1960-2016年黄土高原多尺度干旱特征及影响因素

明晰黄土高原干旱特征对于生态工程建设和社会经济可持续发展具有至关重要的作用。基于1960—2016年黄土高原59个气象台站数据和标准化降水蒸散指标（SPEI）,本文分析了黄土高原多尺度干旱时空变化特征,并探讨了遥相关指数对黄土高原干旱变化的影响。结果表明：① 黄土高原SPEI指数呈下降趋势,其中70年代初和90年代末为显著干旱时期,80—90年代初为较湿润时期;② 年尺度SPEI呈下降趋势的区域遍布整个黄土高原,以山西西部、宁夏北部和甘肃中东部最为显著,而黄土高原西北和西南部则表现为变湿趋势;③ 春、夏和秋三季SPEI均呈下降趋势,且夏、秋季下降趋势较大,趋势系数均为-0.03/10a。春季干旱趋势与年际变化较为一致,秋季干旱趋势范围较大,占总面积的64.53%,冬季干旱范围较小且不显著;④ 多尺度干旱同时受IOD、NAO、PDO、AMO和ENSO3.4等遥相关指数的共同影响,且该影响存在明显的年际和年代际相位转换特征。多元回归分析显示,IOD和NAO对黄土高原干旱解释率较高,分别为22.98%和12.23%,而ENSO3.4解释率较低,表明黄土高原降水变化与西南季风具有较好的关联性。     

1961-2009年中国区域干旱状况的时空变化特征

 利用1961—2009年中国589个气象站月降水和月平均气温资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)／旋转经验正交函数(REOF)、小波变换及Mann-Kendall 突变检验等方法,对年标准化干旱指数的空间异常特征和时间变化规律进行了研究。中国前10个主要干旱异常区为:河套-华北、长江中下游、华南地区、东北大部、陕西南部-青海东部、滇黔-广西丘陵地区、新疆北部、川西高原-青藏高原东部地区、辽东及山东-河南东北部。有7个区域呈现干旱化趋势,其中干旱化最明显的区域为滇黔-广西丘陵地区,其次为河套-华北地区。新疆北部、川西高原-青藏高原东部地区和长江中下游地区呈现变湿趋势,其中变湿最显著的区域为新疆北部。选择变干和变湿最典型的区域进行突变分析。滇黔-广西丘陵区突变发生在1980年前后,新疆北部突变点也出现在1980年前后。小波能量谱显示,中国区域干旱化变化存在多时间尺度特征,2～4 a左右的时间尺度的周期振荡最显著。小波谱分析结果表明,中国区域干旱化主要存在3 a左右的显著主周期,其中陕西南部-青海东部还存在显著8 a和22 a主周期。     

基于标准化降水指数的中国冬季干旱分区及气候特征

利用中国614个气象台站1951—2006年历年月平均降水资料,计算各站的标准化降水指数及其干旱等级序列,采用REOF等方法进行气候分区,分析各区域近55 a干旱等级的时空变化,并着重讨论了黄淮—华北冬小麦种植区冬季干旱的大气环流特征。结果表明,我国冬季降水具有显著的年代际变化,西北的新疆地区,华北及黄淮地区自进入21世纪以来,冬季降水量增加十分明显,而西南,青藏高原及华南地区冬季降水量有所减少。根据标准化降水指数的旋转载荷向量可将中国划分为13个区域,其干旱等级序列和代表站资料反映出近55 a西北地区东部、河套及华北北部有变干的趋势,而新疆北部、东北北部、华北南部、江淮、江南地区降水量有增加的趋势。乌拉尔山—青藏高原脊、东亚大槽及西太平洋副高是影响北方冬麦区旱涝最主要的大气环流系统,其对分析、预测旱涝具有十分重要的指示意义。     

黄土高原气象干旱和农业干旱特征及其相互关系研究

选择标准化降水指数（SPI）和植被状态指数（VCI）分别作为评价黄土高原气象干旱和农业干旱的指标，使用干旱频率和Sen斜率分析了黄土高原地区干旱的分布特征与变化趋势，并探讨了气象干旱与农业干旱的相关性。结果表明：① 黄土高原西部干旱频率总体上高于东部。气象干旱和农业干旱变化趋势在空间上表现有所不同，黄土高原西部、北部气象干旱呈不显著减缓趋势，东部和南部呈不显著加重趋势，但绝大部分地区的农业干旱呈减缓趋势，尤其是400 mm等降水量一线两侧区域。② 季节上，黄土高原夏季和秋季气象干旱频率较高，春季和冬季气象干旱频率相对较低。黄土高原农业干旱频率春季最高，夏季其次，VCI对农业干旱实时监测的适用性更强。③ 不同季节，农业干旱滞后气象干旱的时间长短不同，冬季滞后约2个月，春季滞后约1个月，夏季和秋季滞后少于1个月。黄土高原一熟制种植区的SPI-12值与VCI值具有较好的正相关性。研究结果可以为黄土高原的干旱监测和预警、干旱区划以及干旱灾害风险评估提供科学依据。     

中国西北干旱半干旱区年平均气温的时空变化规律分析

利用中国西北干旱区138个测站,近46年历年平均地面月气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、多项式拟合、EOF、REOF、Mann-Kendall、子波分析等方法,分析了干旱区年平均气温对气候变暖的响应.结果表明:(1)中国西北干旱半干旱区年平均气温近46年增温率为0.34℃/10 a.新疆西部、青海高原东部的部分地方受大地形背风坡影响有不显著的上升趋势,其余大部分区域增温显著,同步响应全球变暖.(2)年平均气温标准差分布不均匀.除南疆和海东-陇南-带相对较小,该区其余大部分区域年平均气温的年际变化稳定性差.(3)蒙陕甘宁-塔里木盆地是该区气温变化最敏感的区域.年平均气温的演变在干旱半干旱区一致性程度较高.从20世纪70年代初期开始发生降温-升温转型,1986年有一次显著突变,其后气温达到一个更显著的增暖时期;全区性的前10个偏热年,全部出现在20世纪90年代及以后,各分区的异常偏热年,大多数也出现在1990年以后;气温异常变化存在5年和10年左右的周期,从15年以上的变化层次来看,气温趋势还在偏高的位置.(4)年平均气温存在演变的地域差异,蒙新区和陕甘宁青区南北变化相反.(5)根据REOF分析将该区年平均气温异常细分为北部区、高原区、南疆区和东部区4个分区.西部干旱半干旱区年平均气温的转折存在区域差异,高原和南疆区单调增暖,无明显转折,北部区的转暖时间比较低纬度的东部大致要早5年左右.受高原"启动区"影响,其它区的突变比高原要晚3～10年,其它区的年代际变化比高原要晚1～2年.     

中国华北东北强干旱事件的时空演变特征及重现期分析

利用中国华北、东北（110~140°E，34.5~55°N）126个站1901—2015年月尺度标准化降水蒸散指数（[WTBX]SPEI[WTBZ]-1），去除11月到次年2月（即北方冬季）的数据后，利用聚类分析将研究区域分为东北地区中北部（Ⅰ区）、东北地区南部（Ⅱ区）、华北地区南部（Ⅲ区）、华北地区北部（Ⅳ区）以及华北地区西部（Ⅴ区）5个气候区，利用游程理论在识别单站强干旱事件的基础上，给出区域强干旱事件的识别标准，并与实际干旱事件相比较，检验方法的适用性；分析不同区域强干旱事件年代际的分布特征和演变规律；基于拟合优度最高的Copula函数，以华北西部（Ⅴ区）为例，分析其强干旱事件的重现规律；分析在相同重现期条件下，干旱历时与干旱强度的分布特征。结果表明：（1） 区域强干旱事件的识别标准对于中国华北、东北强干旱事件具有较好的适用性。（2） 华北北部（Ⅳ区）的强干旱最为严重，且较易发生连旱事件。（3） 华北西部（Ⅴ区）的一般性强干旱事件有约5 a～6 a的周期，1929年、1941年和1965年分别有一次特别严重的强干旱事件发生，其重现期分别约为94 a～102 a、93 a～101 a和35 a～41 a。（4） 对于2 a、5 a、10 a、20 a、50 a和100 a一遇的强干旱事件，华北北部（Ⅳ区）的强干旱事件最为严重，华北西部（Ⅴ区）次之。     

Palmer干旱指数在华北干旱分析中的应用

利用中国气象局整编的1951年1月～2000年10月中国160站气温、降水月平均资料,计算了1951年1月～2000年10月我国160站修正的Palmer drought severity index(PDSI).PDSI指数对我国的干旱和洪涝过程都有很好的指示意义.华北地区干旱持续性非常强,持续时间一般都在两年以上.华北地区干旱不但年际变化大,年代际变化也显著,近50年来华北干旱主要发生在20世纪70年代以后,且干旱强度有所增加.夏季伴随干旱过程常常出现高温酷暑天气.     

广西贺州地区气温和干旱的气候变化特征

利用近30年的实际观测资料,分析贺州地区年平均气温和干旱指数的变化特征,结果表明:(1)贺州地区年平均气温有增高趋势,冬季和春季较大幅度变暖,带来"暖冬",夏季反而稍微降温,出现"凉夏",秋季稍有增温,但不明显;(2)贺州地区的年平均气温存在11 a和4a左右的两个振荡周期;(3)在上世纪80年代初,贺州地区干旱指数有一次明显的年代际变化,由负值转为正值,干旱有加重的趋势,未来几年贺州地区干旱指数仍处于增强的趋势中,这与11～13 a左右的振荡周期处于正位相有关.贺州地区4个站的干旱指数都有一个11～13a左右的振荡周期和一个2～6 a左右的振荡周期.     

近50年河北省干旱时空分布特征

干旱是影响我国的主要气象灾害之一,本文采用标准化降水指数SPI作为干旱评价因子对近50年来河北省干旱的时空变化特征进行了研究,得出以下主要结论:(1)春季干旱最为严重,干旱率呈逐渐降低的趋势,夏季干旱率呈逐渐增加、秋季和冬季干旱率略有降低的趋势;(2)春季干旱在20世纪70年代最为严重,夏季、秋季和冬季的年代际干旱分别以2000年以来、20世纪60年代和90年代最为严重;(3)春季干旱发生概率均大于20%,发生概率大于30%的旱情多发地区在各市均有分布;全省大部分地区夏季、秋季和冬季干旱发生概率为20%~30%,夏季干旱多发地区主要集中在河北省北部和西南部,秋季干旱多发地区主要集中在河北省西部和南部,冬季干旱多发地区主要集中在河北省北部。     

中国黄土高原地区干旱特征

利用黄土高原51站40年气象观测资料及修正palmer干旱指数,主要采用EEOF(扩展经验正交分解函数)等分解方法,研究黄土高原土壤干旱演变。结果表明:40年来干旱趋于加重;1973年、1989年为Petitt变点,1973年之前旱年相对较少,1989年之后干旱年份明显增多干旱加重;干旱最敏感区(变化大值区)在高原腹地,高原周边地区干旱变幅较小;干旱变化振荡周期以2~4年为主;干旱准2年振荡的空间演变清晰,干旱移动方向和强度变化比较明显,在5个月之内强度、范围加大,大值区数值增大并向周围扩展旱情加重,再经过5个月后干旱大值区的数值下降快于周围,从敏感区向高原四周扩散;干旱变化强度、位相等具有区域差异,主要存在高原西部、晋中盆地、高原东北部、关中平原、渭河上游区等5个次区域。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,