皆伐对一代和二代人促米槠林分特征的影响

皆伐形成的一代(8a生)和二代(6a生)人促米槠林的群落结构、组成树种、物种多样性、直径结构等均相近；但一代人促米槠林以有性(实生)起源为主，二代人促米槠林以无性(萌芽)起源为主，二代林分生产力明显大于一代林分，充分体现萌芽更新的早期速生性。     

不同林龄米槠更新林叶和枝碳氮磷含量及其化学计量特征

在福建顺昌选择21年生、31年生和49年生米槠人工促进天然更新林,测定各个林分叶片和枝条C、N和P的含量,分析其化学生态计量特征。结果表明:1)不同林龄的林分枝和叶C含量的时空变异较小,变化范围在473.0~485.6 mg·g~(-1)之间;N含量随着林龄的增加而呈升高的趋势;而叶片和枝条P含量随林龄变化的趋势不明显;2)不同林龄人工促进天然更新林C∶P平均值为809.5,是中国东部南北样带森林(313.9)和全球森林(300.9)的2.6和2.7倍;N∶P均值为30.1,是中国东部南北样带(11.5)、中国平均(18.0)和全球平均(13.8)的2.6倍、1.7倍和2.2倍。较高的N∶P表明研究区域受P限制,同时人工促进天然更新林较高的C∶P表明该森林能够在低P条件下提高P的利用率,以维持林木的生长。     

人促天然更新米槠次生林与杉木人工林乔木层碳贮量分配特征比较

以杉木人工林为对照,分析三明陈大人工促进天然更新形成的米槠次生林乔木层碳贮量及其随树种、径阶、高阶的分配特点．结果表明：米槠次生林乔木层物种丰富度高于杉木林,人促天然更新有利于保持乔木层的树种多样性．米槠次生林乔木层碳贮量为178．67t·hm^-2,高于杉木人工林（111．24t·hm^-2）．米槠次生林和杉木人工林均以单优树种碳贮量占绝对优势,但米槠次生林中大个体林木（大径阶、大高阶）的碳贮量远大于杉木人工林．与杉木人工林相比,米槠次生林呈现出异龄的林分结构,这可能是其能够保持高碳吸存和高树种丰富度的重要原因．     

格氏栲天然林与人工林枯枝落叶层和粗木质残体有机化学组成研究

对福建省三明市格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林这3种林分的枯枝落叶层及粗木质残体物质化学组成进行研究．结果表明：在分解过程中3种林分枯叶和枯枝水溶性物质和纤维素含量不断下降,而枯枝中苯醇溶性物质和粗蛋白质含量有所上升．除半纤维素和纤维素外,3种林分粗木质残体水溶性物质、木质素和粗蛋白质含量均为L层〉F层,而苯醇溶性物质含量为L层〈F层．格氏栲天然林枯叶和枯枝水溶性物质、木质素、粗蛋白质、半纤维素和纤维素总贮量最高,而苯醇溶性物质总贮量以格氏栲人工林的最高．3种林分F层枯叶和枯枝有机物质的总贮量高于L层．与2种人工林相比,格氏栲天然林粗木质残体中各种有机物质贮量均最高．     

格氏栲天然林与人工林枯枝落叶层和粗木质残体有机化学组成研究

对福建省三明市格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林这3种林分的枯枝落叶层及粗木质残体物质化学组成进行研究．结果表明：在分解过程中3种林分枯叶和枯枝水溶性物质和纤维素含量不断下降,而枯枝中苯醇溶性物质和粗蛋白质含量有所上升．除半纤维素和纤维素外,3种林分粗木质残体水溶性物质、木质素和粗蛋白质含量均为L层〉F层,而苯醇溶性物质含量为L层〈F层．格氏栲天然林枯叶和枯枝水溶性物质、木质素、粗蛋白质、半纤维素和纤维素总贮量最高,而苯醇溶性物质总贮量以格氏栲人工林的最高．3种林分F层枯叶和枯枝有机物质的总贮量高于L层．与2种人工林相比,格氏栲天然林粗木质残体中各种有机物质贮量均最高．     

福建南平35a生楠木林生态系统碳库及分配

对福建省南平市安曹下35a生楠木林碳库及分配进行研究．结果表明,楠木林碳库为172．138t·hm^-2,其中乔木层碳库占楠木林碳库的40．14％,矿质土壤层碳库占55．99％,而林下植被层、枯枝落叶层、粗木质残体3个分室碳库所占比例之和不超过5％．楠木林的干材（干＋皮）碳库占乔木层碳库的71．14％,楠木林根系碳库占乔木层碳库21．93％,楠木林枝和叶碳库所占比例总和不超过5％．因此,楠木林碳库主要分配在乔木层和土壤层．     

千年桐人工林乔木层的生物量特征

研究生物质能源树种千年桐人工林乔木层生物量特征及其分配规律.采用样地调查和标准木收获法测定2a、3 a、5a、7a、9a生千年桐人工林乔木层生物量,建立千年桐人工林乔木层生物量回归模型,其全株的相关系数为0.980 1,其他组分相关系数均在0.9093以上,具有良好的相关性.结果表明:2a、3a、5 a、7 a、9a生林分乔木层生物量分别为41.162t/hm2,51.15 t/hm2,58.656 t/hm2,114.005 t/hm2,134.894 t/hm2,9a生林分乔木层生物量是分别7a,5a,3 a,2a生林分的1.183倍,2.300倍,2.637倍,3.277倍.各器官生物量分配中,9 a生林分的树杆对乔木层生物量贡献最大,达到41.09％,贡献率最小的是2a生林分,为38.54％;7 a生林分的树枝对乔木层生物量贡献率最大,达到26.1％,贡献率最小的是5a生林分,为22.8％;5 a生林分的树叶对乔木层生物量贡献率最大,为13.72％,贡献率最小的是7a生林分,为10.38％;7 a生林对林分的树根生物量贡献率最大,为23.68％,贡献率最小的是9a生林分,为21.52％.乔木层的生物量主要以树杆为主,杆、枝、叶、根的生物量均表现出明显随林龄增长而递增的规律.     

福建省永安市西洋镇2.5a生人促阔叶林与伐前林分的对比评价

福建省永安市西洋镇2.5 a生人促阔叶林分平均胸径、树高、密度、单位面积蓄积量和平均年生长量分别为2.0 cm、1.8 m、19 533 株/hm2 、7.0 m~3/hm~2和2.80 m~3/(hm~2·a),乔木层物种丰富度R、多样性指数SW、均匀度E和生态优势度ED分别为33、2.93、0.62和0.21,林分相对直径分布范围0.25-3.00,直径分布为反J型,表现为异龄林特征.35 a生的伐前林分平均胸径、树高、密度、单位面积蓄积量和平均年生长量分别为13.6 cm、10.5 m、1 185 株/hm2 、101.3 m~3/hm~2和2.89 m~3/(hm~2·a),乔木层物种丰富度R、多样性指数SW、均匀度E和生态优势度ED分别为24、3.72、0.81和0.10,林分相对直径分布范围0.44-2.50,直径分布为反J型,表现为异龄林特征.     

万木林青年和老龄常绿阔叶林乔木层碳贮量分配特征

了解森林生物量碳分配特征,对于森林碳贮量和碳汇估算、森林碳汇经营和生物多样性保护有重要意义.本课题选择福建省万木林自然保护区青年(约47 a生)和老龄(约120 a生)常绿阔叶林为研究对象,根据生物多样性调查结果和生物量异速方程,计算乔木层生物量碳贮量,并分析其高度级、径级和树种间的分配特征.结果表明:1)青年林碳贮量为115.03 t.hm-2,老龄林碳贮量为224.43 t.hm-2;2)青年林最大碳贮量出现在高度级Ⅶ级(15～17 m),为23.17 t.hm-2,而老年林最大碳贮量出现在高度级Ⅷ级(17～19 m),为62.96 t.hm-2;3)青年林中Ⅵ级(15 cm≤DBH<17 cm)的碳贮量最高,为34.25 t.hm-2,占总碳贮量的29.77%;在老龄林中最高碳贮量集中在XIX级(DBH≥41 cm),为60.03t.hm-2,占总碳贮量的26.78%;4)2个林分绝大部分碳贮量都集中在少数树种,大多数物种对碳贮量的贡献很微小.     

福建南平35 a生楠木林生态系统碳库及分配

对福建省南平市安曹下35a生楠木林碳库及分配进行研究．结果表明,楠木林碳库为172．138t&#183;hm^-2,其中乔木层碳库占楠木林碳库的40．14％,矿质土壤层碳库占55．99％,而林下植被层、枯枝落叶层、粗木质残体3个分室碳库所占比例之和不超过5％．楠木林的干材（干＋皮）碳库占乔木层碳库的71．14％,楠木林根系碳库占乔木层碳库21．93％,楠木林枝和叶碳库所占比例总和不超过5％．因此,楠木林碳库主要分配在乔木层和土壤层．     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Journal of Resources and Ecology Total Contents of Volume 5, 2014

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BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)