一个高分辨率太平洋-印度洋海盆环流模式的初步结果

利用LASG/IAP发展的一个0.25°×0.25°高分辨率太平洋-印度洋海盆环流模式，初步分析了模式在太平洋区域的模拟结果，并与海洋同化资料以及前人的研究结果作比较，检验此模式对该区域平均气候态、年际变化的模拟能力。分析表明，模式较好地再现了海表温度（SST）分布、赤道温跃层和纬向流结构、赤道流系分布形态、海表高度以及正压流函数空间分布特征；同时，对显著的El Ni?o和La Ni?a事件的模拟等方面与Simple Ocean Data Assimilation（SODA）2.0.2版本结果相近。此外，模式模拟北赤道流（NEC）分叉点位置的季节和年际变化以及吕宋海峡流量的年际变化与已有研究结果基本一致。进一步分析还发现，在年际尺度上，NEC分叉点位置和吕宋海峡流量与ENSO密切相关。     

137°E 断面北赤道流的结构特征和年际变化

基于日本气象厅在1967～2009 年间获得的温盐深仪(CTD)资料以及美国提供的卫星高度计资料,分析了137°E 断面北赤道流(NEC)的结构特征和年际变化, 并探讨了其年际变化的控制机制。结果表明,在137°E 断面, NEC 的平均位置位于8°～18°N, 其流核出现在10°～12°N 附近; 无论冬季还是夏季, NEC的流速距平场都具有南、北向的反位相年际振荡特征, 而这种南、北向的反位相振荡可能是由热带西北太平洋的气旋性和反气旋性异常环流所控制; NEC 内部的流速对EI Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)的响应也存在着明显的季节特征, 其中, 在El Ni?o(La Ni?a)期间的夏季, NEC 中上部的流速增大(减小); 在El Ni?o(La Ni?a)期间的冬季, NEC 中下部的流速减小(增大), 而NEC 南、北两侧的流速则增大(减小)。     

太平洋北赤道逆流年际变化的特征及其影响因子分析

采用SODA数据资料,分析了1950—2008年太平洋北赤道逆流(NECC)的年际变化特征及其与ENSO循环的联系。研究结果表明:(1)El Nio(La Nia)盛期是NECC流量由年际异常增大(减小)到异常减小(增大)的转折点;(2)NECC流轴的纬度在El Nio(La Nia)盛期达到年际异常最南(北)端;(3)NECC流轴在深度上呈西深东浅倾斜,El Nio(La Nia)盛期倾斜最弱(强)。通过构造典型ENSO循环的海表面风应力场,驱动一层半线性约化重力数值模式,结果验证了在NECC的年际变化中海表面风应力场是关键因素,而大洋波动(Kelvin波和Rossby波)和洋流本身是海洋内部的主要动力调整机制。     

北太平洋低纬西边界流系特征变化研究

利用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的长时间序列(1983—2012年)海流再分析资料,对北太平洋低纬度西边界流的表层分布特征、流量月变化特征及其之间的相关性进行了初步分析。结果表明:北太平洋低纬度西边界流具有明显的季节变化特征,在位置变化上表现出夏季北移,冬季南移的特征;在流速变化上表现出夏强冬弱的特征;在流量运输上表现出NEC、KC和MC的春夏季节流量运输大于秋冬季节的流量运输,而NECC则相反的特征。另外,从各海流与NEC的相关性分析上看,NEC与KC、MC为正相关,与NECC为负相关。     

ENSO循环相联系的北太平洋低纬度异常西边界流

用SODA海洋同化和NCEP大气再分析资料,分析了热带太平洋次表层海温异常主要模态与北太平洋低纬度西边界流海域上层海洋环流和亚洲-北太平洋地区大气垂直和水平流场变化之间的关系,得到以下结果:（1） 在热带太平洋海洋次表层ENSO事件具有两种模态,二者组合构成ENSO循环。第一模态为ENSO成熟期,主要出现在冬季,第二模态为ENSO过渡期,主要出现夏季。（2） ENSO循环对北太平洋低纬度西边界流区上层海洋环流有重要影响。在El Niño发展期或La Niña 衰退期,该区出现气旋性异常环流,北赤道流（NEC）加强,NEC分叉位置北移,棉兰老海流（MC）加大,菲律宾以东黑潮（KC）减小,北赤道逆流（NECC）最强。在El Niño（La Niña）成熟期,该区气旋性（反气旋性）异常环流达最强,NEC最强（最弱）,NEC分叉位置最北（最南）,MC最大（最小）,KC最小（最大）,NECC减弱（加强）。在El Niño衰退期或La Niña发展期与El Niño发展期相反,该区出现反气旋性异常环流,由此导致相应流系异常发生反位相变化。（3） ENSO循环对北太平洋低纬度西边界流海域上层海洋环流的影响是通过ENSO事件期间热带太平洋热力状况异常改变上空大气环流来实现的。ENSO事件首先造成热带太平洋海洋热力状况异常,导致其上空对流活动异常,后者直接或间接通过“大气桥”能量传输引起相关地区大气环流场的变化,致使海面风应力场异常,进而强迫上层海洋环流场的相应变化。文章最后还分析了ENSO事件期间菲律宾附近异常反气旋或异常气旋性风场的产生和持续原因,讨论了北太平洋低纬度西边界流海域海气相互作用在ENSO循环中的贡献。     

一个耦合模式下北赤道流分叉的初步研究

利用一个全球海洋-大气耦合模式,对北赤道流分叉的季节、年际变化特征进行了初步研究.模式结果表明北赤道流的分叉纬度,在表层大约是15.2°N,随深度而向北移动,在1000m深度大约为20°N.北赤道流分叉在春、夏季节偏南,而秋、冬季节偏北,可能主要与局地的Ekman抽吸有关.北赤道流分叉的年际变化周期表现有准2年、3～4...     

P-J遥相关型位置的年际变化特征与ENSO的关系ZXF

本文利用ERA-40再分析资料对太平洋-日本(Pacific-Japan)遥相关型(简称P-J)在不同ENSO(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation)事件时的位置特征进行了分析研究,并评估了第五次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)各模式对P-J遥相关型的模拟能力,利用CMIP5模式数据验证P-J遥相关型与赤道中东太平洋海温异常之间的相关性。结果表明,ENSO对P-J遥相关型的位置有影响:El Ni?o年,P-J遥相关型位置相对偏西偏南;La Ni?a年,P-J遥相关型位置则相对偏东偏北。ENSO对P-J遥相关型强度有影响:ENSO事件年赤道中东太平洋海温与次年夏季P-J遥相关型强度相关明显,正常年两者没有相关性。本文评估了CMIP5中24个耦合模式,发现大多数模式能很好得模拟出P-J型,并且全球变暖对PJ型位置变化的影响较小,而赤道中东太平洋海温异常对P-J遥相关型强度影响较大。     

北赤道流分叉点及南海北部环流的研究进展

介绍了北赤道流分叉点、南海北部环流的一些研究成果,并就黑潮对南海的影响所作的研究进行了回顾.北赤道流分叉点的位置对于北赤道流系水体疏运变化及在黑潮和MC之间水体、热量、盐度输运的分配中起着重要的作用.北赤道流分叉点位置约在14.6°N上,分叉点位置随深度增加而北移.分叉点有明显的季节变化和年际变化,在春、夏季向南移动,而在秋、冬季则向北移动.年际变化与ENSO现象相关紧密,在El Nio事件NEC分叉纬度处于最北端,在La Nio事件处于最南端.对于分叉点位置的定量化研究,仍然需要更多的观测结果进行研究.季风和黑潮是影响南海北部环流的两种主要因素.南海北部上层流场主要由广东沿岸流、黑潮入侵流套、东沙海流、南海暖流和吕宋海流组成.除海盆、次海盆尺度环流外,受季风、黑潮和地形等因素的影响,南海表现出多涡结构.通过近些年的卫星观测和数值模拟的结果,人们对南海中尺度涡的认识大大加深,但要想模拟出风应力形成涡的机制,还需要提高风场和模式的分辨率.由于观测资料的限制,对南海流场的垂直结构、以及春-秋季季风转相时期的流场结构等还研究得较少.吕宋海峡水交换是西太平洋对南海影响的主要途径.黑潮在吕宋海峡附近的形变一直是有争议的热点问题,目前对于黑潮入侵有3种观点:(1) 认为黑潮经过吕宋海峡形成流套结构,并分离出中尺度涡影响南海流场、水团结构;(2) 认为黑潮有一直接分支分离出来进入南海形成黑潮分支;(3) 认为吕宋海峡水交换不属于以上两种情况,西太平洋对南海的水团输送另有机制.北赤道流分叉点在对黑潮的水体、热量、盐度输运的分配中起着重要的作用,黑潮对南海北部环流的影响可能与NEC的分叉点位置有关,但目前对NEC的分叉点位置与南海北部环流相关性的研究甚少.最后提出了对未来加强该方面研究的一些展望.     

黑潮入侵南海的强弱与太平洋年代际变化及厄尔尼诺-南方涛动现象的关系

在黑潮入侵南海强弱的问题上,到底是太平洋年代际变化(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)还是厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Nio-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)现象在起关键作用,目前还存在着较大争议。本文先以高盐水作为黑潮入侵强弱的示踪物,用120°E断面的高盐水数据和北赤道流分叉点(North Equator Current Bifurcation,NEC-Y)的南北变动进行相关分析,接着,进一步用学者所用的黑潮入侵指数(KI指数,Kuroshio intrusion index和NEC指数,North Equatorial Current index)与北赤道流分叉点南北变动进行相关分析。最后,用EMD(Empirical Mode Decomposition)方法和相关关系分析法分别分析了PDO指数、Nio3.4指数与北赤道流分叉点南北变动的关系并用NECP风场数据探讨其影响机制。结果表明:(1)通过对120°E断面的高盐水的KI指数、NEC指数与NEC-Y的相关分析,表明了北赤道流分叉点的南北变动能够很好地指代黑潮入侵南海的强弱;(2)通过PDO指数和Nio3.4指数与北赤道流分叉点的南北变动的相关性分析,发现PDO指数、Nio3.4指数与北赤道流分叉点的南北变动都具有较好的相关性,都在0.5水平。这些良好的相关性表明了PDO和ENSO对黑潮入侵南海的强弱都具有重要的影响;(3)当处于厄尔尼诺年(拉尼娜)时,赤道太平洋发生西(东)风异常,使得北赤道流分叉点偏北(南),使吕宋岛东侧的黑潮流速减弱(加强),黑潮入侵南海增强(减弱);当PDO处于暖(冷)阶段时,会加强热带太平洋的西(东)风异常,使得黑潮入侵南海增强(减弱)。     

西太平洋暖池三维结构的季节和年际变化

基于1950-2011年间的太平洋月平均水温资料和ENSO指数,以28℃等温线作为暖池的定义标准,研究了暖池三维结构的季节和年际变化,并探讨了暖池三维结构与不同类型ENSO的关系。结果表明,暖池三维结构存在着较显著、但并不一致的季节和年际变化。其中,在季节变化方面,暖池冬季西缩、春季东扩,冬季偏南、夏季偏北,春、秋季变厚,冬、夏季变薄;在年际变化方面,暖池的三维结构在超前1~3个月时与ENSO有较密切的对应关系。在El Nio(La Nia)发生前1~3个月时,暖池异常东扩(西缩),暖水向赤道辐合(向赤道外辐散),暖池变薄(增厚)。初步分析表明,暖池三维结构的季节变化主要是由太阳辐射、风和海洋环流引起的,而其年际变化则主要是由热带太平洋的纬向风异常、赤道Kelvin波和Rossby波引起的纬向流异常以及Ekman输送共同导致的。此外,20m和50m层的暖池东界分别与东部型和中部型ENSO事件有非常密切的关系,可作为研究不同类型ENSO的指标序列。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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