于长城系高于庄组南北向破碎带中，属中低温热液矿床。本文研究了小青沟矿床地质、稳定同位素、微量元素特征、认识矿床成矿物质来源很复杂银来源于五台群、高于庄组白云质灰岩及次火山岩体，锰主要来源于高于庄组二段含锰灰岩。小青沟矿床经历了矿源层形成和燕山期成矿二个过程，作者建立了矿床的成矿模式。     

冀东秦家峪中元古界高于庄组锰矿成因: 来自矿物学和地球化学的制约

冀东秦家峪锰矿赋存于中元古界蓟县系高于庄组二段底部含锰岩系内,其成因尚不明确.以秦家峪锰矿ZK58-2钻孔样品为研究对象,通过显微薄片观察、电子探针分析及全岩地球化学分析等方法,探讨了高于庄组锰矿的锰质来源和沉积环境对成矿的贡献.显微薄片观察、电子探针分析表明,原生矿带中含锰矿物主要为菱锰矿、铁镁菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰方...     

辽宁省锰元素分布规律及锰矿床潜力评价

通过研究不同地质构造单元、不同时代地层和不同岩石类型中锰元素分布特征,认为辽西台陷和松辽拗陷区可作为形成锰矿的重要矿源地体.结合辽宁省富锰地层特征和锰矿床地质特征,认为铁岭组含锰灰岩岩层是沉积锰矿找矿的重要标志,其分布的辽西地区可划为辽宁省境内大型浅海沉积锰矿成矿远景区;辽东、辽南白垩系富锰页岩分布的地区有望找到中到大型河湖相沉积锰矿床;火山热液锰矿可在朝阳、锦西以西地区寻找,其矿源层为串岭沟组石英砂岩,高于庄组含锰细砂岩,大红峪组、铁岭组、洪水庄组富锰碳酸盐岩,成矿热液为酸性岩浆提供.     

蓟县地区锰硼矿地质地球化学特征及其找矿方向

文章通过对蓟县地区锰硼矿地质、地球化学等方面的研究,认为蓟县地区寻找锰硼矿方面:(1)1∶5万水系沉积物锰、硼元素地球化学异常中的前干涧异常区和东水厂异常区;(2)长城系高于庄组地层是寻找海相沉积型锰硼矿的有利地层,尤其是高于庄组含锰粉砂质白云岩、含锰粉砂泥质白云岩、含锰粉砂白云质页岩地层;(3)已发现矿床(点)附近,就矿找矿,也是寻找锰硼矿床的有利区域。     

中元古代叠层石—非叠层石碳酸盐岩层序地层序列及其沉积特征——以北京延庆千沟剖面高于庄组为例

北京延庆千沟剖面中元古代高于庄组为一套发育在海侵砂岩上的叠层石—非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,厚度千余米,包括4段:第一段(或称为官地亚组)主要为海侵砂岩地层;第二段(或称为桑树鞍亚组)为发育少量叠层石的含锰白云岩和灰质白云岩地层;第三段又称为张家峪垭组,为一套以均一石灰岩为主的地层序列,发育席底构造且贫乏叠层石;第四段(环秀寺亚组)以叠层石礁白云岩为特征。与蓟县剖面相比较,该剖面的高于庄组具有以下特点:(1)第一段厚度百余米的海侵砂岩地层不但表明了与下伏大红峪组之间存在较为明显的区域不整合面,而且与蓟县剖面厚数百米的叠层石白云岩地层形成明显的区别;(2)在第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列中,未发现臼齿状构造,但发育丰富而典型的席底构造,而且以均一石灰岩为特征;(3)第四段的厚度为500余m,由罕见的叠层石礁序列所组成。这些特征表明,千沟剖面的高于庄组组成了一个复杂而有序的叠层石—非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,成为依据沉积相序列进行前寒武纪三级层序划分和二级层序合理归并的典型实例。更为重要的是,第四段中的叠层石生物礁和第三段的均一石灰岩序列的存在,反映了一些值得进一步研究的问题:如前寒武纪叠层石生物礁的沉积模式,非叠层石灰岩序列是否代表了一次叠层石衰减事件等等。     

河北平泉中元古界高于庄组生境型及古环境

河北平泉中元古界高于庄组海相碳酸盐岩地层中发育大量不同形态类型的微生物岩,主要包括柱状叠层石、层纹状叠层石、核形石、纹理石以及凝块石,它们各自不同的宏体和微观构造特征代表了不同的水体深度和环境水动力条件。通过野外实测观察、室内偏光显微镜下254块岩石薄片的微相分析以及碳、氧同位素的分析测定,研究了整个高于庄组沉积时期菌藻类生物的演化过程。在综合考虑岩性岩相特征、生物碎屑的含量、颗粒的保存状态以及微生物岩的宏体和微观特征等因素的基础上,将整个高于庄组划分为18个生境型,沉积相带演化从潮上带至内陆架的上部。河北平泉中元古界高于庄组地层序列中菌藻类生物含量的变化以及碳同位素的迁移规律清楚地记录了高于庄组沉积时期大规模的海进—海退的旋回沉积过程以及短期内频繁的海平面升降变化。通过分析生境型在地层剖面的分布特征以及生物与环境之间的相互作用关系,为今后研究生物与环境之间的协同演化以及更有效地进行烃源岩的评价提供了良好的基础资料。     

燕山地区中元古界高于庄组和杨庄组地球化学特征及环境意义

在燕山地区中元古界高于庄组与杨庄组地层野外露头沉积特征研究的基础上,结合区域地质背景,根据26件碳酸盐岩样品的常量元素和微量元素相关关系、组分含量及某些元素的比值对特征,探讨了研究区元素的沉积地球化学特征与古环境意义。研究表明,（1）碳酸盐岩中Sr与CaO呈明显正相关;Al2O3、K2O与TiO2之间呈明显的正相关;SiO2与CaO、MgO呈负相关;Na2O与MgO呈弱正相关;MnO仅与FeO有弱正相关关系。（2）Sr主要赋存于方解石晶格中,Sr和1000×Sr/Ca值随沉积水体的加深而增大,可作为判断古水深的标志。（3）据Sr/Ba、镁铝比值（m=100×MgO/Al2O3）、MgO/CaO值及Ti等元素特征分析,高于庄组与杨庄组的沉积环境有较大差异,高于庄组为潮湿气候下陆源碎屑供应匮乏的远岸陆表海沉积,以高于庄组三段沉积时水体最深;而杨庄组为干热气候下的近岸陆表海沉积,有较多的陆源碎屑物质供应。总之,元素地球化学特征反映的沉积环境与宏观岩性特征所得出的结论是一致的,这表明地球化学特征与沉积环境关系密切,地球化学特征可作为沉积相分析的重要标志。     

冀东地区长城系高于庄组岩相古地理及黄铁矿生物成因探讨

冀东地区中元古界长城系高于庄组可划分为７个自然岩性段,硫等赋矿层位为其２～５段,由含锰页岩 含锰白云岩 含锰页岩 含锰白云岩组成二个正旋回。高于庄组沉积早期（即下旋回第２段）,在遵化 北汤道河水下高地的阻隔下,形成了蓟县 迁西泻湖,属封闭的还原环境,控制了“蓟县式”锰方硼石矿床。高于庄组沉积晚期（即上旋回第４段和第５段）沉积时期,高板河泻湖形成,由于泻湖南侧受北东东向同生断裂控制,北侧又受生物礁制约,在生物作用及滞流的还原环境下,形成了“高板河式”黄铁（铅锌）矿床。上旋回生物礁相和泻湖相区是寻找黄铁（铅锌）矿的靶区。     

西昆仑穆呼锰矿晚石炭世含锰碳酸盐岩地质地球化学特征及其沉积环境

西昆仑玛尔坎苏地区晚石炭世发育一套碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩建造,近期研究成果揭示其具有巨大的菱锰矿找矿前景而备受关注。通过对穆呼锰矿含锰岩系剖面测量、薄片鉴定、电子探针、扫描电镜、地球化学分析和碳酸盐岩锶同位素测试,对其进行碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩岩相划分与沉积环境分析。研究结果表明,含锰岩系可以识别出八种碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩岩相:泥灰岩相、砂屑灰岩相、微晶碳酸锰相、微晶—粉晶灰岩相、砾屑灰岩相、含砾砂屑灰岩相、钙质砂岩相、钙质砾岩相和3种岩相组合。结合矿体及其顶底板岩石地球化学和锶同位素特征,指示古海水温度平均22.68 ℃,属于亚热带区。含锰岩系为海水较浅的碎屑滨岸相和浅海陆棚相沉积,矿体顶底板处于海水相对较浅的氧化—弱还原环境,菱锰矿则形成于海水相对较深的浅海陆棚沉积洼地,处于还原沉积环境,与海底火山热液有关。     

Geochemistry and Origin of Ananai Stratiform Manganese Deposit in the Northern Chichibu Belt, Central Shikoku, Japan

Abstract. Major and trace element contents are reported for Permian manganese ore and associated greenstone from the Ananai manganese deposit in the Northern Chichibu Belt, central Shikoku, Japan. The manganese deposit occurs between greenstone and red chert, or among red chert beds. Chemical compositions of manganese ore are characterized by enrichments in Mn, Ca, P, Co, Ni, Zn, Sr and Ba, and negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies relative to post-Archean average Australian Shale (PAAS). Geochemical features of the manganese ore are similar to those of modern submarine hydrother-mal manganese deposits from volcanic arc or hotspot setting. In addition, geochemical characteristics of the greenstone closely associated with the Ananai manganese deposit are analogous to those of with-in plate alkaline basalt (WPA). Consequently, the Ananai manganese deposit was most likely formed by hydrothermal activity related to hotspot volcanism in the Panthalassa Ocean during the Middle Permian. This is the first report documenting the terrestrially-exposed manganese deposit that was a submarine precipitate at hotspot.     

Manganese deposits of the Oudalan province in the northeast of Burkina Faso,and Ansongo Inlier in eastern Mali

At least 15 manganese deposits crop out in the West African craton in Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire. There average grade estimates range from 17 to 52% total Mn oxide and average volume of 5–19 Mt of ore; they consequently provide an attractive target for exploration and eventual exploitation. The Tambão and Béliata Mn oxide deposits in the Oudalan province (northeast of Burkina Faso), and Takavasita, Agualla and Tondibi Mn oxide deposits in the Ansongo Inlier (eastern Mali) generally crop out as a saprolitic residuum that formed during the Miocene to Eocene and are enriched in manganese to 52% total Mn oxide. The saprolitic residuum is overlain by blocky to botryoidal manganese-rich duricrusts that form part of the resource portfolio. The residuum overlies deeply weathered manganese-bearing carbonates, shales and volcaniclastic siltstones of the Birimian Supergroup (2.3–2.1 Ga) that form a low-grade resource and likely formed in a heat-driven seawater convection system that provided hydrothermal solutions from submarine volcanic centers. They are typically intercalated with mafic-intermediate volcanic rocks.     

火山沉积建造——最重要的含锰建造

本文根据沉积建造分析原理,提出了一个含锰沉积建造新的系统分类,并指出火山沉积建造的形成与地壳的破裂有关,控制含锰建造矿质来源的主要因素是板块构造活动引起的深成幔源热动力场。 我国地史上发育的含锰建造具有多旋回性、分区性。每次大的区域张裂活动之后和全球海平面上升阶段均有特定的含锰建造层的产出。把火山沉积建造作为最重要的含锰建造提出来,对于开辟新的研究思路和找矿方向具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

鹤庆锰矿小天井矿区微量元素特征与沉积成矿环境研究

小天井矿区是鹤庆锰矿储量最大开采最早的矿区,通过对该矿区含锰岩系的60个样品进行微量及稀土元素测试,运用相关分析、因子分析等多元统计方法分析和探讨微量及稀土元素的地球化学特征与锰矿的沉积环境关系,确定Mo、U、V、Mn、Zn为该矿区重要成矿元素组合,这对本区地球化学找矿中判别地层与构造的含矿性、推断隐伏矿体寻找接替资源具有重要意义。对Co/Ni、Sr/Ba、Th/U的分析,认为锰矿层物源主要是陆源,推测沉积环境为陆缘近海环境,并对该区锰的沉积成矿环境进行了进一步探讨。     

滇东南地区三叠世下统石炮组锰矿找矿新进展

湘西-滇东地区矿产地质调查子项目云南广南地区矿产地质调查项目在广南幅下三叠统石炮组中首次发现氧化锰贫锰矿。本文通过对早三叠世锰矿岩相古地理、地层、构造、锰质来源、生物化学作用等控矿因素分析,石炮组作为区内主要含锰岩系之一,属碎屑岩型含锰建造,锰矿产于滇黔桂盆地北西缘台地边缘斜坡-台间盆地边缘相中,锰质主要来源于盆地西南侧的海底火山热液。广南县周边北西向斜坡-盆地边缘相带为区内锰质聚集的有利场所,出露石炮组地层的多个背斜构造为区内氧化锰贫锰矿找矿前景较佳地段。通过对比广西同类型典型矿床,认为该区同样具备探寻深部碳酸锰矿潜力。     

Rare elements and Nd and Sr isotopic composition in micronodules from the Brazil Basin,Atlantic Ocean

The Sr isotope stratigraphy of the biogenic apatite was used to determine the age of pelagic sediments in the Brazil Basin (Station 1541) that contain ferromanganese micronodules, nodules, and coatings on the weathered volcanic rocks. The age of sediments at horizons 0–5 and 86–90 cm was estimated at 24.1 ± 0.2 Ma and 24.8 ± 0.2 Ma, respectively. The average sedimentation rate in the Late Oligocene was about 13 mm/ka. The hydrogenous Fe–Mn nodule on the sediment surface with the Mn/Fe value of 1.05–1.95 was formed at a rate of 1.2–2.4 mm/Ma, which is 1000 times lower than the growth rate of buried nodule (Mn/Fe 0.4) at depth of 83 cm. Diagenesis provoked changes in the mineral composition of the buried nodule (asbolane-buserite partially replaced by goethite), leading to the loss of a part of Mn, Ni, Li, and Tl but accumulation of trace elements linked with iron oxyhydroxides (Ce, Th, Be, As, and V) were retained. The composition of manganese micronodules at two studied depths in sediments evolved in the course of two stages of ore formation: related to the oxic and suboxic diagenesis. The Sr isotopic composition in manganese micronodules from both horizons do not differ from that of dissolved Sr in the ocean water. The ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratio, which reflects the Nd isotopic composition in the paleocean during the micronodule formation, varies in manganese micronodules from different horizons and is constant in different size fractions.     

Evolution of Yanliao aulacogen in the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic and its control on manganese deposit

It is found that the bottom of Sangshu'an subgroup,which belongs to the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation located at the Yanliao aulacogen,is rich in manganese. Although there are still different viewpoints on the origin of manganese and the formation environment of manganese deposits,most scholars believe that the manganese is closely related with the extensive rifting background of the Yanliao aulacogen. In this paper,based on the analysis of exploration data on many manganese ores,the Qinjiayu manganese deposit located at Qianxi belonging to the Yanliao aulacogen,is selected. The manganese ore characteristics,ore types,and element geochemistry are analyzed. The results show that manganese mainly comes from submarine hydrothermal fluids. By analyzing the relationship between the distribution of main manganese deposits and the tectonic faults in the Yanliao aulacogen,it is found that the manganese ore of Gaoyuzhuang formation mainly concentrates at the intersections of the northeast-trending main fault and the northwest-trending transverse fault,and the relatively blocked,deep-water stagnant environment surrounded by faults,where the ore layers are thick and show a relatively high grade. It shows that the structure of the Yanliao aulacogen plays an important role in controlling the formation of Gaoyuzhuang manganese deposits. The syn-depositional faults act as channels for hydrothermal activity,providing a major source of minerals for the manganese-forming basins.     

燕辽坳拉槽古—中元古代裂谷盆地演化及其对锰矿沉积的控制作用*

燕辽坳拉槽中元古界高于庄组桑树鞍亚组底部为锰富集层段,虽然对于锰质来源、锰矿成因及形成环境存在认识分歧,但多数学者均认为高于庄组锰矿的形成与燕辽坳拉槽的盆地裂谷背景有着密不可分的联系。在搜集前人锰矿勘查资料的基础上,重点对典型锰矿床——迁西秦家峪锰矿进行了矿床地质特征、矿石类型及元素地球化学分析,结果显示其锰质主要来源于海底热液。通过分析主要锰矿点分布与燕辽裂谷盆地主要断裂之间的关系,发现在裂谷盆地内北东向主断裂与北西向传递断裂的交汇处,或被断裂所围限的闭塞、深水滞流环境,是高于庄组锰矿形成的最有利部位,矿层厚度大,品位相对较高。该研究表明燕辽坳拉槽裂谷盆地结构对高于庄组锰矿的形成具有重要的控制作用,且同沉积断裂作为热液活动的通道,为成锰盆地提供了主要的矿质来源。     

Geological and Geochemical Investigation of Three Ophiolite‐Hosted Manganese Prospects,Southeast of Birjand,South Khorasan,East of Iran

The studied ophiolite‐hosted manganese prospects are located in southeast of Birjand, South Khorasan, in the east of Iran. The manganese ores within the ophiolitic sequence in this region occur as small discrete patches, associated with radiolarian chert and shale. Manganese ores in the host rocks are recognizable as three distinct syngenetic, diagenetic, and epigenetic features. The syngenetic manganese ores occurred as bands associated with light‐red radiolarian chert. The diagenetic Mn ores occurred as lenses accompanied by dark‐red to brown radiolarian chert. The epigenetic Mn ores occurred as veins/veinlets within the green radiolarian shale. The major manganese ore minerals are pyrolusite, braunite, bixbyite, ramsdellite, and romanechite showing replacement, colloidal, and brecciated textures. The high mean values of Mn/Fe (15.32) and Si/Al (15.65), and the low mean concentration values of trace elements, such as Cu (85.9 ppm), Ni (249.9 ppm), and Zn (149 ppm), as well as the high concentration values of Si, Fe, Mn, Ba, Zn, Sr, and As in the studied manganese ores furnished sufficient evidence to postulate that the sea‐floor Mn‐rich hydrothermal exhalatives were chiefly responsible for the ore formation, and the hydrogenous processes had negligible role in generation of the ores. The further geological and geochemical evidence also revealed that the ores deposited on the upper parts of the ophiolitic sequence by submarine exhalatives. The intense hydrothermal activities caused leaching of elements such as Mn, Fe, Si, Ba, As and Sr from the basaltic lavas (spilites). After debouching of the sea‐floor exhalatives, these elements entered the sedimentary basin. The redox conditions were responsible for separation of Fe from Mn.