青藏高原冈底斯当穹错-许如错一带新近纪-第四纪地堑的基本特征

新近纪以来,印度板块-欧亚板块碰撞期后和抬升阶段发育的新构造和"老构造"的活化,在青藏高原冈底斯-念青唐古拉板片中主要表现为一系列南北向展布的张性构造带和北东、北西向展布的走滑断层,尤以南北向张性构造带活动最为明显,也是现今仍具强烈活动特点的构造带.当穹错-许如错南北向断裂带就是其中之一,由其控制的当穹错-许如错新近纪-第四纪地堑,南北长约190km,东西宽5～25 km,由当穹错、当惹雍错、许如错3个子盆地组成.盆缘断裂的形成始于新近纪,第四纪全新世仍有活动,由差异升降导致盆地沉积中心在地堑中自南往北具有由东→西→东的变化趋势,地震、地热等活动南强北弱,反映了青藏高原具整体有限隆升、局部差异升降、新构造活动南强北弱的特点.     

长江源区新生代地堑的构造特征与形成机制

长江源地区近南北走向的地堑构造是该区现今最为显著的构造现象,也是青藏高原迄今发现的同类构造发育的最北部地区.长江源地区地堑构造包括温泉、常错、当拉错纳玛和沱沱河4个规模较大的近南北向地堑.断层年代学和断陷盆地沉积作用研究结果表明,研究区伸展变形至少自中新世末-上新世初就已开始,对长江源地区现今的地貌格局、水系型式具有显著的制约作用.长江源区主要水系是沿南北走向的地堑构造和正断层侵蚀发育而成的.青藏高原新生代伸展地堑构造是高原经历早期地壳强烈缩短变形之后,在深部动力学机制作用下快速隆升的产物.     

长江源区新生代地堑的构造特征与形成机制

长江源地区近南北走向的地堑构造是该区现今最为显著的构造现象,也是青藏高原迄今发现的同类构造发育的最北部地区.长江源地区地堑构造包括温泉、常错、当拉错纳玛和沱沱河4个规模较大的近南北向地堑.断层年代学和断陷盆地沉积作用研究结果表明,研究区伸展变形至少自中新世末-上新世初就已开始,对长江源地区现今的地貌格局、水系型式具有显著的制约作用.长江源区主要水系是沿南北走向的地堑构造和正断层侵蚀发育而成的.青藏高原新生代伸展地堑构造是高原经历早期地壳强烈缩短变形之后,在深部动力学机制作用下快速隆升的产物.     

青藏高原冈底斯当穹错-许如错-带新近纪—第四纪地堑的基本特征

新近纪以来，印度板块-欧亚板块碰撞期后和抬升阶段发育的新构造和“老构造”的活化，在青藏高原冈底斯-念青唐古拉板片中主要表现为一系列南北向展布的张性构造带和北东、北西向展布的走滑断层，尤以南北向张性构造带活动最为明显，也是现今仍具强烈活动特点的构造带。当穹错-许如错南北向断裂带就是其中之一，由其控制的当穹错-许如错新近纪-第四纪地堑，南北长约190km，东西宽5～25km，由当穹错、当惹雍错、许如错3个子盆地组成。盆缘断裂的形成始于新近纪，第四纪全新世仍有活动，由差异升降导致盆地沉积中心在地堑中自南往北具有由东→西→东的变化趋势，地震、地热等活动南强北弱。反映了青藏高原具整体有限隆升、局部差异升降、新构造活动南强北弱的特点。     

西藏当惹雍错地区白榴石响岩的发现及地质意义

在1∶25万措麦区幅、邦多区幅地质调查中,于当惹雍错—许如错一带发现一套白榴石响岩类碱性火山岩岩石组合。白榴石响岩中获同位素K-Ar法年龄12.6Ma,时代为中新世。火山岩岩石组合、空间分布、喷发及岩石化学特征反映中新世当惹雍错—许如错为南北向地堑强烈拉张环境。碱性火山岩的成因与碰撞造山后板内变形有密切关系。     

长江源区新生代地堑的构造特征与形成机制

长江源地区近南北走向的地堑构造是该区现今最为显著的构造现象,也是青藏高原迄今发现的同类构造发育的最北部地区。长江源地区地堑构造包括温泉、常错、当拉错纳玛和沱沱河4个规模较大的近南北向地堑。断层年代学和断陷盆地沉积作用研究结果表明,研究区伸展变形至少自中新世末—上新世初就已开始,对长江源地区现今的地貌格局、水系型式具有显著的制约作用。长江源区主要水系是沿南北走向的地堑构造和正断层侵蚀发育而成的。青藏高原新生代伸展地堑构造是高原经历早期地壳强烈缩短变形之后,在深部动力学机制作用下快速隆升的产物。     

青藏高原西南部南北向构造研究的新见解

广泛分布在青藏高原西南部的南北向构造,是高原新生代陆内汇聚变形的重要组成部分。经过中外学者40余年研究,至今已取得许多重要进展并形成了一些共识,也存在若干分歧。作者对南北向构造研究及某些共识的不同意见是：①南北向构造不仅有伸展构造形迹,还有褶皱、逆断、叠加等挤压构造形迹;②不能用裂谷系代表所有的伸展构造,也不能用裂谷系、地堑系等伸展构造名称代表高原西南部的全部南北向构造形迹。建议采用＂南北向构造＂这一包容性强的中性名称;③南北向构造最早产生于始新世-渐新世;④首先产生南北向伸展构造的是藏北羌塘-青南地区而非喜马拉雅地区;⑤大致在渐新世末-中新世初,青藏高原曾出现过一次短暂的东西挤压应力场,生成了各式挤压构造变形形迹。本文的新见解既丰富了南北向构造的成份与内涵,又可以此将南北向构造划分为早期（E2-3）伸展、中期（E3末-N1初）挤压、晚期（中新世及以后）再伸展3个发生、发展期。     

西藏阿里地区多桑地堑的构造特征及成因机制

笔者以冈底斯构造带内部近南北向发育的多桑地堑带为代表,简述了多桑地堑带构造的组成及基本构造特征。根据该地堑两侧断隆山的发育特征及磷灰石、锆石裂变径迹测年结果,推断地堑的断陷活动时期始于中新世,直至第四纪仍有活动,对上新世-第四纪沉积起明显的控制作用。多桑地堑带的形成可能为前期南北向受力不均而产生共轭x节理,后期南北向挤压的持续进行使地壳隆升,当隆升到达一定程度后造成重力塌陷及下地壳物质的侧向流动产生纵向拉张作用,此时前期形成的共轭x节理追踪并部分贯通,最终形成多桑地堑,而横向上的区域断裂则可能控制地堑各区段拉伸宽窄的变化和沉降的不均匀性。     

青藏高原拉萨地块新生代超钾质岩与南北向地堑成因关系

青藏高原拉萨地块广泛分布有新生代超钾质岩,岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征表明这些超钾质岩来源于与古俯冲环境有着密切联系的含金云母的富集地幔源区,它们主要喷发于25~10 Ma。同时在拉萨地块分布有多条南北向地堑(裂谷),且它们的切割深度可能到达下地壳的深部甚至岩石圈地幔,它们主要形成于23~8 Ma。拉萨地块大多数超钾质岩沿着新生代的南北向地堑(裂谷)分布,并且它们在形成时代和空间分布上存在着明显的耦合性,结合沿着印度-雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布的中新世埃达克质岩,笔者认为这些超钾质岩很可能与中新世早期北向俯冲的印度岩石圈沿着印度-雅鲁藏布江缝合带附近发生断离,以及由此而引起拉萨地块东西向伸展构造活动产生的南北向地堑(裂谷)系统有关。     

青藏高原与南北向地堑相关的火成岩:对地堑成因的制约

南北向地堑(或称裂谷、正断层系)是青藏高原最显著的地貌特征之一,在高原南部可见有六条代表性的近南北向的地堑,其从两向东依次是亚热裂谷、塔口拉-隆格尔裂谷、当若雍错-许如错裂谷(古错-文部裂谷)、定结-申扎裂谷、亚东-羊八井裂谷和错那裂谷等,已有的研究显示,这些南北向地堑的形成从18 Ma(最早可能23 Ma?)延续到现代.     

西藏许如错地区洁居纳卓组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

在西藏许如错地区新识别出的洁居纳卓组为一套固结—半固结的粗碎屑岩建造。为探讨该地层的沉积时代和沉积物源,对1个砂岩样品进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学分析。获得了4组有效年龄:10.1~17.2Ma、41.7~72.2 Ma、77.9~87.8Ma、463~1610Ma。结合岩石组合特征、ESR测试结果和区域年龄资料,认为洁居纳卓组可能形成于上新世。物源分析结果显示,许如错以南的查孜及附近地区的林子宗群、布嘎寺组火山岩是洁居纳卓组沉积物质的主要来源,古新世—中新世的侵入岩和晚古生代地层也为其提供了少量的沉积物质。洁居纳卓组发育于许如错南北向地堑盆地之内,是上新世高原隆升在冈底斯地区的沉积响应,是青藏高原局部构造差异隆升的结果。     

西藏日喀则市查孜地热田地质构造特征与形成机制

查孜地热田位于冈底斯-念青唐古拉断块隆起区之当惹雍错-许如错南北向地堑区,区内岩浆岩分布较为广泛,活动性断裂较为发育,拥有形成地热的良好地质条件。结合区域地质背景和地热田地质及地球物理场的研究成果,分析了查孜地热田地热资源的形成背景、赋存条件和分布规律。研究表明,地热田的热储层为古近纪古-始新统火山岩。大气降水及融雪水的入渗补给为地热水提供了丰富的水源,活动性断裂构成了地热水深循环的通道,广泛分布的岩浆岩体为地热水提供热能来源,本区地下热水的成因类型可划归为岩浆岩-构造断裂型。     

Late Cenozoic Sedimentary Evolution of Pagri‐Duoqing Co graben,Southern End of Yadong‐Gulu Rift,Southern Tibet

The north trending rifts in southern Tibet represent the E–W extension of the plateau and confirming the initial rifting age is key to the study of mechanics of these rifts. Pagri–Duoqing Co graben is located at southern end of Yadong–Gulu rift, where the late Cenozoic sediments is predominately composed of fluvio-lacustrine and moraine. Based on the sedimentary composition and structures, the fluvio-lacustrine could be divided into three facies, namely, lacustrine, lacustrine fan delta and alluvial fan. The presence of paleo-currents and conglomerate components and the provenance of the strata around the graben indicate that it was Tethys Himalaya and High Himalaya. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating and paleo-magnetic dating suggest that the age of the strata ranges from ca. 1.2 Ma to ca. 8 Ma. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating showed that moraine in the graben mainly developed from around 181–109 ka (late Middle Pleistocene). Combining previous data about the Late Cenozoic strata in other basins, it is suggested that 8–15 Ma may be the initial rifting time. Together with sediment distribution and drainage system, the sedimentary evolution of Pagri could be divided into four stages. The graben rifted at around 15–8 Ma due to the eastern graben-boundary fault resulting in the appearance of a paleolake. Following by a geologically quiet period about 8–2.5 Ma, the paleolake expanded from east to west at around 8–6 Ma reaching its maximum at ca. 6 Ma. Then, the graben was broken at about 2.5 Ma. At last, the development of the glacier separated the graben into two parts that were Pagri and Duoqing Co since the later stages of the Middle Pleistocene. The evolution process suggested that the former three stages were related to the tectonic movement, which determined the basement of the graben, while the last stage may have been influenced by glacial activity caused by climate change.     

西藏许如错地区中全新世地震触发软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义

湖相沉积古地震研究是对地表破裂古地震研究的重要补充.通过详细的野外地质调查,在西藏许如错地区全新统湖相地层内新发现大量地震触发软沉积物变形构造(震积岩),层内发育液化脉、液化曲卷变形、液化角砾岩、液化水压构造、滴状体与锥状体、砾石丘、负载构造和火焰构造等软沉积变形标志,还发育同震断层、震裂缝和同震褶皱等同震构造标志.根据软沉积变形标志与震级之间的关系,结合历史地震统计液化颗粒范围,通过C14和光释光年龄测定,推测古地震事件发生在±7.5 ka,M_S>7.5级;填补了该区历史地震的空缺,为恢复青藏高原南北向地堑地震活动历史及迁移规律提供了素材.震积岩中见大量砾石液化现象,这对现阶段以砂土-粉砂土研究为主的砂土液化调查工作提出了新挑战.      

Miocene Tectonic Evolution from Dextral-Slip Thrusting to Extension in the Nyainqentanglha Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Dextral-slip in the Nyainqentangiha region of Tibet resulted in oblique underthrusting and granite generation in the Early to Middle Miocene, but by the end of the epoch uplift and extensional faulting dominated. The east-west dextral-slip Gangdise fault system merges eastward into the northeast-trending, southeast-dipping Nyainqentangiha thrust system that swings eastward farther north into the dextral-slip North Damxung shear zone and Jiali faults. These faults were took shape by the Early Miocene, and the large Nyainqentangiha granitic batholith formed along the thrust system in 18.3-11.0 Ma as the western block drove under the eastern one. The dextral-slip movement ended at -11 Ma and the batholith rose, as marked by gravitational shearing at 8.6-8.3 Ma, and a new fault system developed. Northwest-trending dextral-slip faults formed to the northwest of the raisen batholith, whereas the northeast-trending South Damxung thrust faults with some sinistral-slip formed to the southeast. The latter are replaced farther to the east by the west-northwest-trending Lhunzhub thrust faults with dextral-slip. This relatively local uplift that left adjacent Eocene and Miocene deposits preserved was followed by a regional uplift and the initiation of a system of generally north-south grabens in the Late Miocene at -6.5 Ma. The regional uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau thus appears to have occurred between 8.3 Ma and 6.5 Ma. The Gulu, Damxung-Yangbajain and Angan graben systems that pass east of the Nyainqentangiha Mountains are locally controlled by the earlier northeast-trending faults. These grabens dominate the subsequent tectonic movement and are still very active as northwest-trending dextral-slip faults northwest of the mountains. The Miocene is a time of great tectonic change that ushered in the modern tectonic regime.     

碎屑锆石对班公湖地区晚侏罗世-早白垩世沉积物源的制约

本文对班公湖地区中生代沙木罗组（J3—K1s）和日松组（J3r）地层的碎屑锆石进行了形态学及U-Pb年代学的研究。结果表明：锆石颗粒粒径约为100～150 μm,内部结构清晰,晶体为长柱状,自形程度较高,多数锆石不含暗色包体及浑圆形内核; 有些锆石颗粒有扇型分带结构。Th/U比值较大,多数大于0.1,均值约为0.86,说明岩浆的成因以锆石为主体,部分颗粒或晶体可能为变质成因; 锆石年龄主要分布在6个区间范围内： 1）180～100 Ma, 2）350～180 Ma, 3）600～450 Ma, 4）1100～600 Ma, 5）1800～1400 Ma, 6）2200～1800 Ma。锆石U-Pb年龄谱对应了羌塘地块经历的几次构造热事件,验证了晚侏罗世—早白垩世班公湖地区的物源主要来自其北部的羌塘地块。     

Late Cenozoic Chemical Weathering and Environmental Changes Recorded in the Co Ngoin Sediments,Central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

A series of faulted inland basins were developed in the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, among which the Co Ngoin Basin containing thick lacustrine sediments is located in the peripheral area of the Indian monsoon. In this paper, we present the weathering history and paleoclimatic changes in the last 2.8 Ma based on studies of high-resolution temporal distributions of Sr, Rb and Zr concentrations, Rb/Sr and Zr/Rb ratios and δ ^13C and TOC for the Co Ngoin sediments, in combination with the sediment properties, grain size distribution and clay mineralogy. The sedimentary records indicate three environmental stages in the last 2.8Ma. At the core depth of 197-170m (about 2.8-2.5Ma), low-intensity chemical weathering in the Co Ngoin catchment was experienced under warm-dry to cool-wet climate conditions with relatively low Sr concentration and high Rb/Sr and Zr/Rb ratios. The sudden occurrence of both subalpine coniferous forest and coarses and and gravel sediments in the Co Ngoin core reflects a strong tectonic uplift. The high Sr concentrations and low Rb/Sr and Zr/Rb ratios reflect a relatively strong chemical weathering between 2.5Ma and 0.8Ma (at the core depth of 170-38.5m) under a temperate/cool and wet climate, characterized by mud and silt with fine sand, probably indicating a stable process of denudation and planation of the plateau. Above the depth of 38.5m (about 0.8-0Ma), the coarsening of sediments indicates a strong tectonic uplift and a relatively low intensity of chemical weathering as supported by the record of sediments having relatively low Sr concentrations and high Rb/Sr and Zr/Rb ratios. Since then, the plateau has taken the shape of the modern topographic pattern above 4000m a.s.l.     

Cretaceous to Cenozoic evolution of the northern Lhasa Terrane and the Early Paleogene development of peneplains at Nam Co,Tibetan Plateau

Highly elevated and well-preserved peneplains are characteristic geomorphic features of the Tibetan plateau in the northern Lhasa Terrane, north–northwest of Nam Co. The peneplains were carved in granitoids and in their metasedimentary host formations. We use multi-method geochronology (zircon U–Pb and [U–Th]/He dating and apatite fission track and [U–Th]/He dating) to constrain the post-emplacement thermal history of the granitoids and the timing and rate of final exhumation of the peneplain areas. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb geochronology of zircons yields two narrow age groups for the intrusions at around 118 Ma and 85 Ma, and a third group records Paleocene volcanic activity (63–58 Ma) in the Nam Co area. The low-temperature thermochronometers indicate common age groups for the entire Nam Co area: zircon (U–Th)/He ages cluster around 75 Ma, apatite fission track ages around 60 Ma and apatite (U–Th)/He ages around 50 Ma. Modelling of the thermochronological data indicates that exhumation of the basement blocks took place in latest Cretaceous to earliest Paleogene time. By Middle Eocene time the relief was already flat, documented by a thin alluvial sediment sequence covering a part of the planated area. The present-day horst and graben structure of the peneplains is a Late Cenozoic feature triggered by E–W extension of the Tibetan Plateau. The new thermochronological data precisely bracket the age of the planation to Early Eocene, i.e. between ca. 55 and 45 Ma. The erosional base level can be deduced from the presence of Early Cretaceous zircon grains in Eocene strata of Bengal Basin. The sediment generated during exhumation of the Nam Co area was transported by an Early Cenozoic river system into the ocean, suggesting that planation occurred at low elevation.     

Geology of the northern side of the Gulf of Edremit and its tectonic significance for the development of the Aegean grabens

This paper describes the Neogene evolution of northwestern Anatolia based on geological data collected in the course of a new mapping program. The geological history of the region, as recorded by the Neogene sedimentary and magmatic rocks that overlie the Paleozoic–Triassic basement, began after a lake invasion during the Early Miocene period with the deposition of shale-dominated successions. They were accompanied by calc-alkaline intermediate lavas and pyroclastic rocks ejected through NNE trending fractures and faults. The Lower–Middle Miocene successions were deformed under a compressional regime at the end of the Middle Miocene. The deposition of the overlying Upper Miocene–Lower Pliocene successions was restricted to within NE–SW trending graben basins. The graben bounding faults are oblique with a major strike-slip displacement, formed under approximately the N–S extension. The morphological irregularities formed during the Miocene graben formations were obliterated during a severe erosional phase to the end of the deposition of this lacustrine succession. The present E–W graben system as exemplified from the well-developed Edremit graben, postdates the erosional phase, which has formed during the Plio-Quaternary period.