利用高温磷渣液直接制备微晶铸石的模拟研究

通过模拟实验研究了利用高温磷渣液直接制备微晶铸石的工艺.以磷渣重熔成的磷渣液作为主要原料,掺量为75%,另掺25%的辅助原料,经热配料、混熔、浇铸成型、晶化退火后制得微晶铸石.XRD测定铸石的主晶相为β-硅灰石;SEM观测铸石是由粒径为0.2～ 0.5 μm的晶体颗粒构成的纤维状晶体集合体;物化性能测试结果显示样品的抗折强度为37.17 MPa,耐碱性为0.02%,耐酸性为0.42%,均符合建筑材料相关质量标准.本文的实验工艺适合工业化生产,为高温磷渣液的直接资源化利用、解决磷渣环境污染等问题提供了实验依据.     

煤泥掺配神华煤制备水煤浆的可行性研究

利用江苏徐州某选煤厂(LG)煤泥掺配神华煤制备水煤浆,考察其综合制浆性能。结果表明:煤泥与神华煤单独制浆浓度较低,煤泥掺配神华煤时,制浆浓度有所提高;当煤泥与神华煤配比为1∶9时,制浆浓度最高,两种添加剂GN、GSH下制浆浓度分别都由58%提高到60%,59%提高到61%;煤泥水煤浆流动性,稳定性均比神华单煤浆体性能有所改善。灰熔融温度小于1 350℃,满足水煤浆气化液态排渣要求。     

建筑废渣-黏土混合料压实特性试验研究

将建筑废渣按一定比例与黏土掺合形成的渣土混合料用作填筑材料,具有显著的社会经济与环保效益。为了揭示渣土混合料的压实特性,利用击实试验研究渣料含量和初始级配对渣土混合料压实性能及颗粒破碎特性的影响。研究结果显示,与黏土相比,渣土混合料的最优含水率较低而最大干密度较高,尽管渣料的初始级配有所不同,渣土混合料的最优含水率随掺渣量的增加而减小,最大干密度随掺渣量的增加而先增后减,并存在着一个约为30%的最优掺渣量;击实作用下渣料颗粒的相对破碎率随掺渣量的增加而增加,与初始级配均匀的渣料相比,相同掺渣量下初始级配不均匀渣料的相对破碎率较小,但受渣料初始颗粒大小的影响不大;与初始较小颗粒渣料的混合料相比,初始较大颗粒渣料的混合料的最大干密度较大,表明宽级配的渣土混合料压实性能较好。渣土混合料的压实特性通过结合掺渣量、颗粒破碎特性与渣土混合料结构响应分析得到合理解释。     

硫铝酸盐水泥协同垃圾焚烧副产物固化浓缩液污泥的强度和水稳定性试验研究

采用浸没燃烧工艺产生的生活垃圾卫生填埋场浓缩液污泥具有含水率高、有机质含量和重金属含量低,但含盐量极高的特点。选用硫铝酸盐水泥作为主固化剂,垃圾焚烧飞灰和底渣作为辅助固化剂,制备不同水泥、飞灰和底渣掺量的固化污泥试样,进行一系列的无侧限抗压试验、水稳定性试验和微观测试试验,以定量分析不同固化剂对浓缩液污泥的固化效果,探索固化污泥强度演化规律和浸水劣化机制的宏微观耦合控制机制。试验结果表明：单掺10%水泥,固化污泥的7 d无侧限抗压强度大于50 kPa,即可达到填埋的强度要求;当单掺50%以上的水泥时,28 d龄期的固化污泥才具有满足填埋强度要求的水稳定性;飞灰和底渣对水泥固化试样28d强度的提升存在一个最优掺量,分别为5%（水泥掺量<40%）和10%（水泥掺量≥40%）;在水稳定性方面,复掺底渣较复掺飞灰有效。扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）微观测试结果表明：水泥与一定量的飞灰或底渣共同生成的针柱状钙矾石晶体与水泥水化产物形成空间镶嵌互锁结构,是掺飞灰或底渣固化试样水稳定性提高的主要原因。     

建筑废渣-黏土混合料压实特性试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

将建筑废渣按一定比例与黏土掺合形成的渣土混合料用作填筑材料,具有显著的社会经济与环保效益。为了揭示渣土混合料的压实特性,利用击实试验研究渣料含量和初始级配对渣土混合料压实性能及颗粒破碎特性的影响。研究结果显示,与黏土相比,渣土混合料的最优含水率较低而最大干密度较高,尽管渣料的初始级配有所不同,渣土混合料的最优含水率随掺渣量的增加而减小,最大干密度随掺渣量的增加而先增后减,并存在着一个约为30%的最优掺渣量;击实作用下渣料颗粒的相对破碎率随掺渣量的增加而增加,与初始级配均匀的渣料相比,相同掺渣量下初始级配不均匀渣料的相对破碎率较小,但受渣料初始颗粒大小的影响不大;与初始较小颗粒渣料的混合料相比,初始较大颗粒渣料的混合料的最大干密度较大,表明宽级配的渣土混合料压实性能较好。渣土混合料的压实特性通过结合掺渣量、颗粒破碎特性与渣土混合料结构响应分析得到合理解释。     

以电石渣铁尾矿为原料制备加气混凝土的实验研究

为综合利用固体废弃物,本文以电石渣和铁尾矿为主要原料,铝粉膏作为发气剂开展制备加气混凝土的实验研究,探讨电石渣的粒度、掺量和静停养护温度对加气混凝土物理力学性能的影响,并利用XRD分析了加气混凝土的水化产物。结果表明:当电石渣比表面积为320 m2/kg,掺量为26%(质量百分数),静停养护温度为70℃时,可以制备出绝干密度为579 kg/m3,抗压强度为4.47 MPa加气混凝土制品。电石渣中Ca(OH)2溶于水后,放热量低,不能满足加气混凝土生产的需求,需要提高外部静停养护温度,满足加气混凝土热值需要。XRD分析显示,所制备的加气混凝土中主要结晶相是0.9 nm托贝莫来石、1.1 nm托贝莫来石和1.4 nm托贝莫来石。     

水泥-磷石膏双掺固化处理高含水率疏浚淤泥试验研究

在传统水泥固化处理方法的基础上,提出用水泥-磷石膏双掺固化处理高含水率疏浚淤泥的方法,以期达到以废治废,将废弃高含水率疏浚淤泥经济合理转化为良质土资源的目的。系列室内试验的结果表明,磷石膏对疏浚淤泥固化土的增强效果显著,并存在一最佳掺量,最佳掺量随淤泥初始含水率增大而增大,水泥-磷石膏双掺固化土的应力-应变曲线表明,其破坏应变一般在2%～3%左右,变形系数E50与抗压强度近似呈线性递增关系。     

矿渣磷酸镁水泥的力学性能和水化机理

以高炉矿渣作为磷酸镁水泥(MPC)的活性混合材料,研究了MPC的凝固时间、力学性能、物相组成和显微结构,并探讨了矿渣MPC的作用机理。实验固定磷镁比为25%,硼镁比为7.5%,矿渣掺量分别为磷镁总质量的0%、10%、20%、30%和40%。结果表明,矿渣参与了水化反应并提高了MPC的胶凝性能,随着矿渣掺量增大,矿渣MPC的抗压强度提高,但矿渣水化产生的膨胀应力会破坏MPC的内部结构,因此其抗折强度随矿渣掺量增大而降低。矿渣MPC的主要水化产物为六水合磷酸镁铵(MgNH4PO4.6H2O),矿渣的掺入使凝胶相增加,并有部分Ca2+进入MgNH4PO4.6H2O晶格,使水化产物的形貌、大小发生变化。样品中剩余较多死烧镁和矿渣颗粒,可起骨料作用。     

含铀矿物对烃源岩生烃影响的热模拟研究

采用密闭容器加水的热模拟方法,从生烃组成特征、生烃量等方面,探讨了含铀矿物对烃岩热解生烃过程的影响.热模拟实验结果表明,在暗色泥岩和煤岩样品中加入含铀矿物后,气态烃和液态烃的生烃量都有比较明显的增加,其中煤岩的气态烃产量平均增加值为34%,而泥岩样品平均增加值也达到了30%以上.液态烃产率分析表明,含铀矿物也促进了泥岩和煤岩的液态烃产率.从泥岩氯仿沥青'A'族组成分析发现,加入催化剂后泥岩的饱和烃和芳烃在高温阶段具有规律性的明显增大的趋势,反映出非烃和沥青质甚至不溶有机质向相对稳定的饱和烃转化以及芳烃随演化程度增加的高聚合作用.综合以上分析,认为放射性铀对油气生成具有积极的意义.     

高寒地区水镁石纤维早强型水泥稳定碎石的路用性能研究

为了提高水泥稳定类基层在高寒地区的适用性,提出在基层中复掺基层早强剂和水镁石矿物纤维使其达到早强抗裂作用,通过研究其抗压强度、劈裂强度、收缩特性以及抗冻性能,分析水镁石矿物纤维在水泥稳定碎石中的作用机理。试验结果表明：复掺基层早强剂和水镁石矿物纤维后,20℃养护条件下基层3 d抗压强度与劈裂强度分别为其28 d的85%和76%,-15℃低温养护条件下3 d抗压强度与劈裂强度分别为其28 d的69%和68%;抗收缩性能在加入水镁石纤维后有较大提高,纤维掺量为4%时,干缩系数与温缩系数比未掺时分别降低约92%和48%;抗冻性能也因掺入水镁石纤维而有所改善,纤维掺量为4%时基层28 d冻融残留抗压强度比（BDR）为0.96%。复掺水镁石纤维与基层早强剂,既能有效保证高寒地区水稳碎石的强度,又能避免基层在干燥气候中的收缩开裂和在低温、变温环境中的温缩开裂,其中水镁石纤维最佳掺量为4%。     

Mineralogy and environmental geochemistry of historical iron slag,Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site,Pennsylvania, USA

The Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site in southeastern Pennsylvania, which features an Fe smelter that was operational in the 18th and 19th centuries, is dominated by three slag piles. Pile 1 slag, from the Hopewell Furnace, and pile 2 slag, likely from the nearby Cornwall Furnace, were both produced in cold-blast charcoal-fired smelters. In contrast, pile 3 slag was produced in an anthracite furnace. Ore samples from the nearby Jones and Hopewell mines that fed the smelter are mainly magnetite-rich with some sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite) and accessory silicates (quartz, garnet, feldspar, and clay minerals). Slag piles 1 and 2 are similar mineralogically containing predominantly skeletal and dendritic aluminian diopside and augite, skeletal forsteritic olivine, glass, rounded blebs of metallic Fe, and exotic quartz. Olivine is a major phase in all samples from pile 2, whereas it occurs in only a few samples from pile 1. Samples of the <2 mm-size fraction of surface composite slag material or crushed slag from at depth in piles 1 and 2 are mineralogically similar to the large surface slag fragments from those piles with the addition of phases such as feldspars, Fe oxides, and clay minerals that are either secondary weathering products or entrained from the underlying bedrock. Pile 3 slag contains mostly skeletal forsteritic olivine and Ti-bearing aluminian diopside, dendritic or fine-grained subhedral melilite, glass, euhedral spinel, metallic Fe, alabandite–oldhamite solid solution, as well as a sparse Ti carbonitride phase. The bulk chemistry of the slag is dominated by Al₂O₃ (8.5–16.2 wt.%), CaO (8.2–26.2 wt.%), MgO (4.2–24.7 wt.%), and SiO₂ (36.4–59.8 wt.%), constituting between 81% and 97% of the mass of the samples. Piles 1 and 2 are chemically similar; pile 1 slag overall contains the highest Fe₂O₃, K₂O and MnO, and the lowest MgO concentrations. Pile 3 slag is high in Al₂O₃, CaO and S, and low in Fe₂O₃, K₂O and SiO₂ compared to the other piles. In general, piles 1 and 2 are chemically similar to each other, whereas pile 3 is distinct – a conclusion that reflects their mineralogy. The similarities and differences among piles in terms of mineralogy and major element chemistry result from the different smelting conditions under which the slag formed and include the fuel source, the composition of the ore and flux, the type of blast (cold versus hot), which affects the furnace temperature, and other beneficiation methods.     

大冶李德贵冶炼遗址矿冶遗物分析

采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射等测试手段,对大冶李德贵冶炼遗址矿冶遗物进行了物理测试、成分分析和物相分析。物理测试结果表明,遗址炼渣的熔融温度高于1280℃;成分分析结果表明,李德贵炼渣中铜含量很低,远低于炼铜渣的铜含量;而其铁含量很高,与欧洲早期铁器时代和罗马时代的块炼铁渣相近;物相分析结果表明,李德贵炼渣的主要物相与炼铜渣没有区别,但炼铜渣中发现一些铜氧化矿和硫化矿。结合对其他冶炼遗物的分析,可以初步判断该冶炼遗址是一处炼铁遗址。工作台面上发现的炼渣与铁矿石的混合物,表明古人很可能已将炼渣回收利用,与铁矿石原料一起回炉冶炼。     

碱熔-离子色谱法同时测定玻璃中的氟和硫

玻璃样品中加入氢氧化钠,在700℃马弗炉中加热熔融,热水浸提,所得溶液通过OnGuardⅡAg/H柱后上机测定,消除加入的氯和碱的干扰,再经IonPac AG14柱和AS14柱分离,采用小体积的定量环直接进样,离子色谱法测定氟离子和硫酸根的含量。氟离子和硫酸根的线性范围分别为0.1～2μg/mL和0.5～20μg/mL,方法检出限氟为2.0 mg/kg和硫为1.0 mg/kg,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5.0%。实际玻璃样品用离子色谱法和化学法测定,两种分析方法的结果无显著性差异。     

X射线荧光光谱-X射线衍射-红外光谱联用技术鉴别锰矿与锰冶炼渣

鉴别锰矿与锰冶炼渣对于锰矿进口贸易和环境保护具有重要意义,由于锰冶炼渣与一些锰矿具有相似的元素组成,都含有锰和硅铝镁钙等杂质元素,仅从元素含量的高低无法准确将其鉴别。本文按国别收集我国主要进口锰矿及不同工艺的主要锰冶炼渣作为研究样品,应用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射及傅里叶变换红外光谱技术相结合,建立了锰矿与锰冶炼渣的鉴别方法。在元素组成上,锰冶炼渣的硅含量较高,水淬渣和空气冷却渣的钙含量较高。在物相上,锰矿的特征物相包括软锰矿、氧化锰、方锰矿、菱锰矿等;而锰冶炼渣因为经过冶炼的过程存在硅酸铁、锰橄榄石等特征峰,从而对样品属性进行鉴别。红外光谱显示,锰矿在600~400 cm~(-1)范围内有两个强吸收带,并单独或者同时在1420 cm~(-1)处有特征吸收峰;而锰冶炼渣在960 cm~(-1)左右有宽强吸收峰。本法建立了锰矿的物相谱图库及锰冶炼渣的物相特征,并充分利用红外光谱技术作了有力佐证,确定了锰矿及其冶炼渣的主要区别点。     

Lead isotopic and chalcophile element compositions in the environment near a zinc smelting–secondary zinc recovery facility,Palmerton, Pennsylvania,USA

The environment surrounding Palmerton, Pennsylvania is contaminated with Pb arising from primary Zn smelting and a process involving Zn recovery from electric arc steel furnace dusts. Lead isotope systematics have been used to distinguish primary Zn smelting Pb (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb∼18.4–18.5) from electric arc furnace dust lead (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb∼19.0–19.1). Primary Zn smelting is the dominant source of Pb in O2 horizon soils from undisturbed near-Palmerton locations, which contain up to 3570 ppm Pb and 782 ppm Cd. Soils from undeveloped near-Palmerton locations also exhibit unusually elevated concentrations of other sphalerite-derived chalcophilic elements (Se, Ag, In, Sb, Te, Au, Hg, Tl and Bi); indium concentrations of up to 17.0 ppm are observed therein. Residential soils and dusts from Palmerton contain Pb which is largely explainable via mixing of Pb from primary Zn smelting and electric arc furnace dusts. Approximately 80% of the Pb in airborne particulate matter sampled at Palmerton in 1991 is derived from electric arc furnace dusts, and atmospheric enrichment factors for Cu, Sb, Pb, and Bi are observed which confirm this major source contribution. Residential samples from a control location contain Pb which is less radiogenic than is found in Palmerton, and exhibit no unusual elevation in sphalerite elements. Lead source discrimination in the Palmerton environment via Pb isotopic and elemental constituents approaches result in parallel conclusions.     

Coal fly ash and steel slag valorisation throughout a vitrification process

The aim of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of using the vitrification process as an alternative solution to the disposal of a coal fly ash and metallurgical slags in landfills. The starting wastes were characterised in terms of chemical, granulometric, mineralogical, and microstructural analysis. A selected batch composition composed by 58.5% fly ash, 31.5% metallurgical slag and 10.0 Na₂O% (wt%) was melted at 1450 °C and poured to obtain monolithic glass samples. The environmental behaviour of the starting wastes and the resulting glass was evaluated by standard leaching tests, which shows that vitrification leads to a stabilisation process in which the inorganic components of the wastes are immobilised throughout their incorporation into the glass structure. Moreover, vitrification transforms those hazardous wastes into a new non-hazardous glass. A preliminary study shows that the new glass is suitable for developing glass–ceramic tiles appropriate for floor pavement and wall covering.     

Mineralogy and the release of trace elements from slag from the Hegeler Zinc smelter,Illinois (USA)

Slag from the former Hegeler Zn-smelting facility in Illinois (USA) is mainly composed of spinifex Ca-rich plagioclase, fine-grained dendritic or coarse-grained subhedral to anhedral clinopyroxenes, euhedral to subhedral spinels, spherical blebs of Fe sulfides, silicate glass, and less commonly fayalitic olivine. Mullite and quartz were also identified in one sample as representing remnants of the furnace lining. Secondary phases such as goethite, hematite and gypsum are significant in some samples and reflect surficial weathering of the dump piles or represent byproducts of roasting. A relatively rare Zn-rich material contains anhedral willemite, subhedral gahnite, massive zincite, hardystonite and a Zn sulfate (brianyoungite), among other phases, and likely represents the molten content of the smelting furnace before Zn extraction. The bulk major-element chemistry of most slag samples is dominated by SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ and CaO. The bulk composition of the slag suggests a high viscosity of the melt and the mineralogy suggests a high silica content of the melt. Bulk slag trace-element chemistry shows that the dominant metal is Zn with >28.4 wt.% in the Zn-rich material and between 212 and 14,900 mg/kg in the other slags. The concentrations of other trace elements reach the following: 45 mg/kg As, 1170 mg/kg Ba, 191 mg/kg Cd, 242 mg/kg Co, 103 mg/kg Cr, 6360 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Ni, and 711 mg/kg Pb.     

黄铁矿利用过程中铊的迁移特征

以静态浸泡、动态模拟淋滤和逐级提取作基础,结合工艺过程,研究了黄铁矿利用过程中铊的迁移特征.结果表明,铊在焙烧时主要随飞灰和炉渣迁移,少量以 TlF的气态形式迁移;铊从飞灰、炉渣和沉灰渣中的释放率与浸泡时间成正比,与 Ph值和粒径成反比 (沉灰渣新样除外 ),且新样铊的释放率大于陈样,浸泡样品铊的释放率大于淋滤样品.当样品中可提取态铊含量较高,或飞灰中不可提取态铊含量较高,且飞灰含有 HF、 SO2和 SO3时,铊容易迁移.当赋存在碳酸盐矿物中的铊含量较高时,铊在酸性条件下也容易迁移,而保持炉渣和沉灰渣的 Ph值中性或接近中性,可有效防止废渣中的铊淋滤进入环境.     

涡轮取芯钻进工艺在干热岩钻井中的应用

我国干热岩勘探刚刚起步。为准确评价干热岩型地热资源的资源量,需要钻获高质量的干热岩岩心,但目前针对高温、高硬度、高研磨工况下的干热岩取芯钻进工艺研究较少,严重制约了干热岩型地热资源的准确评价。为此,自主研发了Φ127 mm涡轮钻具,在福建漳州HDR-1井和青海共和GR1井进行了干热岩钻井取芯应用研究,研究验证了研发的涡轮钻具与KT-140取芯钻具的适配性、涡轮钻具与金刚石取芯钻头的匹配性,揭示了高温和硬岩井况下涡轮钻具工作特性,经受住了孔底236 ℃高温考验,钻获了高质量岩心,取得了涡轮钻具现场测试应用的各项参数;涡轮取芯钻进工艺与常规取芯钻进工艺相比,既充分发挥了涡轮钻具高转速的性能,也发挥了其耐高温、耐研磨、耐高地应力、使用寿命长和现场劳动强度低的特性,干热岩取芯钻速和质量大大提高。该工艺是高温深孔干热岩井下动力回转钻具驱动取芯钻头进行取芯钻进的首次成功尝试,为干热岩涡轮钻具复合取芯钻井技术的进一步科研攻关、现场试验与推广应用提供了宝贵的施工应用经验和借鉴,也将为我国干热岩科学钻探与深部地热资源勘探提供新的技术支撑。     

Adcumulus dunite growth in a laboratory thermal gradient

Laboratory experiments near 1450° C at 1 bar (QFM) on komatiite bulk composition show olivine and liquid in cumulus textures which evolve with experiment duration. Orthocumulus texture with settled olivine crystals separated by liquid matrix is developed within a day. Experiments quenched after a few days to a week show a progression of textures which include development of columns of olivine crystals separated by channels of liquid. Olivine grain sizes increase with the cube root of time suggesting that dissolution and reprecipitation of olivine may be involved in the organization into columns and channels. Experiments quenched after two weeks have well developed adcumulus texture. The basal polycrystalline granular olivine aggregate forms from the decay of the olivine columns. Melt expulsion from the aggregate can be virtually complete, leaving 1% or less of the melt originally present.Buoyancy-driven compaction of olivine is not the mechanism responsible for this textural evolution because the final basal aggregate sometimes contains vesicles. An addition proof of the inadequacy of buoyancy is provided by raising the crucible slightly above the thermal symmetry point of the furnace. The aggregate then compacts on top of a crystal-free liquid. The thermal gradients above and below the furnace hot spot are thought to be primarily responsible for the olivine redistributions observed. Diffusion of olivine components in the liquid is driven along a saturation gradient resulting from the temperature gradient. The process, called thermal migration in geological literature, is essentially the same as traveling solvent zone refining in metallurgy. Differential solubility and Soret fractionation both contribute to olivine redistribution to the cold region of the crystal-liquid aggregate. There may be some applications of these results to natural cumulate rock petrogenesis.