兰州地区环境污染对五泉山水化学动态影响的初步研究

基于对1972－1997年兰州五泉山水质变化情况的分析，研究了兰州地区环境污染尤其是大气污染对该泉点水质的影响。结果表明，环境因素对泉点的水化学动态可能造成很大的影响，在应用水地球化学观测资料进行地震预报时，应充分考虑环境污染问题。     

乌鲁木齐10号泉He含量变化的映震特征

本文从监测泉点的水文地质概况入手，结合近19年来的资料分析了10号泉水中氦含量变化的映震特征：氦含量变化的地震前兆异常基本上都是正异常，且具有较好的重复性，泉点即流量测值遵循：背景值一趋势性上升（或突升）－最高值－趋势性下降（或突降）－恢复至背景值的变化过程。而地震常常发生在氦含量由高变低的过程中。最后初步认定了泉点较好的地质构造环境和氦特有的化学特性是该泉氦具有映震灵敏性的原因。     

乌鲁木齐10号泉流量的映震分析

从监测泉点的水地质概况入手，结合近16年来的震例，分析并总结了10号泉流量的映震特征：流量的地震前兆异常基本上都是正异常，且具有较好的重复性，即流量测值遵循背景值一趋势性上升（或突升）－最高值一趋势性下降（或突降）一恢复到背景值。而地震常常发生在流量测值由高变低的过程中，最后，初步认定了泉点较好地地震构造环境是造成该泉流量具有映震灵敏性的原因。     

乌鲁木齐9、10号泉F—映震特征的研究

从监测泉点的水文地质概况入手，结合近18年来的观测资料，分析并总结了9，10号泉水中F－的映震特征：F^-地震前兆异常基本上都是正异常，且具有较好的重复性，即基本上遵循：背景值－脉冲式突升－最高值－恢复至背景值的规律。而地震常常发生在F^-含量恢复背景值后数天或数十天，仅有个别地震发生在F^-含量达最高值时，最后，初步认定了泉点较好的地震构造环境是造成该9，10号泉F^-具有映震灵敏性的原因。     

石咀山水氡与其西北部地震

1.泉点位置及地球化学概况石咀山水氡观测点位于正谊关大断裂北翼的一条北东—南西走向的断裂带之上,断层岩性为前震旦片麻岩,泉水系花岗片麻岩中的裂隙水,以大气降水补给为主。该泉水温13℃,流量0.037升/秒,矿化度0.45克/升,PH值为7.85,水质为HCo_3~--Cl~--So_4~--Ca~( )-     

乌鲁木齐4号泉甲烷趋势性变化原因分析

近5年来，乌鲁木齐4号泉水中甲烷含量逐年呈趋势性降低。本从泉点地质构造、水地球化学环境入手，结合水气象资料，分析并论正了甲烷逐年趋势性变化的原因。     

试析华清温泉水化观测中的干扰

对华清温泉在水化观测中的干扰因素及特征，进行了分析探讨。通过对观测资料、水文地质结构的分析，指出降水、排污、供水开采等因素，对泉点没有影响。得出只有本身不抽水时，井内形成的“滞留水”，对观测结果影响较大及Ｈｅ、Ｒｎ含量明显降低，Ｏ２含量增高，Ｎ２变化不大，ＣＯ２含量亦降低的结论。指出供电不足是形成滞留水的主要原因。     

松潘7.2级地震的水氡异常特征

本文对松潘7.2级地震前后四川省水氡点的测值进行了较系统的分析研究,发现震前距该地震震中110公里范围以内的松潘川主寺和茂汶吉鱼寨两泉点的测值具有短期和临震异常,距该地震震中300公里以外的姑咱泉点测值具有区域性的临震突跳异常,康定泉点的测值具有区域性异常变化,并提出了松潘7.2级地震的水氡异常模型。文中还对上述四个泉点的地质构造背景和水文地质条件也作了简要介绍。     

丽江7.0级地震地下流体异常特征

通过对１９９６年２月３日云南丽江Ｍｓ７．０地震前震中周围水位、水氡、水汞、泉点宏观等地下流体共７１个台项观测资料的异常及综合特征分析，初步认为震前异常数量较多，异常时间分布具有整体性、同步性、集中性的特点，但异常主要集中在短期阶段，临震异常不突出；突间分布具有集中性和非均匀性，孕震区至远场影响区的异常比例最高，震源区内为相对“盲区”，且突出而肯定的宏观异常极少；异常的时空演变特征复杂，总体没有规律     

腾冲热海温泉群化学特征与形成机理研究

本文系统研究了腾冲热海温泉群１１个泉点的化学组分特征,并据此探讨了温泉群的形成机理,用回归统计法计算了地下冷热水混合方程,根据这些混合方程进一步估算出混合前原始热水的温度和部分相关化学组分的浓度。用Ｒ型群分析法计算出了温泉群各化学组分之间的相关系数,得出了各化学组分的相关谱系图,并据此探讨了温泉化学组分的来源。     

广西武鸣盆地岩溶泉口浮游生物群落对水环境变化的响应

近年来我国西南岩溶地区一些岩溶泉出现水生生态系统由草型向藻型转变的问题,但水化学监测却显示泉水水质依旧良好.岩溶泉的水质变化与水生生态系统退化不同步,故探寻岩溶泉水环境的变化以及浮游生物群落的响应,对全面掌握和客观评价泉水的健康状况具有重要意义.于2016年7月、2020年7月两个时期对广西武鸣盆地内4个岩溶泉进行了浮...     

我国地震地下流体观测台网调整与优化方案探讨

本文首先简要介绍了我国地震地下流体观测台网的现状,然后针对其存在的主要问题提出了调整与优化的建议: ① 调整布局,重点加强我国中西部地区(105°E以西)的监测; ② 扩大规模,观测井(泉)数要达到1000个左右; ③ 全面提高观测井质量,淘汰不符合规范要求的观测井(泉),改造不完全符合规范要求的观测井,新建一批完全符合规范的观测井; ④ 优化观测项目的组合,大力发展观测井(泉)水流量观测,强化以H₂、 He、 CO₂等为主测项的断层带土壤气观测,建立断层带土壤气观测网; ⑤ 优化现有的观测模式,开展平面上的台阵式观测与垂向的多层次立体化观测; ⑥ 完善与提升现有数字化观测技术水平.      

Trends in water quality variations in the Odra River the day before implementation of the Water Framework Directive

This paper contains an account of UN/EEC-sponsored research on water quality monitoring and assessments in the catchments areas of Europe's 10 transboundary rivers. In this context, water quality assessments established on the basis of monitoring data for Poland's rivers are discussed. Consideration is also given to the water quality assessment methods recommended by the EU Directives. The problem has been exemplified by the analysis of water quality variations in the transboundary river Odra in the time span of 1973–2003. For the years 1993–2003, the trends in water quality variations are calculated and the rates of variation are analysed. The points in time when the water quality will have attained the second class purity values are predicted, taking into account the requirements specified in Polish, Czech and German standards. Analysis of the trends in the variations of pollution parameters has revealed that the achievability of good water quality depends on the limit values adopted for the assessment.     

下关塘子铺温泉的水文地球化学特征

下关塘子铺温泉自1970年开展水氡观测以来,水氡的前兆异常特征较为明显,对应过多次强烈地震,也成功的预报过一些地震。通过18年的观测实践,证明下关塘子铺温泉是地震观测工作中的一个灵敏点。 为探讨其灵敏原因,近年来围绕温泉、沿西洱河断层普查了一批水点,其中有4个温泉、2个冷泉、地表水两处。测定了水氡、水温、常规水质及溶解气体。企图从水文地球化学特征入手,初步探讨温泉水氡的机理,并进而探讨水氡前兆灵敏性的原因。     

Implications of ground water chemistry and flow patterns for earthquake studies

Ground water can facilitate earthquake development and respond physically and chemically to tectonism. Thus, an understanding of ground water circulation in seismically active regions is important for earthquake prediction. To investigate the roles of ground water in the development and prediction of earthquakes, geological and hydrogeological monitoring was conducted in a seismogenic area in the Yanhuai Basin, China. This study used isotopic and hydrogeochemical methods to characterize ground water samples from six hot springs and two cold springs. The hydrochemical data and associated geological and geophysical data were used to identify possible relations between ground water circulation and seismically active structural features. The data for delta18O, deltaD, tritium, and 14C indicate ground water from hot springs is of meteoric origin with subsurface residence times of 50 to 30,320 years. The reservoir temperature and circulation depths of the hot ground water are 57 degrees C to 160 degrees C and 1600 to 5000 m, respectively, as estimated by quartz and chalcedony geothermometers and the geothermal gradient. Various possible origins of noble gases dissolved in the ground water also were evaluated, indicating mantle and deep crust sources consistent with tectonically active segments. A hard intercalated stratum, where small to moderate earthquakes frequently originate, is present between a deep (10 to 20 km), high-electrical conductivity layer and the zone of active ground water circulation. The ground water anomalies are closely related to the structural peculiarity of each monitoring point. These results could have implications for ground water and seismic studies in other seismogenic areas.     

固城湖冬季生物资源现状及环境质量与资源利用评价

根据1999年冬季对固城湖生物资源现状的调查,分析了固城湖冬季生物资源的群落组成和结构特征,探讨了固城湖水质的演变趋势和湖泊供养殖能力.结果表明,固城湖水质虽达到国家Ⅲ类饮用水标准,但固城湖水质已呈现明显的富营养化趋势.当前固城湖可自然提供的渔产潜力约为81.4×104kg.为保障固城湖渔业生产和水资源质量,应做好水生植物资源改良和保护,调整湖泊渔业结构.     

The hydrothermal system of Nevado del Ruiz volcano,Colombia

Hot springs and steam vents on the slopes of Nevado del Ruiz volcano provide evidence regarding the nature of hydrothermal activity within the summit and flanks of the volcano. At elevations below 3000 m, alkali-chloride water is discharged from two groups of boiling springs and several isolated warm springs on the western slope of Nevado del Ruiz. Chemical and isotopic geothermometers suggest that the boiling springs are fed by an aquifer having a subsurface equilibration temperature of at least 175°C, and the sampled warm spring is fed by an aquifer having a subsurface equilibration temperature near 150°C. Similarities in conservative solute ratios (e.g., B/Cl) indicate that the alkali-chloride waters may be related to a single reservoir at depth. Isotopic ratios of hydrogen and oxygen indicate that recharge for the alkali-chloride aquifers comes mostly from higher elevations on the volcano. Steam vents and steam-heated bicarbonate-sulfate springs at higher elevations, along a linear structural trend with the alkali-chloride springs, may be derived partly from the alkali-chloride water at depth by boiling. Steam from the vents (84°C) yields a gas geothermometer temperature of 209°C. Acid-sulfate-chloride and acid-sulfate waters are discharged widely from warm springs above 3000 m on the northern and eastern slopes of Nevado del Ruiz. Similarities in B/Cl and SO₄/Cl ratios suggest that the acid waters are mixtures of water from an acid-sulfate-chloride reservoir with various proportions of shallow, dilute groundwater. The major source of sulfate, halogens, and acidity for the acid waters may be high-temperature magmatic gases. Available data on hot spring temperatures and compositions indicate that they have remained fairly stable since 1968. However, the eruption of November 13, 1985 apparently caused an increase in sulfate concentration in some of the acid springs that peaked about a year after the eruption. Long-term monitoring of hot spring compositions over many years will be required to better define the effects of volcanic activity on the Nevado del Ruiz hydrothermal system.     

Post-drought increase in regional-scale groundwater nitrate in southwest Germany

Elevated nitrate concentrations in groundwater are a common challenge for water management. One important factor in this context is higher frequencies and intensities of wet-dry cycles that may cause increased nitrate concentrations in groundwater due to nitrate flushes after drought termination. Yet systematic studies on regional-scale impacts of droughts on groundwater nitrate concentrations are missing so far. Here we analyzed time series of 44 shallow groundwater wells and 41 springs all across the German Federal State Baden-Wuerttemberg from 2000 to 2018 to characterize patterns of post-drought nitrate increase in groundwater. In general, half of the exceptional nitrate concentrations, which exceeded the 80th percentile of long-term nitrate measurements, could be related to droughts in the research timeframe. The 2003 drought event stood out in terms of drought severity and post-drought nitrate concentration increases in our data. The great majority (91%) of all monitoring sites showed at least one exceptionally high nitrate concentration in the 4 years following the 2003 drought event. Springs were mainly located in forests of steep low mountain ranges and wells in cropland of flat river valleys. Therefore, delay times between drought intensity and nitrate concentration increases as well as magnitudes of nitrate concentration increase were diverse among wells and springs. We derived two distinct nitrate response patterns: (i) nitrate increases immediately following drought events (more common for springs and fractured rock aquifers) and (ii) delayed nitrate increases (more common for wells and porous aquifers). Springs generally showed quicker (median of 101 days) but weaker (median of +1.3 mg/L) post-drought nitrate increases than wells (185 days, +3.4 mg/L). Only few sites exhibited no post-drought nitrate increase and post-drought mean-nitrate concentrations of groundwater reservoirs were extraordinarily high in 2006. Overall, we demonstrate that post-drought nitrate increase in groundwater is omnipresent, while different landscapes and hydrogeological characteristics create a diverse regional pattern. As severe droughts become more frequent in a changing climate, post-drought nitrate increase may intensify problems regarding water quality and supply.     

Geochemistry and geothermometry of spring water from the Blackfoot Reservoir region, southeastern Idaho

The Blackfoot Reservoir region in southeastern Idaho is recognized as a potential geothermal area because of the presence of several young rhyolite domes (50,000 years old), Quaternary basalt flows, and warm springs. North- to northwest-trending high-angle normal faults of Tertiary to Holocene age appear to be the dominant structural control of spring activity. Surface spring-water temperatures average 14°C except for a group of springs west of the Reservoir Mountains which average 33°C. Chemical geothermometers applied to fifty water samples give temperatures less than 75°C except for eight springs along the Corral Creek drainage. The springs along Corral Creek have Na-K-Ca temperatures that average 354°C, a direct result of high potassium concentrations in the water. A correction for carbon dioxide applied to the Na-K-Ca geothermometer lowers the estimated temperatures of the anomalous springs to near the measured surface temperatures, and Na-K-Ca-Mg temperatures for the anomalous springs are near 100°C. Mixing model calculations suggest that hot water with a temperature of approximately 120°C may be mixing with cooler, more dilute water in the springs from the Corral Creek drainage, a temperature supported by Na-K-Ca-Mg temperatures and mineral saturation temperatures.Stability relations of low-temperature phases in the system indicate that the large concentrations of potassium in the eight anomalous springs are derived from reactions with the potassium-bearing minerals muscovite and K-feldspar. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide gases may be derived through the oxidation of organic matter accompanied by the reduction of sulfate. Concentrations of major and minor elements, and gases found in springs of the Blackfoot Reservoir region are due to water-rock reactions at temperatures less than 100°C.Based on spring geochemistry, a geothermal reservoir of 100°C up to 120°C may exist at shallow (less than 2 km) depths in the Blackfoot Reservoir region.