光纤布拉格光栅地震检波器的研究与应用

光纤布拉格光栅地震检波技术是一门较新的地震检波技术.实验表明,用光纤Bragg光栅做成的检波器不仅频带宽、稳定性好,而且灵敏度高,是一种较理想的地震勘探仪器.文章主要介绍了光纤布拉格光栅地震检波器的传感原理、理论计算及其工作原理,为光纤Bragg光栅地震检波器的研究以及实际应用提供了依据.     

基于拉曼散射的深孔测温技术研究

孔中测温作为一种原位测试方法,是地热资源勘察、开发中重要的研究内容.分布式光纤传感测温技术,能够弥补传统点式测温耗时与漏测的不足,同时传感光纤具有耐高温、高压和抗(钻井液)腐蚀性等特点,可实现钻孔恶劣环境下的分布式温度测量.本文利用拉曼散射和光时域反射技术,设计了深井分布式光纤温度测试系统.该系统采用波分复用技术,将后向拉曼散射光中的斯托克斯光与反斯托克斯光分离,利用反斯托克斯光的温度敏感特性感知环境温度,结合同源斯托克斯光,解调温度信息;根据光纤中光的传输速率和背向拉曼散射光的回波时间,可以对温度点进行定位,实现对光纤温度场的分布式测量.通过多点数字累加平均技术的微弱信号处理方法,并引入光纤突变损耗修正系数、光电采集影响系数等,借助光纤环基准参考,实现测温数据的解算.同时本文设计的深孔耐高温铠装测试光缆,可实现-65~350℃范围内的温度测试;结合GH_DR2号地热孔野外测试实验,完成测深800m,孔内最高温度54.8℃,证明此种测温方法的有效性和潜在的推广价值.     

光纤振动传感之二:基于散射或透射光的本征传感及其地震学应用

本征光纤振动传感通过在光纤一端重复发射探测激光,在光纤同端或另外一端接收散射光或透射光并解调它们的变化,测量光纤上的动态应变(即振动).本征传感以光纤为传感器,具有结构简单,布设灵活,运维方便的优点,能应用于流体、高温、高压或强电磁干扰等恶劣环境,可以大幅度延伸可监测的区域,并实现相对廉价的长期连续监测.此外,光纤传感...     

基于分布式光纤传感的堤坝安全监测技术及展望

及时、准确地掌握堤坝的性态，是保证堤坝安全运行的基础.因此，需要一种实时监测系统对堤坝进行监测.分析了堤坝健康监测的主要内容，介绍了分布式光纤传感技术的工作原理及使用现状；探讨了分布式光纤传感技术在我国堤坝渗流和形变中的应用；指出了分布式光纤传感技术在土堤坝使用中存在的问题，并给出了新的堤坝长期安全监测系统设计建议，结论有益于指导构建新的基于分布式光纤技术的堤坝安全监测系统.     

一种光纤传感式油气探测地震检波器探头

高灵敏度波动和振动传感器是目前油气探测急需的关键技术之一.本文设计了一种光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)型波动和振动传感探头,分析了其工作参数和传感优势,给出了这种新型地震检波器探头结构的有限元分析结果和实验室振动测试结果.结果表明,这种检波器探头有较好的频率响应,测试性能稳定,此结构具有很高的灵敏度放大作用.     

边坡变形的分布式光纤监测试验研究及实践

布里渊光时域反射计（BOTDR）是一项新型光电传感仪器,可对沿光纤的轴向应变进行分布式监测。该技术采用光纤作为传感和传输介质,具有良好的抗干扰、长距离、可植入性和分布式监测等特点。本文总结了近几年来分布式光纤在边坡工程中监测的工程实践和试验研究结果。实践表明,将光纤传感器铺设在加固边坡的锚杆和框架梁中,在加固边坡的同时进行安全监测,可以取得良好的效果;而将光纤直接铺设在边坡浅层土体中进行监测,可以及时对边坡安全提供预警,但往往不利于长期监测。本文还介绍了将光纤传感器布设在用于加固边坡的土工织物中进行安全监测的室内试验研究。实验证明,不同的光纤类型、布设方法、土工织物性能等都会对监测结果产生影响。最后分析了分布式光纤监测在岩土工程监测中的应用前景,以及今后研究的关键技术问题。     

光纤Bragg光栅在油气工业中的若干应用及进展

简要介绍光纤Bragg光栅的基本原理、传感检测系统的构成,以及利用光纤Bragg光栅进行温度、应变同时测量区分技术.光纤光栅作为新一代传感元器件,越来越受到广大油气工业用户的青睐.本文主要讨论光纤Bragg光栅在油气工业中的若干应用,并对存在问题和应用前景进行了展望.     

基于结构振动信息的损伤识别研究综述

随着传感技术、信号采集与处理和系统建模等技术的发展,基于结构振动信息的损伤识别已经成为土木工程结构健康监测与损伤检测领域的研究热点。本文系统地综述了近20年来国内外基于振动信息的结构损伤识别的研究和应用现状,评述了各类方法的优缺点,并针对土木工程结构损伤识别的特点,对有待于进一步研究的问题进行了展望。     

BOFDA技术综述及用于岩土工程监测的可行性研究

布里渊散射光频域分析技术(BOFDA),是一套通过测量连续泵浦光和连续探测光相互作用后产生的布里渊散射光所确定的基带函数的脉冲响应,运用相关计算方法确定传感光纤上物理信息的综合系统。与其它分布式光纤传感器相比,BOFDA可在窄基带下操作,具有分布式、高信噪比、高空间分辨率、低成本、多频信号平行测量和处理、信号动态范围大等优点。本文对BOFDA用于测量应变和温度的基本原理进行了介绍,并对前人做的室内、现场试验进行了概括和总结。     

光纤布拉格光栅地震检波器的实验研究

光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)是一种新型的传感元件,具有分辨率高、精度高、抗电磁干扰能力强、频带宽等优点.本文以光纤布拉格光栅为敏感元件,设计并制作了一种地震检波器,建立了地震检波器的力学模型,并推导出地震检波器固有频率和灵敏度的理论公式.理论分析了影响地震检波器动态特性的因素,并进行实验对该FBG地震检波器的性能进行研究,实验结果表明:该FBG地震检波器在5～55Hz的振动频率范围内,具有良好的线性响应,而且输出稳定、灵敏度高,适用于地震勘探.     

The use of multi‐frequency acquisition to significantly improve the quality of fibre‐optic‐distributed vibration sensing

Unlike conventional sensors that measure the passage of seismic waves at a single position, distributed vibration sensing systems, also known as distributed acoustic sensing systems, detect the passage of seismic waves by averaging a measurement of strain over a section of fibre‐optic cable. Distributed vibration sensing systems work by transmitting pulses of light down the fibre and measuring the phase of the Rayleigh backscatter. At random positions along the fibre, however, fading occurs; this is where the amplitude of the backscattered signal is very small due to cancellation of the scattered electric fields, resulting in anomalously noisy traces in a common source gather. This paper addresses the problem of fading in a particular form of distributed vibration sensors: a new optical arrangement of the instrumentation is described that allows the measurement to be carried out quasi‐simultaneously at multiple optical interrogation frequencies. The interrogation frequencies are chosen to be sufficiently different that their fading properties are distinct and the diversity thus obtained is used to aggregate the data obtained to substantially reduce the noise caused by fading. As well as reducing the effects of fading, the aggregation of the independent results can also help to reduce the overall noise of the measurement and improve the linearity of the distributed vibration sensing system.     

The effect of gauge length on axially incident P‐waves measured using fibre optic distributed vibration sensing

Distributed vibration sensing, also known as distributed acoustic sensing, is a relatively new method for recording vertical seismic profile data using a fibre optic cable as the sensor. The signal obtained from such systems is a distributed measurement over a length of fibre referred to as the gauge length. In this paper, we show that gauge length selection is one of the most important acquisition parameters for a distributed vibration sensing survey. If the gauge length is too small, then the signal‐to‐noise ratio will be poor. If the gauge length is too large, resolution will be reduced and the shape of the wavelet will be distorted. The optimum gauge length, as derived here, is a function of the velocity and frequencies of the seismic waves being measured. If these attributes vary considerably over the depth of a survey, then the use of different gauge lengths is recommended. The significant increases in data quality resulting from the use of multiple gauge length values are demonstrated using field data.     

基于STM32和LabVIEW的双频激电信号采集系统设计

本文将LabVIEW与基于32位ARM单片机的数据采集电路结合,研究实现了一种高精度、多功能的双频激电信号采集系统.激电信号被采集系统接收后,经信号调理进入模数转换电路转换为数字信号,由USB接口送入基于LabVIEW软件平台的上位机中.上位机对该信号进行滤波选频、幅值测量、频谱分析、幅频率计算等处理,得到目标参数,同时还具有绘图、保存、查看等功能.本文就双频激电信号采集进行了阻容网络模拟实验,先用公式计算出理论视幅频率值,然后搭建电路进行实测.实验结果表明,该采集系统对双频激电信号采集的视幅频率测量误差小、精度高,具有良好的测量效果.     

粤赣高速公路K3边坡光纤监测与数值模拟对比分析

本文采用基于FLAC^3D软件的数值模拟方法,对粤赣高速公路K3边坡工程锚杆的应力应变状态进行数值模拟,分析了全长粘结式锚杆的荷载传递机理;根据运用基于自发布里渊背向散射原理（BOTDR）的分布式光纤应变传感技术对锚杆的轴向应变进行的监测数据,分析了工程锚杆的变形特征。数值模拟与实测数据的对比分析表明,模拟曲线与监测曲线反映的工程锚杆的变形特征具有较高的一致性,验证了应用FLAC^3D有限差分软件模拟锚杆。框架体系应力应变特征的合理性,以及基于BOTDR的锚杆应变分布监测的可行性。     

三通道无线振动数据采集系统

本文阐述了一种采用无线方式进行数据传输的振动数据采集系统。在测量端使用低频拾振器拾取振动信号,并用模数转换器实现振动参数的模数转换,精度可达19．5mV。数字振动参数以无线的方式发射出去,在接收端应用远程可视化编程系统接收采集数据。系统对振动信号的采集及时准确,无线技术使得信号传输方便;远端可视化控制系统使振动数据采集、过程监控更加直观。     

强地震动数据采集系统研究

本文介绍了GDQJ—1A型强地震动数据采集系统的结构原理和技术性能，它可用于强地震观测和工程振动测量。     

Convolutional neural networks for automated microseismic detection in downhole distributed acoustic sensing data and comparison to a surface geophone array

Distributed acoustic sensing is a growing technology that enables affordable downhole recording of strain wavefields from microseismic events with spatial sampling down to ∼1 m. Exploiting this high spatial information density motivates different detection approaches than typically used for downhole geophones. A new machine learning method using convolutional neural networks is described that operates on the full strain wavefield. The method is tested using data recorded in a horizontal observation well during hydraulic fracturing in the Eagle Ford Shale, Texas, and the results are compared to a surface geophone array that simultaneously recorded microseismic activity. The neural network was trained using synthetic microseismic events injected into real ambient noise, and it was applied to detect events in the remaining data. There were 535 detections found and no false positives. In general, the signal-to-noise ratio of events recorded by distributed acoustic sensing was lower than the surface array and 368 of 933 surface array events were found. Despite this, 167 new events were found in distributed acoustic sensing data that had no detected counterpart in the surface array. These differences can be attributed to the different detection threshold that depends on both magnitude and distance to the optical fibre. As distributed acoustic sensing data quality continues to improve, neural networks offer many advantages for automated, real-time microseismic event detection, including low computational cost, minimal data pre-processing, low false trigger rates and continuous performance improvement as more training data are acquired.     

A study of the geophysical response of distributed fibre optic acoustic sensors through laboratory‐scale experiments

In the past few years, distributed acoustic sensing has gained great interest in geophysics. This acquisition technology offers immense improvement in terms of efficiency when compared with current geophysical acquisition methods. However, the fundamentals of the measurement are still not fully understood because direct comparisons of fibre data with conventional geophysical sensors are difficult during field tests. We present downscaled laboratory experiments that enabled us to characterise the relationship between the signals recorded by conventional seismic point receivers and by distributed fibre optic sensors. Interrogation of the distributed optical fibre sensor was performed with a Michelson interferometer because this system is suited to compact test configurations, and it requires only a very simple data processing workflow for extracting the signal outputs. We show acoustic data that were recorded simultaneously by both the fibre optical interferometer and conventional three‐component accelerometers, thus enabling the comparison of sensor performance. We present results focused on the directionality of fibre measurements, on the amplitude variation with angle of incidence, and on the transfer function that allows accelerometer signals to be transformed into optical fibre signals. We conclude that the optical fibre response matches with the array of the displacement differences of the inline accelerometers deployed along the fibre length. Moreover, we also analysed the influence of various types of coupling and fibre cable coating on the signal responses, emphasising the importance of these parameters for field seismic acquisitions when using the distributed fibre optic technology.     

流动地震仪检测钻头振动信号的现场试验

钻井过程中钻头对井底的冲击振动为钻头前方地层的探测提供了震源，可用来消除钻井过程中的地质不确定性和降低钻井风险.本研究在分析井下钻头振动信号特点的基础上，根据现代地震观测技术的新发展，将多道勘探地震仪和流动数字地震仪的性能进行了对比分析，将天然地震的观测设备和分析方法应用到随钻地震检测中，提出了一套新的随钻地震检测方案，利用高灵敏度流动数字地震仪连续检测钻井过程中的钻头振动信号，初步现场试验表明该技术方案可行，获得的信号信噪比高，易于钻井工程师掌握，为随钻地震技术提供了新的技术路线.