基于断裂构造遥感影像特征对比分析的花山岩体与姑婆山岩体成因关联性探讨

花山花岗岩体与姑婆山花岗岩体是广西桂东地区相邻的2个花岗岩体,与该地区多金属成矿的关系密切,探明它们的成因关系对扩大桂东地区有色金属矿产资源的找矿前景具有实际意义。由于花岗岩体断裂构造的形成与花岗岩体成岩地质作用关系密切,因而通过其空间分布特征来分析比较相邻岩体的断裂构造特征有助于对岩体成因关联性的探讨。以ETM+遥感图像为信息源,在对花山和姑婆山花岗岩体遥感图像开展了SN,EW,NE和NW这4个方向的线性构造信息提取基础上,对2个岩体的遥感线性构造进行了对比统计分析、对比玫瑰花图分析、对比等密度图分析以及对比趋势面模拟岩体断裂构造应力场分布分析,最后通过综合分析获得2岩体在成因上所具有的关联性及差异性。     

油气圈闭遥感影像模式在××地区油气勘查中的应用

按照油气微渗漏理论, 利用TM数据同已知油气田进行相关分析, 优选波段变量组合, 进行图像处理, 可以获得和建立反映油气水分布主趋势的色调异常影像模式。这些色调异常的形成, 除了与油气圈闭相伴的油田水类型及总矿化度有关外, 同时还受地貌和地表、地下水排泄条件、第四条沉积、植被等因素影响和干扰。在相同含油气条件下的不同地物具有相同的色调显示, 在不同含油气条件下的相同地物却具有不同色调特征, 因此, 遥感图像上的色调异常必然具有一定的多解性。为了减少单一色调异常的多解性, 必须同时利用遥感图像中的线性体和环形构造信息, 建立油气圈闭的线性体-环形构造-色调异常影像模式进行油气预测。     

遥感图像线性特征的交互式提取

遥感图像线性特征的交互式卷积增强提取过程,分为预处理、方向卷积滤波、平滑与噪声压缩、线性体的交互式提取、总线性体图的制作和线性体与原图像的叠合六个步骤。本文简要介绍了该方法的实施过程,分析了其优缺点,并以山东蒙阴和安徽铜陵地区MSS图像线性体提取为例,说明该法的地质应用效果。     

小秦岭地区遥感线性构造密集带与金矿关系分析及找矿预测

小秦岭地区地质构造格架为新太古界片麻岩穹窿,燕山期岩浆活动强烈,为岩浆热液型金矿密集分布区。金矿床的成矿与赋存与石英脉和蚀变糜棱岩的分布位置密切相关,在ETM+遥感图像中多表现为线性、平行线性密集带等韧性、韧-脆性剪切带构造特征。因此,开展小秦岭地区遥感线性构造、特别是线性构造密集带分布特征研究对该地区金矿找矿预测具有重要的指导意义。基于以上认识,以ETM+图像为基础图像,对小秦岭地区线性构造密集带和燕山期环形构造进行遥感解译,分析了该地区金矿床(点)的分布位置、成矿背景和找矿规律,编制了该地区金矿成矿遥感特征条件有利度图,进行了该地区金矿的遥感找矿预测,为河南省矿产资源潜力评价中的小秦岭地区金矿找矿工作提供了参考依据。     

苏门答腊岛DMC多光谱数据地质应用初步分析

利用灾后苏门答腊岛DMC32米多光谱遥感图像,经过几何精校正、主要地名标注、波段B2(R)、B1(G)、B3(B)组合和直方图正态增强处理制作了影像图,图像总体纹理信息较弱,但对海啸受灾区有突出作用。为了突出不同区域植被的色差和纹理信息,对影像图进行比值增强组合处理实验,比值增强处理后的图像对空间纹理有增强效果。依据DMC增强图像显示的纹理影像特征,通过人机交互方式对图像中有较明显规律的线状和环状纹理信息进行提取和制图,作为进一步分析该地区构造活动及与之相关地质灾害的基础依据。通过对图像的纹理信息综合分析,发现该地区存在着大量的线形纹理信息和一些环形和火山机构影像信息,这些影像特征可能与该地区的一些地质活动有关,如新构造运动、活动断裂和火山活动中心、火山机构等。结合已知的地质、遥感三维立体图像和早期的TM图像资料,根据遥感图像上显示的特殊的地形和水系、线性纹理分布特征和典型地质体与断裂构造的遥感解译标志,对部分线性影像和环状影像的地质意义进行了解译,认为北西断裂为岛内的主干断裂,其次是与其相垂直配套的北东向断裂。初步分析了可能控制或诱发该地区地质灾害的断裂分布特征,推断出三处泥石流、崩塌、滑坡等地质灾易发区和两处火山活动可能区域。所推断的地质灾害易发区具备了泥石流、崩塌、滑坡等灾害形成、流通、堆积等先决条件,如果植被遭到破坏,一旦遇到强降雨影响,极有可能诱发上述地质灾害。火山活动区均处于北东向断裂带与北西向断裂带的交汇部位,根据地质构造和遥感影像特征分析推断,区内地震及火山活动有可能受板块活动地震影响而再次激活,形成新的地质灾害。以上遥感地质信息,在进一步经过相关资料和实地调查证实后,对岛内灾后重建及减灾、抗灾等活动具有积极指导意义。     

油气勘探中的化探遥感综合评价技术

油气化探和油气遥感虽然是两种不同的油气勘查方法,但二者在油气勘查中具有相辅相成的关系。地表化探异常与遥感影像异常的空间分布具有一致性,综合评价化探异常与遥感异常的油气指示意义,可提高油气勘探效率。     

Contourlet方向区域相关性的遥感图像融合

对遥感图像经Contourlet变换后的高频子带系数分布的方向特征进行统计分析,发现遥感图像经Contourlet变换后高频系数的分布具有较强的方向区域特征,在此基础上,提出一种基于Contourlet系数方向区域相关性的遥感图像融合算法,该算法首先对多光谱图像经IHS变换后的亮度分量和全色图像分别进行Contourlet变换,然后以多光谱图像亮度分量的低频信息作为融合图像亮度分量的低频信息,通过计算并比较全色图像的高频系数和对应的多光谱图像亮度分量的高频系数的方向区域匹配度确定融合图像亮度分量的高频信息;最后经过Contourlet逆变换和IHS逆变换获得融合图像。实验结果表明,该算法在提高融合图像空间分辨率的同时能够更好地保留原始多光谱图像的光谱信息,与传统遥感图像融合算法相比,该算法具有较好的融合图像信息熵和清晰度,具有一定的实用性。     

内蒙古东乌旗遥感构造和蚀变信息提取与找矿预测

为了研究内蒙古东乌旗Pb-Zn-Ag多金属成矿区的找矿远景,在对Landsat7 ETM+数据进行几何纠正、大气校正和去干扰等预处理的基础上,对多波段假彩色合成图像做滤波处理以增强区域构造信息、进行线性构造解译;运用分形几何学原理和计盒维数法求取线性构造分维值,得到线性构造的统计自相似性和分形特征;采用主成分分析和阈值分割法对图像进行铁染、羟基蚀变信息提取;最后根据区内线性构造、遥感蚀变信息、岩体分布特征、区域地球化学异常和已知矿床(点)分布资料综合分析,圈定出3个级别的7个找矿预测区,再次证实了基于遥感图像的线性构造和遥感蚀变异常信息可以作为找矿预测的标志.     

基于ALI数据的柴达木油气区含铁矿物制图

烃类微渗漏造成的油气藏上方红层褪色是遥感间接找油气的重要标志之一，因此，在油气遥感勘探中，含铁矿物的分布制图和铁异常信息的提取至关重要。作为新一代的多光谱图像，ALI（Advanced Land Imager）和ETM+图像相比，光谱分辨率有了很大提高，它在0.4~1.3 μm波长范围内有7个波段，可以有效地反映出不同含铁矿物在此波长范围内独特的光谱特征，可以用于含铁矿物制图和铁异常信息提取。本文选取有天然气分布的柴达木盆地东部三湖地区为研究区，对ALI图像运用光谱角度制图方法进行含铁矿物分布制图。     

西藏尕尔穷铜金矿多光谱遥感地质特征与外围找矿预测

尕尔穷铜金矿的发现是近年来在西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带西段取得的重要找矿突破之一,目前已发现的矿体类型主要有接触交代矽卡岩型和构造破碎带型2种。前人在该区的研究已经注意到矽卡岩与花岗斑岩的成生联系,斑岩型矿产的成矿潜力较大。该文利用多光谱遥感图像,以寻找区内斑岩型矿床为目标,开展了线性构造、环形构造、铁帽类色要素和围岩分带的遥感解译,基于主成分分析法提取了遥感羟基异常和铁染异常。研究结果表明:区内主要发育NW-NNW向、NE-NNE向和近SN向3组线性构造;环形构造按组合样式可划分为5个环形构造系;铁帽类色要素与遥感异常较吻合;区内围岩分带较复杂,但多属斑岩铜矿成矿的有利围岩。综合分析认为,5个环形构造系为进一步找矿的重点区域。     

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Groundwater Level and its Relation to Drainage and Intrusive Rocks in a part of Nalgonda District,Andhra Pradesh,India

Drainage and lineaments play an important role in the flow of groundwater. The objective of this study is to assess the groundwater level and its relation to drainage and lineaments in a hard rock region of a part of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, southern India. The region predominantly comprise of granites and gneisses. Groundwater level was measured in 42 representative wells in this study area from March 2008 to January 2010 once in every two months. Observed groundwater levels were compared with drainage and dyke density. Groundwater level fluctuation in low drainage density region is generally greater than those in moderate and high drainage density regions. The dykes do not act as barriers for groundwater flow as they are highly weathered. The quantity and flow of groundwater in this region is predominantly controlled by drainage density, intensity of weathering and presence of fractures. Thus the study indicate that the drainage density play a major role in groundwater level fluctuation and as the dykes are weathered, they do not affect the groundwater flow in this shallow unconfined aquifer.     

Statistical analysis and tectonic interpretation of the remotely sensed lineament fabric data associated with the North Almora Thrust,Garhwal Himalaya,India

A geostatistical analysis of the remotely-sensed lineament fabric data associated with the North Almora Thrust of Garhwal Himalaya has been carried out The analysis of data provided 18 major orientations of the lineament density girdles. Further statistical treatment of these derived lineaments using the method of analysts of directional data indicates that the lineaments can be classified into genetic groups. The result indicates that the North Almora Thrust and Kaliasaur Fault are not genetically related and occurred in separate phases of tectonic activities. The results also show that the Alaknanda river is flowing through a tectonically-controlled valley. The study suggests the suitability of statistical methods in lineament-fabric-data analysis for tectonic interpretations.     

遥感影像定向光照增强及构造解译

多光谱假彩色合成遥感影像已经广泛应用于线性构造解译,受构造应力场制约,区域构造均具有显著的定向性,当卫星影像拍摄时光照方向与区域线性构造方向不能匹配时,构造特征常常不能很好显示,从而影响解译效果。文章提出一种利用数字高程模型模拟特定方向光照模型增强多光谱影像的新方法,用垂直于解译目标的最佳光照模型替代原光照模型以增强区域构造线性特征,同一地区对不同方向的构造解译采用了不同方向的光照模型,有效提高了线性构造信息的可解译程度。以四川盆地西侧的龙门山以南地区为例,进行了断裂构造的遥感解译,对该区地震研究和油气勘探工作具有参考意义。     

A comparative evaluation of IRS-1A LISS-II and landsat MSS images using computer-aided lineament data analysis

Lineament patterns detected from remotely sensed data provide useful information to geoscientists, specially in the study of basement tectonics, groundwater targetting and mineral exploration. Improvements in the spatial resolution of satellite images have resulted in the detection of short and faint lineaments which have hitherto gone unnoticed The IRS-1A LISS-II data offers a significant improvement in spatial resolution as compared to the Landsat MSS. A set of computer programmes developed for analysis of lineaments were used to study the parameters such as lineament frequency, length and density in order to quantify the added information derived using IRS-1A LISS-II images. The incremental contribution of LISS-II images are of the order of 100 per cent for lineament frequency and about 60 per cent for total line kilometers of lineaments detected.     

Image processing and GIS techniques applied to high resolution satellite data for lineament mapping of thermal power plant site in Allahabad district,U.P., India

The present study is based on digital analysis of IRS 1C/1D LISS-III and IRS P6 LISS-IV images for identification of lineaments in Meja Thermal Power Plant site in Allahabad district. In spite of all limitations due to anthropogenic activities of stone quarrying and criss cross unmetalled roads, almost non-existent vegetation indicators and soil moisture, the efforts were made to identify and map a number of lineaments in the study area and these were subsequently verified in the field. Most of the lineaments identified and mapped are not having any major displacement along them or are not displacing or truncating any major rock unit. Field investigations have revealed that there is no drastic change in the trend of rocks along the lineaments mapped in the study area. On the basis of digital analysis of IRS P6 LISS-IV data NE–SW and NW–SE trending lineaments have been identified and mapped. Some NNE–SSW trending lineaments have also been mapped. All the lineaments demarcated in this area still need to be correlated with the seismic data of the area by superimposing the microseismicity data over lineaments.     

Lineaments and seismicity of Kerala — a remote sensing based analysis

Seismically active lineaments of Kerala State were identified by correlating the lineaments mapped using IRS LISS-I data with the earthquake occurrences. There are 31 earthquake incidences in Kerala since 1821, out of which 22 are falling on/close to 9 major lineaments/faults (length more than 20 km) indicating the possible correlation between lineaments/faults and earthquakes. It was observed that the earthquake occurrences are mostly associated with the NNW-SSE to NW-SE trending lineaments (6 out of 9 lineaments), which are considered to be formed sympathetic to the West Coast Fault. Hence, there is a need to monitor these seismically active lineaments using advanced techniques such as GPS, SAR Interferometry etc. for better understanding of the influence of these lineaments on the seismic activities of Kerala.     

Analysis of fractures inferred from DBTM and remotely sensed data for groundwater development in godavari sub-watershed, Giridih, Bihar

Godavari sub-watershed is a part of buried pediplain developed over ‘Chotanagpur’ granite gneiss. Aquifer is unconfined in nature and groundwater occurs under water table condition. In the study area, groundwater is being exploited only through dugwells which are not capable of sustaining long duration pumping. Groundwater exploration involves the investigation of depth and nature of weathered and fractured horizon. To understand the groundwater storage and retrieval in the area, the basement topography derived from Digital Basement Topography Modelling (DBTM), the lineaments identified on remotely sensed data and geohydrological and physiographic data have been analysed. From DBTM, fracture zones have also been inferred. Lineaments (probable fractures) identified with the help of remotely sensed data are linear features representated on a planner surface. Lineaments in the area are subtle in expression due to deeply buried pediplian. Correlation of lineaments with DBTM reveals that a few lineaments/fractures are deep seated and a few have no sub-surface extensions. Also some sub-surface fractures inferred from DBTM have no expressions on the image. Attempt has been made to delineate more authentic lineaments/fractures with the help of remotely sensed data and DBTM. Correlation of probable fractures inferred from remotely sensed data and fracture zones inferred from DBTM indicated that 40 per cent of lineaments seems to be real fractures. Higher correlation may be achieved where lineaments are prominent and reproducible. It has also been observed that those lineaments which correlate with the fracture zones inferred from DBTM, are also not completely traceable in their linear extent. The exaggeration in length of lineaments may be due to subtle nature of lineaments. Correlation shows that remotely sensed lineaments are improtant for groundwater exploration and its authenticity can be further ascertained with DBTM.     

Lineaments in the coastal zone of Goa

The paper decribes the lineaments in the coastal area of Goa identified on aerial photographs and their correlation with the lineaments reported from the adjoining areas. The majority of lineaments along the coastal part of Goa follows a NW-SE, NE-SW and a few ENE-WSW trends. The NW-SE direction is predominant and corresponds with the regional Dharwarian trend followed by NE-SW trending linears due to cross folding of Dharwar Orogeny.     

Identification of groundwater prospective zones using irs-id liss iii and pump test methods

The role of hydrogeomorphological units and lineaments in the storage of groundwater from the Muvattupuzha river basin has been investigated using IRS ID LISS III data. Other than the usual water bodies such as river course, reservoirs and ponds, the major hydrogeomorphological units identified in this basin in the descending order of their groundwater potential are: valley fills, moderately dissected plateau, pediments, residual mounts, residual mount complex, linear ridges, residual hills and structural hills. Majority of the lineaments trends in NW-SE and WNW-ESE directions. Even though the eastern part of the basin is characterised by moderate to high lineament density, the above area is found to be poor to moderate groundwater prospect zone because of high gradient and structural hills. The pump test analyses of dug wells from different hydrogeomorphic units also confirm that valley fills are the most promising unit for groundwater prospecting than the rest.     

线性体图像自动矢量化算法研究

依据线性体图像的特点,提出了一种最大长度原则下基于端点提取的自动跟踪矢量化算法。该算法通过对节点及其信息进行提取快速抓住线性体的总体拓扑结构,并以节点信息为指导对线性体进行矢量跟踪和直线提取解决了复杂的线性体交叉问题。算法具有精度高、抗噪性好和适应性强的特点。