海相三角洲沉积单元划分及其对勘探砂体对比的意义--基于现代珠江三角洲沉积水动力综合研究

从水文地质、地理、地貌学角度,融合河流、波浪、潮汐水动力,对现代珠江三角洲体系中河流、波浪和潮汐的成因单元共存现象进行综合解读,建议引入“沉积单元”的概念,搭积木似组合亚相和相,重建海相三角洲沉积体系。同时认为,对于前积特征明显的三角洲中进行砂体对比,层序地层学等时格架内的砂体多采用前积式(斜层)对比方案,但传统的岩性地层(平层)对比方案也有可取之处。尤其在开发阶段,进行沉积微相导向的砂体对比时,建议结合地震反射特征确定对比方案。在具体对比手段上,应结合沉积砂体展布、油气水关系、邻井对比、动态压降等实际资料,进而建立储层地质模型,使模型既能反映沉积环境,更能预测储层。     

珠江口盆地新近纪相对海平面变化精细表征及其对三角洲沉积演化的反映——以恩平凹陷恩平A油田韩江组—珠江组为例

恩平凹陷恩平A油田在新近纪位于古珠江三角洲前缘,一方面由于砂体普遍偏薄,使得储层预测难度大,另一方面由于三角洲前缘河流作用和海洋作用的往复交替,也使得三角洲沉积微相变化复杂,影响后期的增储上产。针对上述问题,本文在钻井小层精细对比的基础上,充分利用测井解释成果,依据古三角洲地势平坦、地层厚度变化小的特点,采用砂层组平均砂岩体积分数表征相对海平面的变化;并进一步利用岩心和地震沉积学方法,确定主力砂层组的平面沉积相展布。研究表明:研究区珠江组、韩江组的砂层组平均砂岩体积分数能够较好地表征古海平面的相对变化,可以实现对五级相对海平面变化的精细刻画。通过对砂层组级别砂体的沉积微相分析,表明相对海平面变化与三角洲的沉积微相演化具有良好的对应关系,验证了基于砂层组平均砂岩体积分数来表征相对海平面变化的方法具有可行性,可以用来预测三角洲的演化和砂体的叠加关系。     

稀疏井区辫状河三角洲地层精细对比: 以惠州凹陷HZ-A油田文昌组为例

HZ-A油田产油层段主要为辫状河三角洲相的砂岩储层,现今埋深超过3500 m。目的层段地震资料主频低、钻井少、 井距稀疏及砂层厚度变化大的特点,给小层对比工作带来较大困难。针对以上难点,本文提出了一套实用的相控旋回等时 对比技术。具体步骤如下：首先分析其物源和汇水体系,明确辫状河三角洲沉积特征;其次,建立精确的井-震关系以及 地震相分析,提供地层对比趋势;在此基础上参考地球物理反演模型,选择合适的小层对比模式;最后,应用高分辨率层 序地层学理论,同时结合流体性质对比、沉积微相相序等,对测井旋回级次由大到小,完成目的层段的地层细分与砂体对 比。该方法可以有效降低小层划分和对比的多解性,较好的应用于HZ-A油田文昌组辫状河三角洲油层砂体对比。     

利用单渗砂层能量厚度研究有利沉积微相及其含油有利区的方法

针对鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡中部特低渗透储层识别主体骨架砂体微相带及筛选含油有利区工作,提出利用单渗砂层能量厚度控制划分最为有利的沉积微相带。利用多种测井响应提取单渗砂层沉积能量及其能量厚度信息,使其曲线幅度、厚度、形状、接触关系、次级形态等特征和数据大小能够集中反映相对高渗的单渗砂层最大沉积能量及厚度变化,确认出三角洲前缘水下分流河道微相及其河道叠置型河口坝微相骨架砂体的发育、规模及分布范围,有效地克服了层段中几个成因相近薄砂层或砂泥互层中砂层累加厚度识别和划分主体骨架砂体微相带的失误。通过该区目的层段自然电位、自然伽马、密度、中子、声波、电阻率测井曲线和岩性、物性及其能量厚度统计,建立起单渗砂层能量厚度下限标准及夹层扣除标准,在该区长4+511特低渗透储层中提取单渗砂层及其沉积能量信息,控制划分出有利沉积微相带及其骨架砂体分布,预测和筛选出不同类型相对高渗高产含油有利区,它们不同程度勾画出河道主体带油藏与南西部华池油藏连片延伸趋势、形态和特征,为该区特低渗透油田增储上产提供有利目标和重点层位及井区。     

油田开发后期扇三角洲前缘微相分析及应用

储层的微相砂体类型、几何规模特征及分布规律是分析地下油水运动规律和调整注采井网的基础。充分利用密闭取心、密井网等资料 ,精细剖析了双河油田扇三角洲前缘储层沉积微相及其分布。在扇三角洲前缘主要发育水下分流河道、河口坝、前缘席状砂体、重力流砂体、水下溢岸砂体 5种微相砂体。微相砂体形状、规模及空间分布决定了注采井网对油层的控制程度和完善程度 ,微相类型及其分布控制着油水井的产液及吸水能力 ,控制着注入水的地下运动方式 ,因此利用沉积微相的研究成果 ,找准剩余油富集区 ,调整和部署注采井网 ,可以在生产中取得较好的效果     

济阳坳陷馆陶组河流相砂体储集性及控制因素研究

河流相砂体是含油气盆地中重要的储油层系。本文以济阳坳陷东北坡馆陶组河流相砂岩为例,详细总结河流相砂岩的储集空间类型,对研究区不同砂层组内河流相沉积砂体及不同沉积微相内砂体储层物性参数的变化进行统计分析,确立了河流相沉积中不同策相内的砂体储集性,并探讨沉积岩岩性,沉积微相及成岩作用等因素对河流相砂岩储层发育的控制作用。     

河北舍女寺油田女12—女20断块孔二段沉积微相与油气聚集关系研究

黄骅坳陷南部舍女寺油田的古近系孔店组是在断陷盆地的快速充填过程中形成的典型的河流—三角洲沉积。根据取芯井段的取芯和测井资料分析,把剖面结构、砂体几何形态、沉积构造等微相特征进行描述和分析,划分出水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂等储层沉积微相类型。研究表明,舍女寺地区沉积微相不仅控制储集层的分布,而且控制油气聚集。研究区中较大厚度的油层分布在水下分流河道的中心部位,即该区沉积微相带的主体部位起着油层控制作用。在复杂断块高含水开发中后期,微突起、微断层、微断鼻等圈闭和储集层的有利配置区,尤其是中心微相带与有利的微构造部位叠合区将是有利高产井区。     

东油田北坡馆陶组河流相砂岩沉积微相研究

本文以济阳坳陷埕东油田北坡馆陶组河流相砂岩为例,详细阐述了河流相砂体的沉积微相研究方法,将研究区内的河流相砂体划分为曲流河、网状河和辫状河三种沉积相,并进一步划分为七类主要的沉积微相。通过单井剖面和井间剖面对比分析,结合地震资料的精细解释,编制了研究区内不同砂层组沉积时期沉积微相平面展布图。     

大庆油田北部河流相储层沉积微相与水淹特征

大庆油田北部发育砂质辫状河道、曲流河道、高弯度分流河道和低弯度分流河道等砂体类型。以井间可对比的单一河流沉积物为研究单元 ,从河流相储层成因特征入手 ,应用油田开发后期密井网资料开展各类河流砂体细分微相研究。重点阐述了各类砂体的规模、宽厚比、发育的主要微相、物性特征及层内非均质特点。应用不同时期密闭取心检查井资料、测井水淹解释、生产动态测试资料 ,结合不同砂体和微相的非均质特点研究了不同微相的水淹变化特征。研究结果表明 ,不同阶段各类砂体层内及平面水淹变化特征不同 ,高含水后期剩余油主要分布于河间薄层砂、部分决口水道和废弃河道微相中 ,低弯度分流河道砂体中剩余油相对发育     

河流相砂体的沉积微相特征--以济阳坳陷埕东北坡馆陶组砂体为例

本文以济阳坳陷埕东油田北坡馆陶组河流相砂岩为例,详细阐述了河流相砂体的沉积微相研究方法,将研究区的河流相砂体划分为曲流河、网状河和辫状河三种沉积相,并进一步划分为七类主要的沉积微相。通过单井剖面和井间剖面对比分析,研究沉积微相在垂向上和平面上的变化规律,在此基础上结合地震资料的精细解释,编制了研究区内不同砂层组沉积时期沉积微相平面展布图。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.