基于遥感技术研究依兰-伊通断裂带

郯庐断裂带是中国东部的大型走滑断裂, 在沈阳以北由一支分为两支: 依兰—伊通断裂带和敦化-密山断裂带。 利用遥感数据并结合DEM (数字高程模型)数据对郯庐断裂带北段的依兰-伊通断裂带进行了分析研究。 根据该断裂带的形态特征将其划分成三段(沈阳—开原段、 开原—依兰段、 依兰—萝北段)。 沈阳—开原段为单条断裂, 它分隔了下辽河平原和辽东山地; 开原—依兰段为双边不对称断裂, 两支断裂相向内倾形成地堑, 隔大黑山分隔了松辽盆地和那丹哈达岭; 依兰-萝北段断裂较为隐伏, 该段是小兴安岭和三江盆地的分界。 通过分析依兰—伊通断裂带对河流和其他断裂的错动情况, 进一步揭示了郯庐断裂带曾经历了早期左旋走滑和后期右旋走滑的历史。 另外还对伊通地堑进行了较为详细的描述及说明, 通过对其DEM作横向和纵向的剖面分析证实了其西北边界为主要控盆断裂。     

青藏高原东北缘玛沁-兰州-靖边剖面地壳上地幔电性结构研究

在青藏高原东北缘至鄂尔多斯地块沿玛沁—兰州—靖边剖面进行62个测点的大地电磁观测,采用Robust技术对观测数据进行了处理和张量阻抗分解.分析了视电阻率和阻抗相位曲线、二维偏离度、区域走向.采用RRI二维反演技术进行了资料的反演解释,二维剖面的电性结构显示：（1）玛沁断裂带、兰州深断裂带、马家滩—大水坑断裂带将剖面分为4个电性区块：巴颜喀拉地块、秦祁地块、边界带和鄂尔多斯地块.（2）区块1、2和4的地壳电性结构有类似特点：上地壳为高阻层,下地壳上部为低阻带,下地壳下部到上地幔电阻率随深度逐渐升高.区块3电性成层性差、结构复杂,是现今构造活动较强烈的地区.（3）玛沁断裂带、海原断裂带和罗山—云雾山断裂带为较陡立的超壳断裂带;西秦岭北缘断裂带为壳内断裂带.     

安宁河-则木河-小江带的强震构造环境和运动速率

研究了安宁河——则木河一小江断裂带的强震构造环境和展源力学机制；据该带历史强震计算分析了地震短张量年速率；据该带跨断层形变观测资料分析了断裂带水平和垂直形变年速率；并就潜在地展危险性进行了讨论.     

荥经-马边-盐津断裂带新活动特征分析

分析了荥经-马边-盐津断裂带地震活动特征,提出荥经-马边-盐津断裂带具有明显的分段活动特征,在活动时代、活动强度上具有明显的北老南新和北弱南强的特点;其地震活动呈现小震活动密集;中段为典型的震群型活动区;南段为强度较大的强震区,但北段的地震活动的频度和强度都相对较弱.并提出了该断裂带新构造活动与地震相关性是值得研究的问题,并对该地区今后的防震减灾工作提出一些建议.     

青岛马山-王哥庄断裂带构造活动性分析

本文从构造地质学、地震学和地球动力学的角度出发,论述了青岛及邻区的地质构造背景,阐述了青岛马山—王哥庄断裂带的构造活动特征,分析了青岛地区的地震活动性.通过分析2003年6月和2004年11月的崂山震群活动特征,进一步确定了马山—王哥庄断裂带的构造活动性.受来自南黄海的区域构造应力作用,该断裂带尤其是其东南段表现出较强的构造活动性,具有引发有感乃至中等地震的可能性.     

营口-潍坊断裂带新构造和新构造活动的再认识

营潍断裂带是郯庐断裂带通过渤海的部分,亦为渤海湾盆地东部构造的重要组成部分,近年来一些研究者从不同角度对断裂带的新构造和新构造活动等进行了不同程度的研究。文中基于以往的工作并结合其他研究者的成果,对该断裂带的新构造和新构造活动及有关问题再次作了分析。渤海地区新构造运动开始于中新世晚期(12~10MaBP),它源自区域地壳水平运动,新构造应力场以NEE-SWW至近EW向水平挤压为特征。营潍断裂带的新构造,主要表现为先存古近纪断裂复活和新构造应力场初始应力作用在其上覆新近系--第四系中形成的构造变形,它以断裂极其发育为特征。NE向斜切营潍断裂带中段的庙西北-黄河口新生断裂带的产生,不仅使营潍断裂带的新构造和新构造活动具分段性,而且使该断裂带的新构造活动显著减弱。渤海东部地震基本沿庙西北-黄河口断裂带分布,营潍断裂带辽东湾段和莱州湾段地震较少且震级小。为究其原因,最后还作了初步的力学分析。     

信宜-廉江断裂地震活动状态分析

利用1972年1月1日至2016年3月31日粤桂交界地区地震台网记录的地震资料,获得了信宜-廉江断裂带及附近区域b值、a值和T_L值等多个地震活动性参数的空间分布图像,讨论了断裂带的应力状态。研究结果表明:信宜-廉江断裂带地震活动性参数分布具有明显的空间差异性。断裂带西南端的北部湾海域段落具有低b值、低a值和最短的复发间隔T_L值的参数组合特征,表明该段落已处于高应力闭锁状态,具有发生中强地震的应力条件。信宜-廉江断裂带中部与遂溪断裂带交汇的区域应力水平和闭锁程度低于北部湾地区,但需要关注遂溪断裂带上中强地震对该断裂带的应力触发作用。高州水库区域小地震活跃,应力释放以小震持续活动为主。     

安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带应力状态分段特征的数值模拟研究

以川滇地区地壳运动GPS观测、地壳上地幔结构模型、地震精确定位、构造应力场、断层滑动速率和岩石圈流变特性等观测和研究结果为约束,采用多组不同尺寸的摩擦接触单元表示断裂带,建立包含安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带的三维有限元模型,并考虑了1327年以来断裂带上强烈地震活动对研究区域构造应力状态的影响,对断裂带上强震活动的主要控制因素,未来可能的强震危险区分布和构造应力状态的关系进行模拟实验研究.研究结果表明,青藏高原重力位能的影响、相邻块体相互作用是该断裂带系统构造应力分布特征的主要动力学控制因.模拟给出的断裂带应力分布与断裂带上现今b值图像等地震活动参数有一定的对应关系;但同时也发现断裂带上部分异常低b值区落在模拟实验中历史强震活动产生的应力低值区,这种矛盾的对应关系可能受历史强震释放应变能等多方面因素所影响.     

巴颜喀拉块体东-南边界强震序列库仑应力触发过程

计算和研究了1973—2014年发生在巴颜喀拉块体东-南边界断裂带上的、由9次M_S≥6.3地震组成的强震序列引起的库仑静应力变化图像,分析序列中先发地震破裂对后发地震的应力触发作用。结果表明:(1)1973—1976年在巴颜喀拉块体东边界的虎牙断裂带上发生的4次强震存在着显著的应力触发关系,同时改变了龙门山断裂带中南段及周围区域的应力状态,相继触发了汶川M_S8.0地震和芦山M_S7.0地震;(2)南边界鲜水河断裂带自1973年以来发生的3次强震同样存在应力触发关系,2014年康定M_S6.3地震是巴颜喀拉块体东、南边界强震活动导致的库仑应力变化共同触发的结果;(3)序列中9次地震共同产生的库仑应力变化图像显示:龙门山断裂带南段的汶川地震至芦山地震破裂段之间的空区,鲜水河断裂带南段的道孚地震至康定地震破裂段之间的空区以及鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、龙门山断裂带交汇的三岔口地区均在库仑应力增加区的覆盖范围之内,需要重点关注。     

临潼-长安断裂带构造变形及分段特征

对临潼-长安断裂带1970～1996年跨断裂水准资料、1983-2004年跨断层场地水准资料和1992～2004年重力段差资料进行了定量计算与分析。分析结果表明：①临潼-长安断裂是近期非常活跃的断裂，断裂带中主次断裂具有对称活动特点，江伊-鲍坡断裂在该断裂带整体活动中居主动地位；②跨临潼-长安断裂带的麻街和沣峪口两场地在地震前，垂直形变均不同程度地出现准同步快速下降的异常变化，但震后区域应力场的调整过程中两场地的影响存在差异；③临潼-长安断裂带的活动具有明显的分段性特点，形变测量资料分析表明，其南段活动比较稳定，而北段的活动则很活跃；④场地水准与跨断裂水准资料有较好的一致性，重力段差变化与场地垂直形变有较好的相关性。     

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Study of the Influence of the Indirect Effect of Ocean Tides and of the Direct Deformation Effect of the Atmosphere on the Results of GPS Observations

The geodynamic interpretation of the results of GPS observations among the permanently operating stations which establish the frame for defining and conserving the coordinate system and simultaneously for describing the fundamental tendencies of dynamics in the area represented by them, should be deprived of the effects of geodynamic phenomena, which can be either periodic or short-term (even non-periodic) so that secular changes may be found. Some of these influences are included in scientific processing software, others have to be modelled later. The purpose of this project is to determine the influences of the indirect effect of ocean tides and the direct deformational effect of the atmosphere on the results of GPS observations, performed at stations Pecný (Czech Republic), Wettzell (FRG) and Graz (Austria), and also for the GPS stations of the Central Europe Regional Geodynamic Project (CERGOP) in the region of Central and East Europe. On the basis of analyses and results it is possible to claim that at the present accuracy of GPS observations the influence of ocean loading and atmospheric pressure effects for geodynamic campaigns in the region of the Czech Republic is negligible. For campaigns in larger regions (i.e. Central Europe) atmospheric corrections will have to be applied to height differences. These corrections, however, due to their periodicity have negligible influence on secular changes.