云南个旧锡铜多金属矿区云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄及其地质意义

云南个旧是全球最大的锡铜多金属矿区,主要成矿作用是与燕山期花岗岩密切相关的岩浆-热液体系。矿区内铜矿的主要矿床类型为变玄武岩型层状铜矿和接触带型铜矿。赋存于花岗岩体的凹陷部位,接触带型铜矿体和氧化型矿体的精确年龄尚未有报道。以老厂矿田内与铜矿体同期的等粒花岗岩脉中的黑云母和与氧化矿同时形成的白云母作为研究对象,利用常规~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素定年方法,获得了黑云母和白云母的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar坪年龄分别为82.47±0.49Ma和76.17±0.42Ma,相应的正等时线年龄为82.38±0.48Ma和76.07±0.66Ma,反等时线年龄为82.38±0.49Ma和76.07±0.73Ma。结合野外地质接触关系和矿区内其他年代学结果认为,黑云母的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄82.38±0.48Ma可以代表接触带型铜矿体的形成年龄,也揭示了新山花岗岩体形成后的快速冷却作用过程;白云母的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄76.07±0.73Ma指示了氧化型矿体的形成年龄,也记录了矿区内与甲介山同期的南北向断裂的晚期活动时限。该年龄与个旧锡铜多金属矿床的成矿时代一致。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

个旧老厂矿田花岗岩地球化学特征及其形成构造背景

个旧老厂矿田是中国著名的铜锡多金属矿产地而倍受关注,本文以个旧老厂矿田花岗岩体为研究对象,结合岩体产出的地质条件,在岩石学研究的基础上,运用主量元素及微量元素地球化学方法对老厂花岗岩的地球化学特征、源区及其形成的构造背景进行了系统研究。结果表明,老厂花岗岩体为一复式岩体,来源于陆壳岩石的部分熔融,但其具有不同的源区性质。构造环境判别图显示,老厂花岗岩体不同单元形成于不同的构造环境,与成矿作用有关的花岗岩则主要形成于后碰撞造山向板内环境的转换阶段,这种特殊的构造环境是区内超大型矿床形成的有利条件。     

LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating of the Bozhushan granite in Southeast Yunnan

The LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating of eight typical samples from four units of the Bozhushan granite intrusion in southeastern Yunnan Province, constrains the age of acidic magmatic intrusion in this area. Both the oscillatory zoning and chondrite-normalized REE patterns characterized by LREE-depletion and HREE-enrichment with positive Ce anomaly and negative Eu anomaly indicate the magmatic genesis of these zircons. Eight zircon samples from the Bozhushan granite yielded a mean 206 Pb/ 238 U age of (85.58±1.0) Ma (MSWD=4.1) to (88.10±0.66) Ma (MSWD=1.8). These chronology data suggest an accurate isotopic age for the intrusion of the Bozhushan granite, and are different from the published age data of 48 to 111.5 Ma. The geochronology data of the Gejiu, Dulong and Dachang super-large deposits and related Yanshanian granites indicated that there occurred large-scale granitic magmatism and mineralization events in western Nanling region during the Late Cretaceous.     

略论个旧锡矿床地质找矿的新发现及其途径

个旧锡矿区是个矿产资源丰富,开采历史悠久的老矿区。据历史记载,矿床发现约在汉代(距今2100a左右)。元、明两代有少量开采,清康熙(1700a)以前多采冶银、铅,至清乾隆(1740a)以后采锡增加,清末产锡量已居世果第四位。解放后三十年来开展了大规模的地质勘探,探明了五大矿田几十处矿床,探获锡、铜、铅、钨等金属储量数百万吨。七十年代以来,随着勘探工作和矿山开采程度日益加深,地质找矿面临“深、新、隐”等问题。通过不断学习、探索和试验研究。我们在地质认识、找矿效果和方法手段等方面又取得了一些新进展。     

个旧卡房层状铜矿床金云母和云英岩化白云母40Ar-39Ar同位素年龄及意义

在个旧锡铜多金属矿集区发育有矽卡岩型和热液脉型等锡铜矿化体,其形成时代是晚白垩世,属与花岗岩有关的岩浆热液成因矿床。赋存于三叠纪蚀变玄武岩层中,呈(似)层状的铜矿体的精确年龄尚未有报道,成因仍备受争议。文章选择赋存于卡房矿田蚀变玄武岩层中,呈(似)层状分布的铜矿体中的金云母,及新山岩体接触带云英岩中的白云母为研究对象,利用⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar阶段加热同位素定年方法对它们进行了年代学研究,获得了金云母和白云母的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar同位素坪年龄分别为(79.55±0.47) Ma和(79.53±0.57) Ma,对应等时线年龄分别为(79.8±1.3) Ma和(79.7±1.0) Ma,反等时线年龄分别为(79.7±2.0) Ma和(79.61±0.75) Ma,两者年龄基本一致。结合矿物共生组合特征和流体包裹体测温资料,认为金云母的坪年龄(79.55±0.47) Ma,可以代表卡房蚀变玄武岩中(似)层状铜矿的形成时代,而白云母的坪年龄(79.53±0.57) Ma,则代表新山岩体形成后期岩浆热液活动的年龄。这2个年龄与个旧锡铜多金属矿床的成矿时代基本一致,应是同一构造-岩浆-流体活动形成的成矿系列产物。     

个旧矿区西部凹陷带花岗岩锡矿床地质特征及控矿规律分析

个旧矿区是一个与花岗岩有关的特大型锡多金属矿集区。近年来在花岗岩体内发现了蚀变花岗岩锡多金属矿体,进一步拓展了找矿的空间。笔者在分析个旧老厂矿田西部凹陷带花岗岩锡多金属矿床地质特征的基础上,着重从花岗岩体表层原生破裂构造对矿床的控矿规律进行了探讨。     

西藏隆子县那穷锑金矿地质特征及找矿前景分析

那穷锑金矿是近年来通过区域地质矿产调查在西藏自治区隆子县新发现的金多金属矿床,其矿化带受断裂构造控制。目前该矿床研究程度相对较低,若对其成矿地质条件、地质特征及找矿潜力等内容进行专门性和系统性研究,可为该矿床的下步找矿勘探工作提供依据。文章通过总结区域成矿地质背景,分析了该矿床地质特征、地球物理与地球化学异常特征、包裹体地球化学特征,并结合遥感地质特征和异常查证开展相关研究工作,结果表明:矿体主要产于上三叠统涅如组中,受东西向次级断裂构造带控制,目前共发现3条破碎蚀变带;土壤地球化学剖面测量工作中,选择了Sb、Au、As、Bi、Cu作为Sb及多金属成矿指示元素,共圈定单元素异常10处,各元素异常套合较好;激电中梯测量共圈定极化体2条,视极化率异常3处;与成矿有关的流体包裹体类型主要为富液包裹体,并推测矿区流体为含微量CO₂、N₂气体的中低温低盐度NaCl-H₂O热液体系。综合分析认为那穷锑金矿区具备优越的成矿条件,具有寻找金多金属矿的潜力。      

云南个旧超大型矿床地质特征及成矿模式

个旧矿床不仅是一个超大型的锡矿床,同时也是大型的铜、铅、锌、钨和银矿床,此外还伴生众多的有色金属和稀有金属矿产。近些年来,除了成矿与燕山期花岗岩成矿有关的认识外,还有海底喷流成矿和玄武岩成矿的新观点。笔者在参与国家"十五"科技攻关课题《大型锡矿山接替资源探查技术与示范》工作中,通过野外调查和矿床地质特征的总结分析,提出了个旧超大型矿床的成矿模式,个旧矿区成矿作用的主要因素是燕山期含矿花岗岩,与碳酸盐建造和富含成矿物质的岩层发生相互作用,在花岗岩体的内外接触带附近,富集形成一系列锡铜多金属矿床,成矿作用围绕含矿花岗岩而进行。个旧矿区成矿花岗岩与碳酸盐建造和富含成矿物质的岩层以及构造的有利配置是控制矿床空间分布的根本原因。     

云南个旧锡矿的玄武岩成矿

个旧锡矿产于个旧东区,是一个以锡铜为主的超大型多金属矿床,具有火山沉积成矿的某些特征。因遭受燕山期花岗岩的叠加改造,区内个旧组卡房段中玄武岩遭受强烈的变质,它又具有花岗岩热液成矿的特征。区内玄武岩的地质地球化学特征表明,印支期玄武岩中的Sn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag和Au的质量分数大多数高于世界玄武岩平均值的若干倍;矿石硫化物的硫同位素δ³⁴S为-1.5‰~4.0‰,平均+0.207‰,在幔源硫附近;铅同位素模式年龄分为两组：第一组为180~240 Ma,反映了印支期的火山沉积成矿作用;第二组为80~140 Ma,反映了燕山期花岗岩的叠加改造成矿作用。区内印支期玄武岩为个旧锡铜多金属矿床的形成提供了主要的成矿物质,与成矿有直接联系。     

湖南省临武县鸡脚山矿区钨多金属矿找矿前景分析

临武县鸡脚山矿区钨多金属矿位于香花岭矿田的南部,区内出露有燕山早期的花岗岩,断裂构造很发育（有NE向、NW向及近EW向断裂三组）,NE向构造破碎带型钨矿脉及NW向石英脉型钨矿脉数十条,其中NE向矿脉规模大、延伸稳定,矿床规模已达中型。本文通过对鸡脚山矿区钨多金属矿成矿地质条件及矿床地质特征的总结,认为该矿床属高-中温热液充填型钨多金属矿床,同时对该矿床的控矿因素进行了分析,得出了在鸡脚山矿区的深部及其外围还具有较大的找矿前景的结论。     

个旧卡房矿田锡-铜矿床伴生金（银）矿赋存状态及其富集规律

云南个旧锡多金属矿区卡房矿田伴生金矿主要赋存于中三叠统个旧组卡房段地层的中上部,矿化受花岗岩侵入的热液活动、变玄武岩及NE向和EW向褶皱、断裂构造控制。伴生金矿床可分为含金（银）多金属矽卡岩硫化锡铜矿床及含金脉（层）状锡铅矿床。金主要呈银金矿、自然金等独立矿物出现,主要载金矿物有自然铋、毒砂、辉钼矿等,其中以自然铋含金量最高。金矿化在变玄武岩底界之下6～20m处矿化最强,最富集。     

物探方法在复兴屯银铅锌多金属矿区构造与成矿机理研究中的应用

复兴屯银铅锌多金属矿是近两年在大兴安岭成矿带中生代陆相火山盆地里首次发现的特大型银铅锌多金属矿床。在矿床普查与勘查期间开展了地面高精度磁测、时间域激发极化法面积性测量、AMT电磁测深等物探方法,发挥了重要指导作用。①通过地面磁异常数据RGIS软件处理解释判定了普查区构造构局;②综合利用地磁异常和视电阻率异常特征,结合地表出露岩性判定了破火山口断陷盆地位置;③利用激电测深判定了断陷盆地形成过程与构造特征及断裂构造的多期次与硫化物沉淀的多期次性;④依据视极化率异常特征,结合地质构造环境判定了场源性质和成矿物质来源;⑤利用AMT电磁测深资料圈定了筒状次火山岩侵入体。本文在上述研究结果和钻探基础上,还研究了该矿床形成机理,给出了一套寻找该类矿床的物探方法应用思路。     

Diversity of Mineralization and Spectrum of the Gejiu Superlarge Tin-Copper Polymetallic Deposit,Yunnan,China

The Gejiu (个旧) deposit is a superlarge tin-copper polymetallic ore-forming concentration area characterized by excellent metallogenic geological settings and advantageous ore-controlling factors. The deposit displays diverse mineralization properties due to different minerals and mineral deposit types. Based on the principal metallogenic factors, metallogenic mechanisms, mineralized components, and occurrence of mineral deposits or ore bodies, the Gejiu mineral district can be divided into 2 combinations of metallogenic series, 4 metallogenic series, 8 subseries, and 27 mineral deposit types. Spatial zonality is evident. The distribution regularity of the elements in both plane and section is Be-W, Sn (Cu, Mo, Bi, Be)-Sn, Pb, Ag-Pb, Zn around a granitic intrusion. The metallogenic epoch is mainly concentrated in the late Yanshanian. During this period, large-scale metallogenic processes related to movement caused by tectonics and magmatism occurred, and a series of magmatic hydrothermal deposits formed. The ore-forming processes can be divided into 4 stages: the silicate stage, the oxide stage, the sulphide stage, and the carbonate stage. Based on the orderliness and diversity (in terms of time, space, and genesis) of the mineralization, the authors have developed a comprehensive spectrum of ore deposits in the Gejiu area. This newly proposed diversity of mineralization and the spectrum developed in this work are useful not only for interpreting the genesis of the Gejiu deposit but also for improving mineral exploration in the area, and in particular, for finding large deposits.     

The giant tin polymetallic mineralization in southwest China:Integrated geochemical and isotopic constraints and implications for Cretaceous tectonomagmatic event

The Gejiu-Bozushan-Laojunshan W-Sn polymetallic metallogenic belt(GBLB) in southeast Yunnan Province is an important part of the southwestern Yangtze Block in South China.Tin polymetallic mineralization in this belt includes the Niusipo,Malage,Songshujiao,Laochang and Kafang ore fields in the Gejiu area which are spatially and temporally associated with the Kafang-Laochang and Songshujiao granite plutons.These granites are characterized by variable A/CNK values(mostly 1.1,except for two samples with 1.09),high contents of SiO_2(74.38-76.84 wt.%) and Al_2 O_3(12.46-14.05 wt.%) and variable CaO/Na_2 O ratios(0.2-0.65) as well as high zircon δ~(18)O values(7.74‰-9.86‰),indicative of S-type affinities.These rocks are depleted in Rb,Th,U,Ti,LREE[(La/Yb)N=1.4-20.51],Ba,Nb,Sr,and Ti and display strong negative Eu and Ba anomalies.The rocks possess high Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios,relatively low initial ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios(0.6917-0.7101),and less radiogenic εNd(t)values(-8.0 to-9.1).The zircon grains from these rocks show negative ε_(Hf)(t) values in the range of-3.7 to-9.9 with mean T_(DM2)(Nd) and T_(DM2)(Hf) values of 1.57 Ga and 1.55 Ga.They show initial ~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb ranging from15.69 to 15.71 and ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb from 18.36 to 18.70.Monazite from Songshujiao granites exhibits higher U and lower Th/U ratios,lower δ~(18)O values and higher ε_(Hf)(t) values than those of the zircon grains in the KafangLaochang granites.The geochemical and isotopic features indicate that the Laochang-Kafang granites originated by partial melting of Mesoproterozoic crustal components including biotite-rich metapelite and metagraywacke,whereas the Songshujiao granites were derived from Mesoproterozoic muscovite-rich metapelite crustal source.Most zircon grains from the Songshujiao,Laochang and Kafang granites have high-U concentrations and their SIMS U-Pb ages show age scatter from 81.6 Ma to 88.6 Ma,80.7 Ma to 86.1 Ma and 82.3 Ma to 87.0 Ma,suggesting formation earlier than the monazite and cassiterite.Monazite SIMS U-Pb ages and Th-Pb ages of three same granite samples are consistent and show yielded 206 Pb/~(238)U ages of 83.7 ± 0.6 Ma,83.7±0.6 Ma,and 83.4±0.6 Ma,and ~(208)Pb/~(232)Th ages of 83.2 ± 0.5 Ma,83.8 ± 0.4 Ma,and 83.5±0.9 Ma,which are within the range of the SIMS zircon U-Pb ages from these rocks.The data constrain the crystallization of the granites at ca.83 Ma.In situ U-Pb dating of two cassiterite samples from the cassiterite-sulfide ore in the Songshujiao ore field and Kafang ore field,and two from the cassiterite-oxide+cassiterite bearing dolomite in the Laochang ore field yielded weighted mean 206 Pb/~(238)U ages of 83.5±0.4 Ma(MSWD=0.6),83.5 ± 0.4 Ma(MSWD=0.5),83.6 ±0.4 Ma(MSWD=0.6) and 83.2 ±0.7 Ma(MSWD=0.6),respectively.Combined with geological characteristics,the new geochronological data indicate that the formation of the granites and Sn polymetallic deposits are coeval.We correlate the magmatic and metallogenic event with lithospheric thinning and asthenosphere upwelling in continental extension setting in relation to the eastward subduction of the Neo-Tethys beneath the Sanjiang tectonic domain during Late Cretaceous.     

个旧矿区高松矿田锡多金属矿床找矿效果的浅析

个旧矿区高松矿田是一个以层间氧化矿床为主，深部有接触蒂矽卡岩型硫化物矿床产出，为锡、铅、银富集程度较高的锡多金属矿田，其中层间氧化矿床是目前云南锡业集团公司松树脚锡矿地质找矿的主要对象．以高松矿田为例，对区内矿床的产出特征、找矿方法进行了分析、评述，同时对提高找矿效果的途径提出了认识。     

Prospectivity mapping for “Zhuxi-type” copper-tungsten polymetallic deposits in the Jingdezhen region of Jiangxi Province,South China

The Zhuxi deposit is the largest copper-tungsten polymetallic deposit in the world and is in Jiangxi Province in South China. The ore body is characterized by hydrothermal-vein deposits of copper, lead, and zinc minerals at shallow levels, skarn deposits of tungsten and copper minerals at middle levels, and altered-granite-hosted copper and tungsten minerals at depth. Such metallogenic systems are typically intrusion-related. The intrusive granites related to the Zhuxi polymetallic deposit have been dated at 152.9 Ma to 146.9 Ma. The intrusions provided the thermal energy and the source material for the ore mineralization. Skarns mineralization, the main type of ore mineralization, developed in the contact zone of Carboniferous-Permian formations with the granites. Nappe structures changed the dip of the ore bodies from steep in the top part to gentle in the bottom. NE-trending faults provided the fluid pathways and controlled the geological framework and distribution of ore deposits on a regional scale. In this study, recognition exploration criteria were analyzed based on a mineral deposit model and the geological setting. Extraction of favorable geological information and GIS-based data-integration methods were used for mineral-prospectivity mapping of Zhuxi-type polymetallic deposits. Buffering analysis was employed to extract structural information (e.g. faults) and lithologic or stratigraphic information (e.g. granites or geologic units). The singularity method and spatially weighted principal component analysis were used to enhance and delineate geochemical anomalies. The derivative norm was utilized to extract magnetic-gradient anomalies associated with intrusive granites. Student t-test of weights-of-evidence (WofE) proved to be an effective way to optimize threshold values for binarization of variables as evidence layers by evaluating the spatial correlation between known deposits and geological variables. The posterior probabilities of WofE gave a relative estimation of mineralization potential. Areas delineated by high posterior probability had much higher potentiality for the discovery of new deposits where had none had been found yet.     

双频激电法在山区复杂条件下的应用——以福建垄源金多金属矿区为例

双频激电法可同时得到低频和高频电位差,由其计算视幅频率可抵消相同的影响因素,抑制干扰,增强异常幅值,提高观测精度。根据垄源金多金属矿区物性参数可确定受构造控制的硫化多金属矿（脉）体多以充填形式产出,具有低阻高极化反映,随着埋深的不同,视幅频率（Fs）有相应的变化,幅值一般为4%～11%,与背景视幅频率（Fs）2%～4%有明显差别。该区野外工作采用SQ-3C双频激电仪器,测网布设测线6条,其中线距100m、点距10m、、测线长度为400m。根据Fs、ρs曲线形态及Fs等值线图解释该矿区存在一条破碎带,破碎带北部呈现矿体异常特征,推断矿体（脉）走向为北西—南东向。依据该物探成果结合地质资料,布置钻探验证孔,其中8-1孔于156m见导水断裂破碎断层,8-2孔于31m见高品位金多金属矿（脉）体,验证物探解释与地质钻探吻合。     

个旧高松矿田高峰山—驼峰山勘查区层间氧化矿成矿规律及控矿模式探讨

个旧锡矿高松矿田层间氧化矿形态可分为缓倾斜矿体和陡倾斜矿体,其受断裂破碎带、层间剥离带、层间破碎带控制,分布于岩体外接触带的中三叠统个旧组层间破碎带中;矿床一般产出于中三叠统个旧组卡房段的T₂g₁⁶、T₂g₁⁵层中。本文综合分析研究区内控矿因素和成矿规律,并结合前人研究资料,归纳了研究区的地质、地球物理和地球化学找矿标志,构建了“三位一体”成矿模式和找矿模型,对于个旧锡矿区开采工作具有一定的参考意义。     

新疆东戈壁地区高光谱遥感蚀变特征及找矿分析

针对新疆东戈壁地区还未开展高光谱遥感方面的相关研究问题,提出利用地面和航空高光谱遥感蚀变异常特征,进行蚀变异常带分析及找矿应用的工作思路,系统剖析蚀变矿物异常特征,圈定蚀变带,野外查证新发现多金属矿化线索,取得较好的找矿应用效果。东戈壁地区周边分布有较多的铁及多金属矿床、矿点,成矿地质条件优越,且属准平原状的丘陵地貌,植被覆盖少,基岩裸露好,围岩蚀变发育,具备开展地面和航空高光谱测量的地质和自然地理条件,可获取高质量的高光谱遥感数据并为找矿勘查服务。文章选择新疆东天山成矿带的东戈壁地区,利用FieldSpec Pro FR地面波谱数据和HyMap航空高光谱遥感数据,解析地面各地质体所反映的蚀变矿物异常特征,系统剖析褐铁矿+赤铁矿、绢云母、绿泥石、角闪石等蚀变矿物的异常分布规律和反映的地质意义,综合区域地质特征和成矿规律,圈定高光谱遥感蚀变带,开展蚀变带的野外查证,新发现赋存于石英岩化(含)铁碧玉岩、变细碧岩、石英脉体中的铁、钼等多金属矿化,结合地质、蚀变矿物特征,初步预测东戈壁地区具有形成火山-沉积-后期热液改造型铁矿床、石英脉型钼矿床的成矿潜力,后期应开展以钼、铁矿为主的资源评价,重点开展石英岩化(含)铁碧玉岩、变细碧岩、石英脉体与褐铁矿+赤铁矿、绢云母、绿泥石、角闪石等蚀变矿物叠加地段的地质找矿。高光谱遥感技术可以快速获取异常信息和精确定位矿化异常信息部位,可发现较好的多金属矿化线索,为东戈壁地区下一阶段地质找矿和资源评价提供依据。