考虑径流影响的滑坡降雨入渗二维有限元模拟及应用

降雨是滑坡失稳的常见诱发因素之一,现有数值模拟方法由于不能考虑来自基岩边坡的径流对滑体渗流的补给而低估了真实的降雨入渗水量,导致在评价降雨对滑坡稳定性特别是深层滑动影响时存在一定不足。以Richards方程和有限元法为基础,忽略降雨对渗透性极低的滑床和滑带的影响,将滑坡渗流计算域缩小为滑体,以避免因滑体与滑床（滑带）渗透性差异巨大引起的数值计算困难;依据基岩边坡水平长度和滑体降雨入渗边界饱和情况,修正降雨入渗边界,实现了考虑径流补给的滑坡降雨入渗简化数值模拟。算例表明,该方法所得渗流场更加符合实际情况。以三峡库区某滑坡为例,模拟了2006年10月～2009年12月间滑坡在库水升降和降雨条件下的渗流场和安全系数的演化过程;计算结果表明,考虑径流补给时滑坡后部的渗流场饱和区域明显较大,稳定系数降低较多,与位移监测资料显示的佐证较为吻合;若不考虑径流补给,则降雨对滑坡稳定性影响不大。     

降雨条件下酉阳大涵边坡滑动机制研究

以某厚堆积层滑坡为例,基于非饱和土力学理论,利用有限元方法,对雨水入渗条件下坡体的渗流及动态稳定性进行了计算和分析,研究了水分在坡体内的运移对边坡稳定性的时间效应。结果表明：边坡堆积体结构松散,土体强度差,边坡前缘坡降大,坡脚的开挖,为滑坡形成提供了便利条件;强降雨条件下使得坡脚附近首先发生变形失稳,牵引坡体后缘产生张拉裂。雨水沿坡面入渗,在坡体内形成渗流场,弱化岩土体参数,同时坡面形成饱和径流,使滑坡体前缘产生向下的渗透力,促使前缘坡体发生滑动,进而引发分级坡体产生滑移;强降雨初始阶段,滑坡体安全系数降低较快,很容易发生滑坡。该研究揭示了降雨入渗诱发厚堆积层边坡滑动机制,并以此建议采取以截、排、堵措施对边坡进行排水,同时设置嵌岩锚索抗滑桩及进行削坡清方措施对边坡进行综合治理,通过稳定性计算,效果良好。     

地下水与开挖作用下堆积层滑坡体滑动机制分析

川东红层地区修建的巴中达州万州高速公路在穿越第四系堆积层时,堆积层滑坡灾害频繁发生,这类滑坡滑动面为平缓的岩土界面。地下水渗流分布影响下的坡体非饱和强度特征和开挖卸荷是引发这类滑坡灾害的主要因素。在室内非饱和直剪试验提取土体力学参数基础上,结合非饱和土渗流分析软件和岩土应力变形分析软件对滑坡机制进行深入分析。分析表明:地下水的渗流分布孕育了岩土界面附近的滑带土,为边坡的滑动失稳提供潜在可能性。堆积层渗流场特征决定着坡体基质吸力的分布,基质吸力的分布特征导致了堆积层土体由顶部往底部的非饱和抗剪强度的逐层弱化,最终形成沿平缓岩土界面分布的抗剪强度最低的一层软弱土体。在路堑边坡开挖致使的不平衡力影响下,岩土界面附近的软弱土体表现出最为显著的屈服和变形,堆积层坡体中部沿着岩土界面的软弱土体发生剪切蠕滑,滑体后缘出现张拉破坏,形成拉裂缝和拉裂槽,并于滑体前缘发生剪切挤压,随着滑体的蠕滑发展,滑体内地下水逐渐消散并在开挖面处渗出。     

万州近水平地层区堆积层滑坡成因与变形破坏特征

近水平地层区堆积层滑坡作为一类典型的滑坡,有其特殊的成因与变形破坏特征。文章在研究万州近水平地层区堆积层滑坡的基础上,详细分析了其物质来源、结构成因、形成模式以及变形破坏特征。通过总结万州堆积层滑坡的滑体和滑床特征,得出了近水平地区堆积层滑坡的物质来源和结构成因为:崩塌堆积为主,冲、洪积为辅;形成模式为:后部陡壁形成,滑床形成,滑体底部物质形成,滑体土石混合体形成,滑体表层物质形成,滑动解体等6个阶段。变形破坏特征为:滑动多沿堆积层和基岩接触面滑动,同时也会沿软弱夹层发生滑动;滑体存在多层剪切带,并在不同位置的剪切带其变形速率和累计变形量差别较大,滑体存在着差异变形,对此文章结合实例进行了分析。     

四川宁南水塘村滑坡形成机理

四川宁南县水塘村在同一黄土斜坡上发生过三次滑坡,最近一次滑坡发生在雨季持续降雨后,包括新的流滑和老滑坡的复活滑动,并且引起了前缘滑坡堆积体的复活。本文通过现场调查,分析了滑坡的工程地质特征,通过室内饱和黄土的应力路径试验、饱和黄土与黏土的环剪试验和稳定性计算探讨了滑坡形成机理。结果表明,灌溉与强降雨是滑坡发生的主要诱发因素;发生于黄土层内的流滑型新滑坡是由于灌溉和强降雨入渗导致弱透水黏土层上部地下水位上升、饱和黄土层孔隙水压力增大发生的静态液化;对于滑动型老滑坡复活,稳定性计算结果表明强降雨在滑体中的入渗导致黏土层上部地下水上升,降低了老滑坡稳定性,致使老滑坡沿已有滑面复活。     

降雨诱发缓倾顺层滑坡机制离散元模拟

降雨在节理岩体的离散元模拟中有一定的局限性。文章提出一种等效渗流法模拟降雨条件下地下水向坡脚的渗流过程。以西南地区某顺层岩质滑坡为例,采用施加固定水头的方法,实现地下水在滑体内部的渗流过程,从而诱发滑坡形成。研究结果表明:(1)雨水入渗从坡顶向坡脚渗流,导致滑体内部空隙水压力升高;(2)斜坡受地下水渗流影响,坡脚首先发生变形并逐渐向上部呈阶梯状扩展。随渗流时间的延长,坡脚产生滑移,斜坡中上部和后缘出现拉裂,沿软弱夹层发生整体向河流方向滑动堆积形成堰塞湖;(3)滑坡形成的地质力学模式为"滑移-拉裂",滑体前缘运动至河流对岸形成前缘鼓丘,模拟结果与现场实际特征吻合。该方法可实现降雨条件下节理岩质斜坡中地下水渗流对滑坡形成的影响模拟。     

青藏高原大型深层蠕滑型滑坡变形机制研究进展与展望

大型深层蠕滑型滑坡在青藏高原怒江、澜沧江、金沙江、岷江等地形地貌和地质构造复杂区极为发育,具有规模大、滑带深、渐进变形破坏显著等特点,按照滑坡空间结构主要有后缘洼地蠕滑型、顺层基岩蠕滑型和厚层松散堆积物蠕滑型等3种类型,往往表现为长期蠕滑-间歇性复活-整体滑动.通过梳理大型深层蠕滑型滑坡稳定性影响因素、滑带土工程地质力学性质、地下水渗流场特征与降雨诱发滑坡滞后性以及渐进变形破坏机制和动态稳定性等4个方面的研究进展,提出了3个关键科学问题与4个主要研究方向.建议加强深层滑带土在渗流场-应力场等多场耦合作用下的工程地质力学特性研究、加强剖析滑坡岩土体的非均质渗透特性及地下水分布特征分析,研究不同雨强和历时条件下降雨有效入渗机理,研究大型深层蠕滑型滑坡的降水入渗响应过程和降水诱发滑坡变形的滞后性,提出基于渐进变形破坏的滑坡动态稳定性评价方法,为地质灾害早期判识和综合防范提供理论依据.      

贵州省水麻坨滑坡的复杂运动破坏机制探讨

思南县水麻坨堆积层斜坡受多期强降雨影响,从2011年初开始相继出现地表开裂、墙体倾斜、地坪及墙体裂缝变形加剧等地质灾害现象,危及大同社区93户509人、房屋556间,给当地社会稳定带来了极大的负面影响。一旦继续遭受强降雨等不利因素的影响,滑坡可能会变形滑动。基于现场调查和室内分析,本文在明确滑坡区地质结构和地形条件对坡体渗流场产生重要影响的基础上,立足于当地气象资料,利用SEEP/W模块和FLAC3D软件继续探究降雨工况下滑坡变形失稳的进程,初步阐述了多期降雨诱发该类推移式堆积层滑坡（H1）及其引发的次生牵引式滑坡（H2）的成因机理。研究成果表明,主滑坡受历史罕见的强降雨诱导开启失稳变形进程,但受制于地形条件,具有分段失稳、渐进破坏等特点。在滑坡长期蠕动变形过程中,多期降雨导致地下水位浮动变化,刺激滑体蠕变加剧。次级牵引式滑坡由于临空条件受主滑坡控制,其演化进程与主滑坡失稳变形表现出明显关联性和一定滞后性。推移式堆积层主滑坡受地形、地下水和荷载等因素影响,从滑带参数弱化到滑面蠕滑贯通需经历长期过程;而牵引式堆积层次级滑坡是由于关键阻滑体的缺失,导致坡体应力重分布产生的后退式滑动,一般历时较短。     

间歇型降雨对堆积层斜坡变形破坏的物理模拟研究

为研究间歇型降雨作用下缓倾堆积层斜坡的变形破坏特征,以樱桃沟滑坡为例,进行了降雨作用下斜坡变形破坏的物理模拟研究。试验结果表明：前期降雨作用下坡体变形特征表现为前缘滑移沉陷、中部滑移、后缘沉陷、坡体裂缝生成,且前缘裂缝扩张明显,后期降雨作用下坡脚区域首先发生滑塌,然后依次向后缘传递发生逐阶滑塌破坏;降雨入渗易在基岩面上储存,形成暂态地下水位、高孔隙水压力区域和坡向渗流场,基岩面附近土体饱水时间长,软化程度高,抗剪强度弱化显著,边坡易沿基覆界面土层发生滑坡;坡体滑动易发生在降雨间歇期,触发特征表现为雨后坡体暂态饱和区水分和坡表积水持续下渗,导致地下水位上升滞后于降雨,造成坡体内浮托力、渗透力和孔隙水压力增大,有效应力降低,诱发滑坡。     

降雨条件下大型滑坡体渗流稳定性分析

西南高山峡谷地区,大型滑坡体分布广泛,降雨作用下极易产生失稳。古水水电站争岗特大型滑坡堆积体方量高达4 750×104 m3,存在多处厚度超过50 m 的超深层滑坡。2008年强降雨导致滑体变形再次启动并加剧,依据野外勘测,首先对地质结构和水文条件进行了分析,基于此对降雨入渗机制和稳定性现状开展了定性评价,认为降雨引起了滑体材料强度降低,整体处于沿贯通底滑面蠕滑变形的状态,须开挖加固治理。其次,运用饱和非饱和渗流理论,对降雨条件下滑体开挖治理前、后渗流特性进行了定量研究,揭示了入渗引起滑动变形的动态机制,并对稳定性和治理措施进行了评价,提出了有效的排水措施。结果显示,入渗引起土体饱和,形成浸润线并出现滞水现象;治理前滑体局部和滑带处滞水严重,雨停4 d后,滞水层厚度最高达6 m,此时稳定性最差;治理后滞水层明显减小,稳定性显著提升。其结果真实地反映了滑体稳定性现状与规律,与现场勘查相吻合。治理措施亦有显著效果,依据滞水层分布位置,提出相关排水措施,更有利于保持其稳定性。研究成果可为类似工程问题提供有意义的参考。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.