Bottled natural mineral waters in Romania

Different from drinking water supplied by the municipal network or from other bottled waters, all of which undergo some kind of prior treatment in order to become potable, the natural mineral water is an ecologically pure product, that by virtue of its composition may induce beneficial health effects. According to the EC Directive 80/777, the main criteria used for defining the natural mineral water refer to its original purity and its adequate protection against any pollution hazard. In Romania, mineral water consumption is an old tradition. The geological setting and the existence of unpolluted areas favored the development of mineral water sources of an outstanding quality, many of which include also carbon dioxide in natural state. The present work presents the main sources of bottled mineral water in Romania, classified as a function of total mineral content, ionic composition and carbon dioxide content. There are also forwarded forecasts concerning the medium term evolution of the structure of the bottled mineral water market in Romania.     

Hydrogeochemical evaluation of Western Anatolian mineral waters

Turkey lies on the Alpine-Himalayan belt which is one of the most important geothermal belts in the World. Therefore, there are numerous mineral waters in Anatolia where geological and tectonic activities are intense. Archeological studies conducted in Anatolia, which is the cradle of various civilizations, reveal the fact that mineral water has been used as a spa in many areas.The scope of this study is to evaluate mineral waters in Western Anatolia and their use in thermal resorts for balneological purposes. In this respect, 50 thermal waters used in spa centers were analyzed for various physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters.Among the 50 waters tested, 40 are thermomineral waters while 10 are acratothermal waters. Some of these waters have distinct chemical compositions. Their temperatures are between 21 and 90 °C. Various types of mineral water source occur within this region: 5 of these are sulfurous, 1 has carbon dioxide, 29 have fluorine, 1 has iodine and 3 are saliferous. The thermomineral sources with saline characteristics have balneotherapy potential for treating skin illnesses including psoriasis and rheumatological illnesses.Some waters with appreciable bicarbonate and sulfate concentrations can also be used for balneotherapy; for example for use as a cure for chronic inflammatory diseases of gastrointestinal and urinary systems. They could also be used as a cure for prophylactic and metaphylactic treatment of urolithiasis.However, among 38 sampling sites, 12 sites are bacteriologically contaminated. This indicates that regulations governing the protection of such zones are not properly enforced and that water sources within these regions are not sufficiently protected or inspected.     

山西省热矿水形成机制分析

本文以系统理论为指导，在深入研究地质北景的基础上，通过研究热矿水的含水介质，水动力场，水化学物和温度场的特征，划分了热矿水系统，探讨了热矿水的起源及形成机制，将山西热矿水的形成归纳为异常增温型和正常增温型两种基本模式，异常增温型又根据地质结构的不同，地下水径流条件的差异，列举了三种典型模式，最后指出了寻找热矿水的方向，开发利用热矿资源应注意的问题。     

Groundwater protection in Mediterranean countries after the European water framework directive

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) has driven the protection of groundwater and characterization of water bodies. Development of appropriate and efficient approaches which consider the special features of the hydrologic regime is essential. The results of different projects that have been carried out to integrate characterization and protection of water bodies are summarized herein. In the Les eaux de la Mediterranée (AQUAMED) Project, applicability to the Mediterranean Region of guidelines provided by the European Commission to facilitate the WFD implementation has been verified. The Background criteria for the identification of groundwater thresholds (BRIDGE) Project developed a methodology to establish threshold values of pollutants contributing to the chemical status of groundwater bodies. This method has been applied to pollutants used to classify groundwater bodies as at risk of not achieving objectives of the WFD. Selected features of protection areas for drinking water and safeguard zones are analyzed, as well as the possibility of using wellhead protection areas.     

抚松县仙人桥热矿泉水特征与开发利用前景

简要介绍了抚松县仙人桥热矿泉水的地质背景、形成和赋存条件,对水量、水质进行了评价,同时对热矿泉水的医疗保健作用进行了简述。并为开发利用指明了思路和方向。     

不同景观区水化学方法普查隐伏多金属矿的应用结果

水是化学元素迁移的一种主要营力,其溶解物质影响水体的pH值高低,pH值又控制着元素迁移的习性。水中化学元素的含量受景观条件的制约,但矿化类型是元素组合的决定因素。本文在两个地区的试验研究结果论证了水化学方法在气候潮湿、地表污染严重地区测量结果在指示找矿方面的可靠性,同时也证明了在半干旱的风成沙覆盖区进行找矿的作用。经研究总结,确定不同矿化类型水化学指标,肯定了方法的效果,并发现了找矿的有利地段。     

Hydrologic and geoenvironmental characterization of wetlands in quarries of the Vinalopó Mitjà (Alicante, Spain)

This paper deals with the environmental characterization of the “Collao de Candela” enclave (Alicante, SE Spain), which in the early 1980s reported strong mining activity mainly due to the extraction of marls. The subsequent abandonment of such quarries produces floods in depressed areas that are constituted as pools. These anthropogenic wetlands are the object of this research. In order to characterize the geometry of the studied wetlands a bathymetry was carried out. Bathymetric data are very important for water managers tasked with assessing wetlands’ status. A chemical and mineralogical characterization has been carried out on the lithologies in the study area. A study was also conducted of the physical and chemical parameters of the waters contained in these pools during one hydrologic cycle. The climate of the zone, having elevated evapotranspiration measurements, favors a progressive concentration of salts in the pools consequence of runoff water washing, the evaporitic sediments as well as from elevated evaporation. The results obtained justify the environmental protection of these marl-gypsum mining quarries as potential wetlands.     

深圳市东湖矿泉水形成机理探讨

深圳市东湖矿泉水是自然界十分稀少的锶—锌—偏硅酸碳酸复合型矿泉水，通过对矿泉水赋存地的地质与水文地质条件的分析，并结合其水文地球化学特征，认为东湖矿泉水形成的主要控制性因素是构造作用和变质作用；在特定的水文地质条件下，深部碳酸盐类岩石受热硅化变质而产生大量CO2气体，使得各种化学元素在含有大量CO2的地下水的溶滤作用下不断迁移和富集而形成该区地下水中良好的元素组合。在其特征成分中，偏硅酸来自裂隙渗透水的溶滤和岩浆期后热液水的作用，微量元素锶主要来源于钾长石、钙长石，锌则主要来自岩浆活动以及岩脉中的黑云母、角闪石、辉石等铁镁硅酸盐矿物；并认为目前矿泉水含水层仍处于良好的地质环境保护下。     

川滇高原斜坡地带峡谷区岩溶水化学特征及演化规律

岩溶地下水不仅作为重要的生活和生产用水水源,而且作为一种重要的地质营力,对于岩溶演化史具有重要影响,对其进行水化学特征分析及演化规律研究,能够为岩溶水资源及岩溶生态环境保护提供科学依据。以川滇高原斜坡地带峡谷区岩溶地下水为研究对象,结合研究区水文地质条件,对比分析了龙爪坝河岩溶水系统和洛泽河岩溶水系统内地下水化学特征。通过常规地下水化学组分、氢氧同位素分析和水文地球化学反向模拟,识别了地下水化学类型,确定了岩溶水的主要离子来源和补给特征,判别了发生的水岩相互作用过程。研究表明：岩溶地下水以大气降水为补给来源,离子源于岩石风化作用,物质来源为灰岩、白云岩夹灰岩,水岩相互作用均受方解石、白云石和石膏沉淀及溶解作用控制,且龙爪坝河岩溶水系统内矿物饱和指数趋近饱和,岩溶发育趋于停滞,而洛泽河岩溶水系统内矿物饱和指数处于不饱和或饱和的波动态,岩溶仍然发育。     

新疆氯铜矿的发现及其意义

在新疆“三○五”项目的研究工作中，发现了氯铜矿（Atacamite）Cu2（OH）3Cl，其化学成分、粉晶数据、红外吸收光谱、差热分析和物理特征等与标准氯铜矿（智利）基本一致。这是我国首次在自然界发现的氯铜矿。它和本区一系列卤化物的发现，从某种程度上反映了该区成矿环境，表明在该区可以通过原生卤素晕寻找铜矿床和银矿床，具有非常重要的意义。     

贵州热矿水热储温度的估算

本文根据贵州热矿水的有关水化学组成，进行了有关水－岩平衡的判断；应用常用的石英，玉髓，Ｎａ－Ｋ、Ｎａ－Ｋ－Ｃａ和Ｋ－Ｍｇ地热地球化学温标估算了这些热矿水的热储温度。根据这些温标的原理和贵州热矿水的实际，讨论了有关温标的适用性和估算结果的可靠性。推断了贵州热矿水的热储温度。     

湖南省矿山生态环境污染防治现状及其恢复治理研究

简述了湖南省矿山生态环境污染破坏的现状,即矿业废水、废气、废渣污染,矿山开采以及由其引发的次生地质灾害对土地的占用和对植被的破坏等;介绍了湖南省短期(2003～2010年)和长期(2010～2015年)恢复治理的重点区域、重点工程以及实现矿山生态环境保护与恢复治理任务所需要的政策措施和技术措施.     

太原盆地西温庄隆起硫酸盐型岩溶热矿水成因研究

太原盆地是新生代断陷盆地, 盆地内受南北和东西多组断层控制形成了多个断垒、断块, 岩溶热矿水主要分布在三给地垒以南和田庄断裂以北的区域。岩溶热矿水的主力产水层为奥陶系的峰峰组和上、下马家沟组的碳酸盐岩储层。项目组采集了18个地热水样品, 同时收集了已有文献中的9个地热水和3个地下冷水的水化学数据。根据分析化验结果, 岩溶热矿水的水化学类型为SO₄-Ca ·Mg型。根据热矿水中的离子浓度关系和主要矿物的饱和度指数可以推断水化学类型主要受石膏层的影响。地下水溶滤过程中除了方解石与白云石溶解作用外, 石膏的溶解作用占主导地位。根据矿物饱和度指数, 石膏溶解产生过多Ca2+以及热矿水温度的升高还导致了方解石或者白云石更加饱和, 可能发生沉淀。西温庄隆起内的岩溶热矿水混合了古水, 年龄均大于20 000 a, 岩溶热储温度为72.6~91.1 ℃, 循环深度为2123~2663 m。长时间的水岩相互作用, 为热矿水的形成提供传导加热的时间和丰富的矿物质组分。西温庄隆起作为岩溶热矿水温度、TDS以及锶浓度的高值区, 是盆地内热矿水的汇水区, 同时也是区域热矿水条件最好的区域。TDS和Sr浓度升高趋势反映了地下水从补给区到盆地内排泄区明显的溶滤作用, 并且发生了由低TDS的HCO₃-Ca ·Mg型地下冷水往高TDS的SO₄-Ca ·Mg型岩溶热矿水的发展。     

Geochemical patterns and origin of alkaline thermal waters in Central Greece (Platystomo and Smokovo areas)

This study investigates the origin and chemical composition of the thermal waters of Platystomo and Smokovo areas in Central Greece as well as any possible relationships of them to the neighboring geothermal fields located in the south-eastern part of Sperchios basin. The correlations between different dissolved salts and the temperature indicate that the chemical composition of thermal waters are controlled by, the mineral dissolution and the temperature, the reactions due to CO₂ that originates possibly by diffusion from the geothermal fields of Sperchios basin and the mixing of thermal waters with fresh groundwater from karst or shallow aquifers. Two major groups of waters are recognized on the basis of their chemistry: thermal waters of Na–HCO₃–Cl type and thermal waters mixed with fresh groundwater of Ca–Mg–Na–HCO₃ type. All thermal waters of the study area are considered as modified by water–rock interaction rainwater, heated in depth and mixed in some cases with fresh groundwater when arriving to the surface. Trace elements present low concentrations. Lithium content suggests discrimination between the above two groups of waters. Boron geochemistry confirms all the above remarks. Boron concentration ranges from 60 μg L^?1 to 10 mg L^?1, while all samples’ constant isotopic composition (δ¹¹B ≈ 10 ‰) indicates leaching from rocks. The positive correlation between the chemical elements and the temperature clearly indicates that much of the dissolved salts are derived from water–rock interactions. The application of geothermometers suggests that the reservoir temperature is around 100–110 °C. Chalcedony temperatures are similar to the emergent temperatures and this is typical of convective waters in fault systems in normal thermal gradient areas.     

The Composition Microstructure and Physico-chemical Properties of Marine Soil in South China Sea

In this paper, mineral composition, microstructure, cementing materials, physico-chemical properties of marine soil are systematically investigated and chemical composition of sea water are analysed. Soil samples for this study are obtained from three areas: Weizhou Island, Hainan Island, Nansa Islands in South China Sea. Experimental results indicate that the mineral composition of marine soil mainly consists of ellite, chlorite, kaolinite and quartz, the cementing materials contains free oxides, carbonate and organic matter, the variety of microstructure is also revealed. The properties mentioned above would be the main causes of special engineering characters of marine soil.     

南海海洋土的成份结构和物化性质

本文系统地研究了海洋土的矿物组成、微观结构、胶结物质、物化性质和海水的化学成份。研究的土样采自南海三个海域:涠洲岛、南沙群岛和海南岛。研究结果表明,南海海洋土的矿物成份主要为伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和石英;主要胶结物质是游离氧化物、碳酸盐和有机质;微观结构复杂多变。以上这些特征是形成海洋土特殊工程性质的主要原因。     

The study of unfrozen water in volcanic ashes (Kamchatka)

The results of the study of unfrozen water in frozen volcanic ashes of different ages and mineral compositions from Kamchatka are discussed. The results of thermal analysis of chemical and granulometric composition are presented and discussed.     

皖南黄山地区矿泉水资源分布及成因

皖南黄山地区多处区域赋存有丰富的天然矿泉水资源,类型多为重碳酸钙型含偏硅酸矿泉水。该地区的矿泉水资源分布与岩浆岩体的分布密切相关,且主要与印支期（晚三叠世）岩浆活动形成的花岗闪长岩有关,在花岗闪长岩分布区普遍赋存含偏硅酸饮用天然矿泉水。研究区矿泉水受断裂构造控制,赋存于花岗闪长岩的构造裂隙、节理裂隙和风化网状裂隙中,系地下水在深循环过程中经较充分的水岩作用而形成。分析研究该地区矿泉水资源的分布和成因,对其开发利用具有一定的指导意义。     

广西合浦清水江高岭土矿的矿物学研究

广西合浦清水江高岭土矿床属花岗岩蚀变型.在区域地质背景概况调查及矿区地质特征、矿石自然品级分布研究的基础上,在矿区内7个不同地点采集样品并分离提纯.样品的X射线粉晶衍射分析表明黏土矿物主要由高岭石和伊利石组成;热分析显示了矿物的相变过程;扫描电镜观察显示高岭石为片状;其化学成分以比较低的铁、钛含量为特征;漂白作用对黄色和红色黏土的白度改善非常明显,小于2μm的颗粒分布占80%左右.这些特征表明广西合浦清水江高岭土的品质优良,具有广阔的开发利用前景.     

The thermal and mineral springs of Aitoloakarnania Prefecture: function mechanism and origin of groundwater

The study area is located in the northwestern part of Greece, in Aitoloakarnania prefecture. In this region, where no volcanic activity exists, thermal springs such as Kremasta and Kokkino Stefani, well-known for their healing properties occur. The objective of this study was the investigation of these springs, as well as the study of the chemical composition and origin of water. Relationships between these springs were also examined. The geological setting of the area comprises sedimentary rocks of the Pindos, Gavrovo-Tripolis and Ionian geotectonic zones, deformed by orogenic movements followed by Neogene extensional tectonism. The thermal and mineral springs were classified into three main groups. The first group is characterized by Ca-HCO₃ water type and low water temperatures. It corresponds to the springs that are hosted in the Ionian zone and their possible enrichment in SO₄ is mainly attributed to the evaporites. The other two groups consist of alkaline thermal water mainly hosted in the formations of Gavrovo-Tripolis zone. In these two groups, the very strong reducing conditions that prevail are expressed by high amounts of NH₃ and H₂S. Moreover, Na, F, Li, Sr and Ba display elevated concentrations. The second includes mineral waters of (Ca)-Na-HCO₃ type that are depleted in calcium. Their residence time is rather long and they originate from deep water circulation through siliceous rocks. The third group includes thermal waters of Ca-Mg-Na-HCO₃ water type of higher water temperatures that reveal characteristics of deep circulation directly associated with the underlain limestones.