南极企鹅粪土沉积柱样、蛋卵中OCPs、PCBs含量分布及其环境意义

对南极阿德雷岛企鹅栖息地粪土层进行210Pb测年,同时采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)内标定量法测定了企鹅栖息地粪土混合地层和企鹅蛋卵中有机氯污染物含量,粪土混合地层中有机氯污染物最高浓度:表层PCBs为0.92ng/g,HCHs为0.42ng/g,DDTs在0.70ng/g,与非栖息地相比较,研究结果显示,通过鸟类活动的粪土混合地层(营巢和粪便)输入PCBs和OCPs含量比无鸟类生命途径的土壤相对要高。企鹅蛋卵样∑PCB在0.4-10.2ng/g,∑DDT2.4-10.3ng/g,HCB0.1-9.4ng/g,∑HCH0.1-0.5ng/g,总积蓄水平依次为:∑PCB>∑DDT>HCB>∑HCH。     

Organochlorine and mecury concetrations in eggs of grey plovers (Pluvialis squatarola) breeding in the Lena Dlta, north-east Sibveria, 1997

Seven eggs from four clutches of grey plovers ( Pluvialis squatarola ) breeding in the Lena Delta, Sakha Republic, Yakutia, in 1997 were analysed for persistent organochlorines and mercury. Contamination levels were low and within the same range as found in eggs from waders (Charadriiformes) breeding in north-west Europe. One exception was ∑HCH, averaging 99.2 ng g⁻¹ fresh egg mass, a level about ten times higher than in wader eggs from north-west Europe. β-HCH accounted for 98% of the total HCH concentration. There are indications that the pesticide levels may reflect former local use. ∑PCB level (57.0 ng g⁻¹, 62 congeners) and mercury concentration (68.7 ng g⁻¹) can be considered low.     

北极新奥尔松地区有机氯农药和多氯联苯在不同环境样品中的浓度及特性

采用毛细管气相色谱法(GC-ECD)对北极新奥尔松地区地表沉积物、苔藓和动物粪便中的有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)进行分析研究。所有样品和空白的回收率分别为69.5%-92.2%(78.8%)、75.1%-112.1%(98.5%)和67.7%-95.1%(79.5%),相对标准偏差分别为6.7%、8.0%和11.3%。检测到OCPs中主要的单体是HCHs和DDTs,浓度范围分别为0.86-4.50ng/g(2.24ng/g)和0.22-1.09ng/g(0.55ng/g),其中HCHs主要以α,β异构体为主,二者占HCHs总量的81.6%,DDTs则主要以单体p,p′-DDD为主。样品中PCBs的浓度范围在0.20-3.25ng/g(0.84ng/g)之间,主要由四氯、五氯和六氯代PCBs同类物组成,分别占总量的23.8%、26.7%和32.3%。本文对HCHs和DDTs各组分间的比值进行了对比研究,并对PCBs同系物进行了主成分分析,证实大气传输是新奥尔松地区环境中POPs污染来源的主要途径之一,并且POPs污染来源具有相同的输入途径。     

南极拉斯曼丘陵莫愁湖和团结湖水中有机物剖析

本文给出了南极莫愁湖和团结湖水中有机物信息。在湖水中获得的１２１个化学组分中确定出９３个有机化合物,其中包括正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、芳烃、多环芳烃、醇、醛、酮、酯、脂肪酸类及酞酸酯类等。其含量在０．０２７～４．７９μｇ／Ｌ之间。湖水中检测出全球性有机物６６６、ＤＤＴ和ＰＣＢｓ,浓度在０．０１２～０．３５６μｇ／Ｌ。     

基于GRID的坡耕地退耕压力模型研究

坡耕地退耕还林还草作为保护生态环境的重要措施,已于2000年在长江上游及黄河中上游等地区进行大面积试点。然而,坡耕地退耕还林还草也引发一系列局域性和阶段性的复杂问题,如粮食安全保障、生态移民安置等。这些问题产生的重要根源是坡耕地空间分布差异导致的人口压力状况的空间差异。文章设计了4个基于GRID的坡耕地退耕人口压力指数模型,并以三峡库区的奉节县为例进行了模拟。     

Organochlorine pesticide and metal residues in a cichlid fish, Tilapia, Sarotherodon (=Tilapia) alcalicus grahami Boulenger from Lake Nakuru, Kenya

29 specimens of a cichlid fishSarotherodon (=Tilapia) alcalicus grahami were collected from Lake Nakuru between September and October 1990 and samples of liver, kidney, muscle, brain and fat were removed for analysis of organochlorine pesticide and metal residues. Fat was extracted and the concentration of three lindane (BHC/HCH) isomers (alpha, beta andgamma), aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide, endrin, dieldrin, DDD, DDE and DDT was determined. Fish muscle samples were digested and the concentration of mercury, arsenic and cadmium was also determined. No residues of o,p¹-DDD, p,p¹-DDD, aldrin, endrin and dieldrin were detected. The highest residue concentration detected was 0.062 mg kg⁻¹ of p,p¹-DDT. The mean pesticide residue concentration levels were generally low. The [p,p¹-DDT]/[p,p¹-DDE] ratio of 1.22 indicated that the residues of the parent DDT compound exist in the Lake Nakuru ecosystem. There was a negative fish length: DDE concentration relationship. Similarly, there was a very weak negative relationship between arsenic concentration and length of fish. The concentrations of metal residues were considerably low. The median arsenic and cadmium concentrations were 0.03 mg kg⁻¹ and <0.1 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The concentrations of mercury, with a median level of <0.01 mg kg⁻¹, were particulary low and did not approach a level that would give rise to public health concern. Metal and pesticide residue concentration in fish in 1970 and 1990 does not show a significant increase. From these results, Lake Nakuru is presently not exposed to heavy pesticide and metal contamination, but there is a gradual build-up of these residues in the biota.     

Heavy metals and sulphur in mosses from southern Spitsbergen

Concentrations of Cd, Pb. Ni, Cu. Zn and S were determined in 16 moss species collected from 9 localities in southern Spitsbergen (mostly within the Hornsund region). Two species, Sanionia uncinata and Hylocomium splendens , were objects of more thorough studies. In Sanionia uncinata the mean concentrations were (ug/g): Cd-0.59, Pb-7.07, Ni-4.25, Cu-6.01. Zn-21.13 and S- 1, 481. Hylocomium splendent accumulated similar quantities of these elements. The concentrations of metals and sulphur in mosses differed significantly {p 0 .05) from site to site, depending on geological and climatic conditions specific to the Arctic region. The effect of remote sources of pollution reaching Spitsbergen on the levels of heavy metal concentrations was taken into account, as well as the effect of local emissions from the Polish Polar Station. At 10-25 metre distances from the Station, the levels of heavy metals and sulphur were 3-10 times higher than at a 300-metre distance.     

“雪龙号”2003北极航次气相多环芳烃纬度分布观测

2003年“雪龙号”北极科学考察期间,对沿途海洋大气进行采样,分析其中气相多环芳烃的空间分布。结果显示,气相中主要是2-4环的多环芳烃,其中菲为主要的化合物,平均占到总多环芳烃的55.1%。在整个航程的广泛区域尺度内,气相总多环芳烃浓度在1043.9-92993.1pg/m3。空间分布上,远东亚的海面>北太平洋海面>北极圈以内海面;总多环芳烃的浓度随纬度升高呈现显著降低的趋势。通过Clausius-Clapeyron方程对浓度和温度相互关系的分析表明,温度是控制气相多环芳烃长距离传输的主要因素。     

A survey of SO 2, NO 2 and NH 3 concentrations in atmosphere at high latitudes and in Arctic

ＡｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆＳＯ２,ＮＯ２ａｎｄＮＨ３ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅａｔｈｉｇｈｌａｔｉｔｕｄｅｓａｎｄｉｎＡｒｃｔｉｃＣｈｅｎＬｅｔｉａｎ（陈乐恬）ａｎｄＴｏｎｇＹｕｑｉｎ（佟玉芹）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃ...     

A high resolution proxy-climate record from an arctic lake with annually-laminated sediments on Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada

Sediments from a 3 ha lake (75 °34.34N, 89 °18.55W) from the coastal region of northern Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada, contain discrete laminations in the deepest part of the basin. The laminations are varves as indicated by the correspondence between counts and thickness measurements of the couplets and ²¹⁰Pb dating. A 14 cm core representing 150 years of sedimentation contained laminated couplets consisting of a lighter inorganic layer with a higher percentage of calcium and magnesium, alternating with fine darker bands, typically more cohesive, and comprising higher proportions of silica and carbon. A reddish oxidation zone with higher iron and aluminum frequently separates the laminations. The dark layer represents a biogenic component deposited in summer and is made cohesive by bacterial filaments among the other particles. The light inorganic layer represents clastic deposition from allochthonous sources. Deposition rates were relatively consistent through the core with an increase in varve thickness in the 1950s. Diatom concentrations in the sediments increased by two orders of magnitude in this century, with major increases in the 1920s and 1950s. The increase in varve thickness and diatom abundance coincides with an increase in summer melt percentage in an ice core from the Devon Island Ice Cap (Koerner, 1977). The relatively high sedimentation rate (0.15 cm yr^-1) coupled with the consistency of deposition makes this lake a significant indicator for recent climate changes of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.     

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediment and Intertidal Gastropod Nerita lineata from Two Opposing Sites in the Straits of Malacca

The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Fe were determined in the surface sediment and marine gastropod Nerita lineata collected in May 2005 from the intertidal zone of Dumai, Sumatera, Indonesia and Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. The results showed that metal concentrations in sediment and the soft tissue of N. lineata varied at different sampling stations. Mean heavy metal concentrations were 0. 92 μg/g(Cd) ;6.40 μg/g(Cu) ;32.77 μg/g(Pb) ;54.41μg/g(Zn) ;11.56 μg/g(Ni) and 2.97%(Fe) in sediment from Dumai and 1.15 μg(Cd) ;26.73 μg/g(Cu) ;53.45μg/g(Pb) ;130.77 μg/g(Zn) ;20.79 μg/g( Ni ) and 2.72% (Fe) in sediment from Johor. Concentrations of metals in gastropod N. lineata were 0.71 μg/g(Cd) ;15.16 μg(Cu) ;9.35 μg/g(Pb) ;94.69 μg/g(Zn) ;5.08 μg/g(Ni) and 397.97 μg/g(Fe) in samples from Dumai and 1.24 μg(Cd) ;18.02 μg/g(Cu) ;19.75 μg/g(Pb) ;95.09 μg/g(Zn) ;5.57 μg/g ( Ni ) and 473. 56 μg/g (Fe) in samples from Johor. Although they were not statistically significant (p >0.05), heavy metal concentrations in N. lineata were correlated with the concentrations of respective metals in sediment in both samples from Dumai and Johor. In general, samples of sediment and gastropod from Johor accumulated significantly higher heavy metal concentrations when compared to samples from Dumai(p < 0. 05). Higher concentrations of metals were recorded in samples collected from the stations close to the industrial and anthropogenic activities in both Dumai and Johor areas. However, most of the concentrations were still comparable to the previous reported studies from other geographical areas.     

Trace element ions in snow,ice and water from Antarctic and Arctic with reference of their water vapor chemistry

１Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ“Ａｎｔｉ－ａｄｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｙｃｏａｔｅｄｍｅｒｃｕｒｙｆｉｌｍｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｄｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ”ＡＳＶｍｅｔｈｏｄｗａｓｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｂｙＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＯｃｅａｎｏｌｏｇｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａ...     

1988／1989年夏季南极长城海湾生态环境观测

自１９８８年１１月至１９８９年３月，对南极长城湾（６２°１３′Ｓ，５８°５７′Ｗ）中５个站位的水温、ｐＨ值、海水透明度、水下照度、水中和海冰中叶绿素含量、磷酸盐含量、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐含量等理化要素，每月进行１至２次不定期的常规测定。在整个调查期间，海水温度变化范围在－１．６～２．２°Ｃ之间，ｐＨ值变化范围在８．０～９．１之间，海水中叶绿素ａ的变化范围在０．３０～１．４８ｍｇ／ｍ３之间，叶绿素ａ的最大值出现在１１月２６日５号站的表层水中，海冰中叶绿素ａ的含量远远高于海水中的含量，海冰中叶绿素ａ的变化范围在２．５５～５６．８４ｍｇ／ｍ３之间。磷酸盐含量变化范围在１．０２３～２．１８７μｇＰ／Ｌ，亚硝酸盐含量变化范围在０．０９３～０．１８６μｇＮ／Ｌ之间，硝酸盐含量变化范围在１３．３０８～２６．５８４μｇＮ／Ｌ之间。本文对以上结果作了初步探讨     

Influence of vegetation change on watershed hydrology: implications for paleoclimatic interpretation of lacustrine δ18O records

Stratigraphic shifts in the oxygen isotopic (¹⁸O) and trace element (Mg and Sr) composition of biogenic carbonate from tropical lake sediment cores are often interpreted as a proxy record of the changing relation between evaporation and precipitation (E/P). Holocene ¹⁸O and Mg and Sr records from Lakes Salpetén and Petén Itzá, Guatemala were apparently affected by drainage basin vegetation changes that influenced watershed hydrology, thereby confounding paleoclimatic interpretations. Oxygen isotope values and trace element concentrations in the two lowland lakes were greatest between ~ 9000 and 6800 ¹⁴C-yr BP, suggesting relatively high E/P, but pollen data indicate moist conditions and extensive forest cover in the early Holocene. The discrepancy between pollen- and geochemically-inferred climate conditions may be reconciled if the high early Holocene ¹⁸O and trace element values were controlled principally by low surface runoff and groundwater flow to the lake, rather than high E/P. Dense forest cover in the early Holocene would have increased evapotranspiration and soil moisture storage, thereby reducing delivery of meteoric water to the lakes. Carbonate ¹⁸O and Mg and Sr decreased between 7200 and 3500 ¹⁴C-yr BP in Lake Salpetén and between 6800 and 5000 ¹⁴C-yr BP in Lake Petén Itzá. This decline coincided with palynologically documented forest loss that may have led to increased surface and groundwater flow to the lakes. In Lake Salpetén, minimum ¹⁸O values (i.e., high lake levels) occurred between 3500 and 1800 ¹⁴C-yr BP. Relatively high lake levels were confirmed by ¹⁴C-dated aquatic gastropods from subaerial soil profiles ~ 1.0–7.5 m above present lake stage. High lake levels were a consequence of lower E/P and/or greater surface runoff and groundwater inflow caused by human-induced deforestation.     

同步辐射加速器X荧光分析技术在北极气溶胶研究中的应用

本文应用同步辐射加速器X荧光(SR-XRF)分析技术并结合电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)方法对中国首次北极考察采集的气溶胶样品进行了定量分析。SR-XRF方法对6种元素的分辨率分别为1.1ng/cm2(Ca)、39.7ng/cm2(V)、17.6ng/cm2(Fe)、2.3ng/cm2(Ni)、1.8ng/cm2(Zn)、6.4ng/cm2(Pb)。6种元素的浓度分别为117.3(ng/m3,Ca)、16.5(ng/m3,V)、19.3(ng/m3,Fe)、3.4(ng/m3,Ni)、4.5(ng/m3,Zn)、1.4(ng/m3,Pb)。该结果与文献报道的相应海区夏季气溶胶化学成分含量具有可比性。由于SR-XRF方法灵敏度高,属于无损分析,在极地气溶胶研究中具有广泛的应用前景。     

Environmental history of an urban lake: a palaeolimnological study of Lake Jyväsjärvi, Finland

Sedimentary diatom frustules and chironomid remains, in addition to the chemical stratigraphy of 32 elements and organic pollutants such as resin acids, PCB, DDT and its metabolites, were studied from core samples taken from Lake Jyväsjärvi in Central Finland (64° 14 N, 25° 47 E). The sediment profile covered over 200 years, with the oldest samples representing a period of very low human interference. The town of Jyväskylä was established on the lake shore in 1837, and the lake received untreated municipal wastewater from the town up until, 1977. A paper mill started operations in 1872 and began discharging effluent into Lake Jyväsjärvi. In recent years this effluent loading has been reduced. Based on the biological and chemical properties of the sediment strata, five developmental phases were distinguished and named as follows: (1) a pre-industrial phase (approximately up until the 1860s); (2) a phase of early changes in the lake ecosystem (from the 1870s to ca. 1940s); (3) a phase of increasing eutrophication (from ca. 1950 to ca. 1965); (4) a phase of severe pollution (from ca. 1966 to the early-1990s); and (5) a phase of recovery, which proceeded more quickly during the late-1990s following long-term hypolimnetic aeration. It was estimated that the ecological status of the lake changed from good to moderate during the second phase. Due to the poor chemical status of the lake (including increased concentrations of harmful substances) and the pronounced changes in diatom and chironomid communities, the ecological status from 1950 to the early-1990s was classified as bad. The present ecological status, after a slow recovery of about 20 years, can be classified as moderate/poor. Chemical analysis of the sediment revealed that some elements (C, N, P, S, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni and Zn) followed the known history of municipal waste water discharge into the lake, but Hg, Cr and persistent organic pollutants had different stratigraphies, and therefore mainly originated from other sources. Pronounced changes in profundal benthic communities (chironomids) started about 80 years later than those in diatoms, but later changes in chironomid assemblages were greater than those in diatoms.     

A test of the possible influence of seabird activity on the <Superscript>210</Superscript>Pb flux in high Arctic ponds at Cape Vera,Devon Island,Nunavut: implications for radiochronology

A large seabird colony of northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) at Cape Vera on Devon Island in the Canadian high Arctic has been shown to act as an effective biological pump, transporting large quantities of marine-derived nutrients and contaminants to the ponds beneath their nesting sites. Previous research has shown that seabirds also have the potential to elevate radionuclide concentrations in their immediate surroundings. Here, we assess the influence of the Cape Vera seabird colony on the ²¹⁰Pb budgets of six affected ponds and one control site, and discuss potential implications with respect to ²¹⁰Pb dating methodologies. In general, fluxes of ²¹⁰Pb at Cape Vera were similar to, or less than, those measured at other Arctic locations not influenced by seabirds. Plots of unsupported ²¹⁰Pb activity versus depth showed a number of non-monotonic features in all sediment cores, necessitating the use of the constant-rate-of-supply (CRS) model to derive age-depth profiles. We conclude that seabird activity has not dramatically increased the ²¹⁰Pb flux to the ponds at Cape Vera. Overall, the low flux of excess ²¹⁰Pb made accurate dating problematic for some of the study cores, necessitating the use of independent dating markers (e.g., ¹³⁷Cs and PCB concentrations) to verify the reliability of the chronologies.     

北冰洋中心区表层海水营养盐水平及浮游植物群落对快速融冰的响应

本文依托2010夏季中国第四次北极科学考察,通过对高纬度极地冰下水和冰芯的营养盐的连续观测及表层水颗粒物的藻类色素分析,获取了夏季快速融冰下冰水界面营养盐和光合色素的分布信息。结果表明调查期间表层水磷酸盐和硅酸盐相对于无机氮更丰富（依据Redfield比值）,表现为显著的氮限制。而冰芯无机氮浓度相对更高,融冰释放对水体无机氮有一定的补充。色素分析显示岩藻黄素（Fuco）和叶绿素a（Chl a）是水体颗粒物的主要光合色素。在8/15至8/18期间,叶绿素c（Chl c）、硅藻黄素（Diato）、硅甲藻黄素（Diadino）和岩藻黄素（Fuco）分别达到6,22,73和922μg/m3,体现了硅藻在群落中的优势地位。岩藻黄素（Fuco）的浓度在融冰快速期间有巨大的提升,主要来源于冰芯底部释放的衰老的冰生硅藻和浮游硅藻的生长。此外,青绿黄素（Prasino）和叶黄素（Lut）与岩藻黄素（Fuco）分布模式有明显的差异,暗示青绿藻和绿藻与硅藻对海冰融化的不同响应。     

西北冰洋楚科奇海台08P23孔氧同位素3期以来的古海洋与古气候记录

通过中国第三次北极科学考察在北冰洋楚科奇海台采集的08P23孔样品的多项指标分析以及与其他孔的沉积记录综合对比,将08P23孔沉积物初步分为氧同位素3期(MIS 3)-MIS 1的沉积序列。MIS 3以来,楚科奇海台08P23孔可以识别出5个显著的冰筏碎屑(Ice-Rafted Detritus,IRD)事件,分别出现在MIS 2和MIS 3。其中,MIS 3的IRD事件中碎屑碳酸盐岩主要来自于加拿大北极群岛分布广泛的古生代碳酸盐岩露头,MIS 2的IRD事件中碎屑石英可能来源于欧亚大陆边缘。该孔大部分层位浮游有孔虫左旋厚壁新方球虫Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sinistral)(Nps)的δ18O和δ13C都轻于表层沉积物中的平均值。MIS 3中两个褐色层中偏轻的Nps-δ18O和Nps-δ13C值是由冰融水造成;MIS 1和MIS 3灰色层中偏轻的Nps的δ18O和δ13C值指示海冰形成速率的提高,导致轻同位素卤水的生产和下沉。MIS 2的Nps的δ18O和δ13C值变化趋势相反,是因为温度急剧降低导致Nps-δ18O变重,海水冻结成冰,海气交换明显降低使得Nps-δ13C偏轻。MIS 1和MIS 3的Nps的δ18O和δ13C受到融冰水或轻同位素卤水影响导致同时偏轻。